Description: Co-authored by an interprofessional collaborative team of physicians and nurses, Merenstein & Gardner’s Handbook of Neonatal Intensive Care, 9th Edition is the leading resource for interprofessional, collaborative care of critically ill newborns. It offers comprehensive coverage with a unique interprofessional collaborative approach and a real-world perspective that make it a practical guide for both nurses and physicians. The new ninth edition features a wealth of expanded content on delivery-room care; new evidence-based care "bundles"; palliative care in the NICU; interprofessional collaborative care of parents with depression, grief, and complicated grief; and new pain assessment tools. Updated high-quality references have also been reintegrated into the book, making it easier for clinicians to locate research evidence and standards of care with minimal effort. These additions, along with updates throughout, ensure that clinicians are equipped with the very latest clinical care guidelines and practice recommendations - all in a practical quick-reference format for easy retrieval and review.
Features:
UNIQUE! Core author team of two physicians and two nurses gives this internationally recognized reference a true interprofessional collaborative approach that is unmatched by any other resource. Consistent organization within clinical chapters include Physiology/Pathophysiology, Etiology, Prevention, Data Collection (History, Signs and Symptoms, and Laboratory Data), Treatment/Intervention, Complications, and Parent Teaching sections. UNIQUE! Color-highlighted point-of-care clinical content makes high-priority clinical content quick and easy to find. UNIQUE! Parent Teaching boxes outline the relevant information to be shared with a patient’s caregivers. Critical Findings boxes outline symptoms and diagnostic findings that require immediate attention to help the provider prioritize assessment data and steps in initial care. Case studies demonstrate how to apply essential content to realistic clinical scenarios for application-based learning.
New To This Edition:
NEW! Updated content throughout reflects the latest evidence-based practice, national and international guidelines, and current protocols for interprofessional collaborative practice in the NICU. NEW! Up-to-date, high-quality references are now reintegrated into the text for quick retrieval, making it easier for clinicians to locate research evidence and standards of care with minimal effort. NEW! Expanded content on delivery-room care includes the impact of staffing on quality of care, delayed cord clamping, resuscitation, and more. NEW! Coverage of the new evidence-based care "bundles" keeps clinicians up to date on new guidelines that have demonstrated improved outcomes of very preterm infants. NEW! Coverage of new pain assessment tools equips NICU providers with essential resources for maintaining patient comfort. NEW! Expanded coverage of palliative care in the NICU provides the tools needed to ensure patient comfort. NEW! Expanded coverage of interprofessional collaborative care of parents with depression, grief, and complicated grief prepares clinicians for this essential area of practice.
Table of Contents:
Unit One: Evidence-Based Practice 1. Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Unit Two: Support of the Neonate 2. Prenatal Environment: Effect on Neonatal Outcome 3. Perinatal Transport and Levels of Care 4. Care at Birth 5. Immediate Newborn Care 6. Heat Balance  7. Physiologic Monitoring 8. Acid-Base Homeostasis and Oxygenation 9. Diagnostic Imaging in the Neonate 10. Pharmacology in Neonatal Care 11. Drug Withdrawal in the Neonate 12. Pain and Pain Relief  13. The Neonate and the Environment: Impact on Development Unit Three: Metabolic and Nutritional Care of the Neonate 14. Fluid and Electrolyte Management 15. Glucose Homeostasis 16. Total Parenteral Nutrition 17. Enteral Nutrition 18. Breast Feeding the Neonate with Special Needs 19. Skin and Skin Care Unit Four: Infection and Hematologic Diseases of the Neonate 20. Newborn Hematology 21. Jaundice 22. Infection in the Neonate Unit Five: Common Systemic Diseases of the Neonate 23. Respiratory Diseases 24. Cardiovascular Diseases and Surgical Interventions 25. Neonatal Nephrology 26. Neurologic Disorders 27. Genetic Disorders, Malformations, and Inborn Errors of Metabolism 28. Neonatal Surgery Unit Six: Psychosocial Aspects of Neonatal Care 29. Families in Crisis: Theoretical and Practical Considerations 30. Grief and Perinatal Loss 31. Discharge Planning and Follow-Up of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Infant 32. Ethics, Values, and Palliative Care in Neonatal Intensive Care Index

 

 

Practical stereo atlas on diagnosis and treatment

Includes clinical cases with illustrations

Written by experienced professionals who manage vitreoretinal diseases

 

About this book

 

This book introduces up-to-date knowledge of vitreal and retinal diseases with color fundus illustrations. The retinal layers of different lesions normally look like a single plane for junior doctors in Ophthalmology. With the help of the fundus camera, the stereo color images with different shooting angles are taken and the retina looks vivid and stereoscopic in the photograph.

