Learn to accurately analyze urine and body fluids with Fundamentals of Urine & Body Fluid Analysis, 4th Edition. Known for its clear writing style, logical organization, and vivid full-color illustrations, this renowned text covers the fundamental principles of urine and body fluids that are frequently encountered in the clinical laboratory. This includes the collection and analysis of urine, fecal specimens, vaginal secretions, and other body fluids such as cerebrospinal, synovial, seminal, amniotic, pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids. In addition, author Nancy Brunzel also shares her own extensive knowledge and expertise in the field as she highlights key information and walks you through essential techniques and procedures - showing you how to correlate data with your knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology in order to understand pathologic processes. In all, this is the perfect book to help you master all aspects of urine and body fluid analysis.

Features:

• UNIQUE! Analysis of Vaginal Secretions chapter covers vaginal wet preps - a fluid collected and evaluated frequently in physician offices.
• UNIQUE! Image gallery on urine sediment houses 100 urine sediment micrographs to help you accurately identify urine sediment elements.
• UNIQUE! Chapter on microscopy provides valuable information as you complete clinical work with microscopes.
• Full color, high quality images aid in accurately identifying urine and body fluids at a microscopic level.
• Glossary at the end of the book provides accurate definitions at your fingertips.
• Excellent pedagogy includes key terms, learning objectives, case studies, and study questions to help provide a framework and learning pathway.

New To This Edition:

• NEW! Fully updated content provides the latest information and procedures in fluid analysis.
• NEW! Updated illustrations and micrographs paint a vivid picture of text concepts to ensure you can properly identify fluid elements.

Table Of Contents:

1. Quality Assessment and Safety
2. Urine Specimen Types, Collection, and Preservation
3. The Kidney
4. Renal Function
5. Physical Examination of Urine
6. Chemical Examination of Urine
7. Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment
     Urine Sediment Image Gallery
8. Renal and Metabolic Disease
9. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
10. Pleural, Pericardial, and Peritoneal Fluid Analysis
11. Synovial Fluid Analysis
12. Seminal Fluid Analysis
13. Analysis of Vaginal Secretions
14. Amniotic Fluid Analysis
15. Fecal Analysis
16. Automation of Urine and Body Fluid Analysis
17. Body Fluid Analysis: Manual Hemocytometer Counts and Differential Slide Preparation
18. Microscopy

Appendix A: Reagent Strip Color Charts
Appendix B: Comparison of Reagent Strip Principles, Sensitivity, and Specificity
Appendix C: Reference Intervals
Appendix D: Body Fluid Diluents and Pretreatment Solutions
Appendix E: Manual and Historic Methods of Interest
Answer Key
Glossary
Index

Writing care plans, understanding and performing tests, and interpreting test results is made easier with Mosby’s Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 6th Edition. This essential resource provides clear, concise overage of over 700 of the most commonly performed diagnostic and laboratory tests. Valuable in academic and clinical settings alike, it is beloved for its full-color design, user-friendly organization, and illustrations that help clarify keep concepts. Updated and streamlined content with new tests ensures you have the most relevant information. A new Diagnostic Testing for the Most Common Diseases section highlights the integration of medical testing as it relates to the top diseases or clinical syndromes.

Features:

• Tests are presented comprehensively and consistently, in a sequence that best simulates priorities in clinical practice.
• UNIQUE! Clinical Priorities boxes emphasize priorities and procedure considerations specific to understanding and performing tests.
• UNIQUE! Test Results and Clinical Significance sections describe the significance of the test findings and discuss the pathophysiology of the disease process and how it relates to the test result.
• UNIQUE! Home Care Responsibilities boxes focus on post-test factors for consideration.
• UNIQUE! Related Tests sections list additional tests related to the main test - including tests that provide similar information, confirmatory information, and other tests used to evaluate the same organ, disease process, or symptom complex.
• UNIQUE! Critical Values sections indicate test values of particular significance.
• UNIQUE! Icons indicate drugs that increase or decrease test values and patient teaching priorities.
• Age-Related Concerns boxes address pediatric and geriatric priorities.

New To This Edition:

• NEW and UPDATED! New tests have been added and outdated tests have been removed to reflect current best practices.
• NEW! A Diagnostic Testing for the Most Common Diseases section highlights the integration of medical testing as it relates to the top diseases or clinical syndromes.

Table Of Contents:

Diagnostic Testing for the Most Common Diseases
1. Guidelines for Proper Test Preparation and Performance
2. Blood Studies
3. Electrodiagnostic Tests
4. Endoscopic Studies
5. Fluid Analysis Studies
6. Manometric Studies
7. Microscopic Studies and Associated Testing
8. Nuclear Scanning
9. Stool Tests
10. Ultrasound Studies
11. Urine Studies
12. X-ray Studies
13. Miscellaneous Studies

Bibliography
Illustration Credits

Appendix A: Alphabetical List of Tests
Appendix B: Panel Testing
Appendix C: Abbreviations for Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests

Description:

This practical, easy-to-use guide addresses interference issues in all laboratory tests, including patient epigenetics, process of specimen collection, enzymes, biomarkers. Clinicians and laboratory scientists can therefore rely on one reference which speaks to both their needs of accurate specimen analysis and optimal patient care.

