Multiple Sclerosis: A Practical Manual for Hospital and Outpatient Care

 

Description:

Affecting an estimated 2.5 million people worldwide, multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological cause of debilitation in young adults. Incurable, and with the precise causes still unknown, both diagnosis and management of the condition is complicated. This book summarizes the latest understanding of the causes of the disease, using accessible, bullet-point text to describe key clinical features and diagnostic criteria. Disease-modifying therapies and management of symptoms, including fatigue, tremor and cognitive changes, are covered in detail. With a chapter focusing solely on presentations in the emergency room, the importance of recognizing these neurological emergencies is emphasised, along with indications for admission in MS patients. The impact of MS on women's reproductive health and the increasing recognition of MS in pediatric patients is also explored. An up-to-date and practical approach to the accurate diagnosis and management of MS, this is an invaluable resource for both hospital and outpatient settings.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Chapter 1 Autoimmune CNS Emergencies

Introduction

MS Relapses

Relapse vs. Pseudorelapse

Relapse

Pseudorelapse

Assessment of a Relapse

Treatment

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment of an Acute Relapse

Common ED Presentations of Neuroimmunologic Conditions

Optic Neuritis

Acute Transverse Myelitis

Intranuclear Ophthalmoplegia and Other Brainstem Syndromes

Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions

Indications for Hospitalization

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2 Clinical Features of Multiple Sclerosis

What Is MS?

Definition

How Is MS Diagnosed?

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology

When to Suspect MS?

History Taking

Neurologic Examination

Characteristic Signs and Symptoms

Visual Loss

Eye Movement Abnormalities

Sensory Symptoms

Motor Symptoms

Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction

Sexual Dysfunction

Gait Abnormalities

Paroxysmal Symptoms

Heat Sensitivity

Pain

Fatigue

Cognitive Impairment

Depression

Seizures

Sleep Problems

Other Symptoms

Suggestive Features versus Red Flags

References

Chapter 3 Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes

Clinically Isolated Syndrome

Relapsing-Remitting MS

Secondary Progressive MS

Primary Progressive MS

Radiologically Isolated Syndrome

MS Progression: Summary

References

Chapter 4 Diagnostic Evaluation

Diagnostic Criteria

2017 McDonald Diagnostic Criteria

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging Techniques

Characteristic MRI Features of MS Lesions

Lesion Morphology and Distribution

Spinal Cord Lesions

Acute versus Chronic Lesions

Cortical Lesions

Ancillary Tests

Oligoclonal Bands

Visual Evoked Potentials

Optical Coherence Tomography

References

Chapter 5 Differential Diagnosis

MS Mimics

Autoimmune/Inflammatory Diseases

Paraneoplastic and Autoimmune Encephalitidies

Hereditary/Genetic Diseases

Infectious Diseases

Metabolic Diseases

Neoplastic Disease

Psychiatric Conditions

Trauma

Vascular Disease

References

Chapter 6 Neuroimaging in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Mimics

MRI Signal Creation

T1-Weighted Sequencing

T2-Weighted Sequencing

FLAIR Sequencing

Diagnostic Utility of MRI in MS and Its Mimics

Autoimmune/Inflammatory Diseases

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation with Pontine Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids (CLIPP

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) Antibody Disease

Multiple Sclerosis

NMDA Receptor (NMDAR) Encephalitis

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Neurosarcoidosis

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Sjögren Syndrome

Weston-Hurst Syndrome

Hereditary/Genetic Diseases

Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)

Leukodystrophies

Mitochondrial Disease

Infectious Diseases

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)

Lyme Disease (Neuroborreliosis)

Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis)

Metabolic Diseases

Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Subacute Combined Degeneration)

Neoplastic Disease

Lymphoma

Medulloblastoma

Meningioma

Glioblastoma Multiforme

Trauma

Vertebral Fracture

Vascular Disease

Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Arteriovenous Malformation

Behçet Disease

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Ischemic Stroke

Susac Syndrome

Vasculitis

Conclusion

References

Plates

Chapter 7 Disease-Modifying Therapies

Immunomodulatory Agents

Injectable Therapies

Interferons (Avonex, Betaseron, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif)

Glatiramer Acetate (Copaxone)

Daclizumab (Zinbryta)

Oral Therapies

Dimethyl Fumarate (Tecfidera)

Teriflunomide (Aubagio)

Fingolimod (Gilenya)

Siponimod (Mayzent)

Cladribine (Mavenclad)

Infusion Therapies

Natalizumab (Tysabri)

Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada)

Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus)

Other Therapies

Azathioprine (Imuran)

Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)

Rituximab (Rituxan)

Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept)

Methotrexate

Stem Cell Transplantation

Treatment Recommendations

Treatment of CIS

Treatment of RRMS

Treatment of SPMS

Treatment of PPMS

Treatment of RIS

DMT Use in Pregnancy

Future Therapies

BTK Modulation

Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition

Biotin

Statin Therapy

References

Chapter 8 Treatment Goals

Introduction

The Case for Early Treatment

Treatment Approaches

Escalation

Induction

Early Use of Highly Effective Therapy

Treatment Goals

Determining Treatment Response

No Evidence of Disease Activity

No Evidence of Progression or Active Disease

Indications for Switching DMTs

Conclusion

References

Chapter 9 Symptomatic Management

Introduction

Bladder Dysfunction1-4

Bowel Dysfunction5,6

Cognitive Impairment7-10

Emotional Changes12-15

Dizziness and Vertigo16,17

Dysphagia18,19

Fatigue20-23

Gait Problems24,25

Hearing Loss26

Numbness and/or Tingling27-30

Pain27,31,32

Seizures33

Sexual Dysfunction33

Spasticity5,31,34-36

Speech Problems5,36

Tremor37,38

Vision Problems27,36

Weakness35,36,39,40

References

Chapter 10 Reproductive Issues

Introduction

Sex, the Immune System, and Multiple Sclerosis

Hormones

Genetics

Epigenetics and Environmental Factors

Family Planning

Oral Contraceptives

Fertility and Multiple Sclerosis

Assistive Reproductive Techniques

Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy

Relapse in Pregnancy

Delivery

Breastfeeding

Disease-Modifying Therapy Use in Pregnancy

Injectable Therapies

Oral Therapies

Infusion Therapies

Restarting DMT after Pregnancy

References

Chapter 11 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis

Clinical Features

Risk Factors

Genetic Factors

Environmental Factors

Modifiable Risk Factors

Protective Factors

Diagnostic Evaluation

Interviewing the Child/Adolescent

Interviewing the Parents/Guardians

Neuroimaging

Ancillary Studies

CSF Studies

Evoked Potentials

Differential Diagnosis

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease

Other Disorders

Treatment

Acute Management

Chronic Immunomodulatory Treatments

Injectable Agents

Oral Agents

Infusion Therapy

Surveillance for Treatment Failure

Symptomatic Management

Fatigue

Cognitive Impairment

Mood

Bladder and Bowel Management

Pain and Spasticity

Prognosis

References

Chapter 12 Useful Websites

General Information

Communities, Forums, and Message Boards

Newsletters

Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis

For Children

For Teens

For the Entire Family

Appendix 1: Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)

References

Appendix 2: Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT)

Reference

Appendix 3: Timed Twenty-Five-Foot Walk Test (T25-FW)

Reference

Appendix 4: Modified Rio Score Criteria

References

Index

 

An aparitie	4 Feb. 2021
Autor	Carlos A. Perez, Andrew Smith, Flavia Nelson
Dimensiuni	12.19 x 1.02 x 18.54 cm
Editura	Cambridge University Press
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781108820752
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	232