Erroneous hospital and pathology laboratory results can be confusing and problematic, especially in acute care situations. While some factors creating interference, can be identified in the laboratory, detecting many others is often dependent on clinical details unavailable to the laboratory scientists or pathologists. Therefore, clinicians must become proficient in identifying such erroneous reports, and working with pathologists and laboratory scientists so that they can understand the source of such interferences, correct the results, and then decide what course of action must be followed for proper patient management.

Features:

Named to Doody’s Core Titles 2013, a collection development tool for health sciences libraries of all sizes, by Doody Enterprises

Practical information for both clinicians and laboratory scientists, presented in the form of tables and charts for easy reference

Focus on range and sources of interferences rather than details of toxicologic mechanisms which are well covered in toxicology textbooks

Covers interferences across endocrine, oncology, hematology, immunohistochemistry, immunology, serology, microbiology, and molecular testing

Table Of Contents:

Foreword

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1. Variation, Errors, and Quality in the Clinical Laboratory

Introduction

Errors in the Clinical Laboratory

Quality Improvement in the Clinical Laboratory

Conclusions

References

Chapter 2. Effect of Age, Gender, Diet, Exercise, and Ethnicity on Laboratory Test Results

Introduction

Effects of Age-Related Changes on Clinical Laboratory Test Results

Effects of Gender-Related Changes on Clinical Laboratory Test Results

Effects of Diet on Clinical Laboratory Test Results

Effects of Nutraceuticals on Clinical Laboratory Test Results

Effects of Exercise on Clinical Laboratory Test Results

Effects of Ethnicity/Race on ClinicaL Laboratory Test Results

Conclusions

References

Chapter 3. Effect of Patient Preparation, Specimen Collection, Anticoagulants, and Preservatives on Laboratory Test Results

Introduction

Biological Rhythms and Laboratory Test Results

Issues of Patient Preparation

Differences Between Whole Blood, Plasma, and Serum Specimens for Clinical Laboratory Analysis

Different Anticoagulants and Preservatives, Order of Draw, Problems with Gel Interference in Serum Separator Tubes, and Short Draws

Order of Draw of Various Blood Collection Tubes

Collection Sites; Differences Between Arterial, Capillary, and Venous Blood Samples; and Problems with Collections from Catheters and Intravenous Lines

Urine Collection, Timing, and Techniques

Conclusions

References

Chapter 4. Sample Processing and Specimen Misidentification Issues

Introduction

Transportation

The Effects of Centrifugation on Laboratory Results

Effect of Storage Conditions on Laboratory Results

Effect of Cross-Contamination of Specimens on Laboratory Results

Consequences of Specimen Misidentification on Laboratory Testing

Conclusions

References

Chapter 5. Hemolysis, Lipemia, and High Bilirubin: Effect on Laboratory Tests

Introduction

Effect of Hemolysis on Laboratory Tests

Lipemia

Icterus

Methods for Evaluating the Effect of Endogenous Interfering Substances on Laboratory Tests

Conclusions

References

Chapter 6. Immunoassay Design and Mechanisms of Interferences

Introduction

Immunoassay Methods and Assay Principles

Specimen Types Used in Immunoassays

Examples of Immunoassays

Pitfalls in Immunoassays

How to Detect and Correct Heterophilic Antibody Interferences

Conclusions

References

Chapter 7. Effect of Herbal Remedies on Clinical Laboratory Tests

Introduction

Elevated Liver Function Test Due to Use of Herbal Supplements

Herbal Supplements Causing Kidney Damage

Herbal Remedies and Hypoglycemia

Licorice and Hypokalemia

Kelp and Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests

Drug–Herb Interaction and Unexpected Drug Levels in Routine Drug Monitoring

Adulteration of Herbal Supplements with Western Drugs

Conclusions

References

Chapter 8. Challenges in Routine Clinical Chemistry Testing: Analysis of Small Molecules

Introduction

Creatinine Analysis

Urea Analysis

Ammonia Assay

Uric Acid Analysis

Glucose Analysis

Analysis of Electrolytes

Blood Gases Analysis

Lactate Analysis

Bilirubin Analysis

Lipid Profiles Analysis

Conclusions

References

Chapter 9. Challenges in Routine Clinical Chemistry Analysis: Proteins and Enzymes

Introduction

Albumin and Total Protein

Alanine and Aspartate Aminotransferases Analysis

γ-Glutamyl Transferase and Alkaline Phosphatase Analysis

Amylase and Lipase Analysis

Lactate Dehydrogenase Analysis

Creatine Kinase Analysis

Cardiac Troponin Analysis

B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Analysis

Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Sources of Inaccuracy in Biochemical Genetics Testing

Introduction

Analysis of Amino ACIDS

Analysis of Organic ACIDS

Analysis of Acylcarnitines

Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. Challenges in Endocrinology Testing

Introduction

Challenges in Testing of Hormones Secreted by Pituitary

Challenges in Measuring Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Challenges in Thyroid Tumor Marker Tests

Adrenal Function Tests

Testing of Parathyroid Function

Gonadal and Reproductive Interferences

Prostate

Testing for Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1

Measurement of Other Hormones Including Insulin

Prenatal Testing

Conclusions

References

Chapter 12. Pitfalls in Tumor Markers Testing

Introduction

Clinical Uses of Tumor Markers

Prostate-Specific Antigen

CA-125

α-Fetal Protein

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

CA-19-9

β2-Microglobulin

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Interference from Heterophilic Antibodies in Laboratory Testing of Tumor Markers

Analysis of Less Frequently Assayed Tumor Markers

Conclusion

References

Chapter 13. Issues of Interferences in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Introduction

Sources of Pre-Analytical Interferences in TDM

Sources of Analytical Interferences in TDM

Mechanisms of Analytical Interferences in TDM

Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

Examples of Interferences that Affect TDM

Conclusions

References

Chapter 14. Limitations of Drugs of Abuse Testing

Introduction

Drugs of Abuse Testing: Medical Versus Legal

Drugs Tested in Drugs of Abuse Testing Protocols

Drug Testing Methodologies

Challenges in Testing for Amphetamines

Challenges in Testing of Cocaine Metabolite

Challenges in Testing for Opiates

Challenges in Testing for Marijuana Metabolites

Challenges in Testing for Phencyclidine

Challenges in Testing for Benzodiazepines

Challenges in Determining Other Drugs by Immunoassays

Adulterants and Drugs of Abuse Testing

Other Drugs not Detected by Routine Toxicology Screens

Conclusions

References

Chapter 15. Challenges in Confirmation Testing for Drugs of Abuse

Introduction: Factors to Consider when Interpreting Drug Testing Results

Confirmation Testing Process

Confirmation of Amphetamines

Confirmation of Cocaine Metabolite Benzoylecgonine

Confirmation of Opiates

Confirmation of Marijuana Metabolite

Confirmation of Phencyclidine

Confirmation of Benzodiazepines

Confirmation of Barbiturates

Specimen Validity Testing

Conclusions

References

Chapter 16. Alcohol Determination Using Automated Analyzers: Limitations and Pitfalls

Introduction

Development of Laboratory Methods for Ethanol Measurement

Current Automated Methodologies

Performance of Automated Ethanol Assays

Problems with Current Methodologies

Strategies for Removing Interferences

Further Case Studies

Future Directions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 17. Pre-Analytical Issues and Interferences in Transfusion Medicine Tests

Introduction

Basics of Immunohematology

Methodology Used for Immunohematology Tests

Pre-Transfusion Evaluation

Interferences in Basic Transfusion Medicine Tests

Case Studies

Conclusions

References

Chapter 18. Issues with Immunology and Serology Testing

Introduction

Challenges in Hemoglobinopathy Detection

Detection of Monoclonal Proteins

Challenges in HIV Testing

Hepatitis Testing

Anti-Nuclear Antibodies

Conclusions

References

Chapter 19. Sources of Errors in Hematology and Coagulation Testing

Introduction

Errors in Hemoglobin Measurement and RBC Count

Errors in MCV and Related Measurements

Errors in WBC Counts and WBC Differential Counts

Errors in Platelet Count

Errors in Specific Hematology Testing

Coagulation Testing

Errors in PT and aPTT Measurements

Errors in Thrombin Time Measurement

Platelet Aggregation Testing with Lipemic, Hemolyzed, or Thrombocytopenic Samples

Challenges in Anticoagulants and Lupus Anticoagulant Tests

Case Studies

Conclusions

References

Chapter 20. Challenges in Clinical Microbiology Testing

Introduction

Issues with Pre-Analytical Errors

Analytical Errors in the Microbiology Laboratory

Post-Analytical or Reporting Errors

Error Prevention, Detection, and Monitoring

Conclusions

References

Chapter 21. Sources of Errors in Molecular Testing

Introduction

Principles of Commonly Used Methods for Molecular Diagnostics

Principles of Nucleic Acid Isolation

Pre-Analytical Considerations in Molecular Testing

Interferences in Molecular Diagnostics: False-Negative Results in Molecular Assays

Interferences in Molecular Testing: False-Positive Test Results in Molecular Assays

Sources of Errors in DNA Microarray Testing

Quality Management

Conclusions

References

Chapter 22. Problems in Pharmacogenomics Testing

Introduction

Method Descriptions

Applications of Pharmacogenetics Testings

Case Studies

Conclusions

References

Index