 

Although the technology of "deciphering" retina diseases is constantly advancing, the stereo fundus photography (SFP) is still indispensable, which can not only reveals the retina stereoscopically and comprehensively, but also has been the gold standard for certain diseases, such as glaucoma and retina angiomatous proliferation (RAP). Meanwhile, the equipment demands for SFP are not so high and can be easily promoted in the grass-roots hospitals. In this book, we carefully collected and organized more than 300 stereo color fundus images and angiography pictures of various vitreal and retinal diseases for readers to recognize the three dimensional features at first glance, such as retinal bleeding at different layers, optic disc change of glaucoma, macular diseases, tumors, RAP and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

 

Table of contents (7 chapters)

 

Basic Principles of Stereo Fundus Photography

Pages 1-5

Min, Hanyi (et al.)

Retinal Diseases

Pages 7-110

Wang, Gensheng (et al.)

Macular Diseases

Pages 111-161

Min, Hanyi (et al.)

Vitreous Diseases

Pages 163-190

Ye, Qinying (et al.)

Papillary Diseases

Pages 191-254

Cheng, Gangwei (et al.)

Choroidal Diseases

Pages 255-286

Li, Donghui (et al.)

Fundus Changes After Vitreoretinal Surgery

Pages 287-303

Min, Hanyi (et al.)

 

 

·         Provides an understanding of the underpinnings of neurorehabilitation

·         Edited by respected figures in the field of neurorehabilitation

·         Presents clinical recommendations based on established evidence and clinical experience

·         Comes with online access to informative videos

New to this Edition:

·         Fully updated to reflect important developments in the field.

·         Includes new chapters on vocational rehabilitation, self-management strategies in neurorehabilitation, and music supported therapy in neurorehabilitation.

Description

 

Neurorehabilitation is an expanding field with an increasing clinical impact due to an ageing population. During the last 20 years, neurorehabilitation has developed from a discipline with little scientific background, separated from other medical centers, to a medical entity largely based on the principles of 'evidenced based medicine' with strong ties to basic research and clinical neurology. Today neurorehabilitation is still a work in progress and treatment standards are not yet established for all aspects of the field. There are very few books that address contemporary neurorehabilitation from this perspective.

This new edition of the Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation provides an understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of the subject as well as a clear perspective on how (and why) to approach treatment decisions on an individualized basis. The book has been thoroughly updated to reflect novel important developments in the field and includes new chapters on vocational rehabilitation, self-management strategies in neurorehabilitation, and music supported therapy in neurorehabilitation. This indispensable book will be of great interest to rehabilitation physicians, neurologists, and allied health care professionals who look after patients requiring neurorehabilitation.

 

Table of Contents

SECTION I: General aspects of neurorehabilitation
1:The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health, Diane Playford
2:A teamwork approach to neurological rehabilitation, Derick Wade
3:The economic benefits of rehabilitation for neurological conditions, Rory J. O Connor
4:Predicting activities after stroke, Gert Kwakkel and Boudewijn Kollen
5:Designing a clinical trial for neurorehabilitation, Bruce Dobkin and Clarisa Martinez
6:The influence of age on neurorehabilitation, Markus Wirz and Louise Rutz-LaPitz
7:The applicability of motor learning to neurorehabilitation, John W. Krakauer
SECTION II: Physiological consequences of CNS damage
8:Spinal neuronal dysfunction after deprivation of supraspinal input, Michèle Hubli and Volker Dietz
9:Secondary changes after damage of the central nervous system: Significance of spastic muscle tone in rehabilitation, Volker Dietz and Thomas Sinkjær
10:Autonomous nervous system dysfunction, Tom E. Nightingale, Ulrich Mehnert, Thomas M. Kessler, and Andrei Krassioukov
11:Functional recovery in CNS disease: Impact of animal models, Steffen Franz, Andreas Hug, and Norbert Weidner
SECTION III: Neuroplasticity and repair
12:Animal models of damage, repair, and plasticity in the brain, Andreas R. Luft
13:Animal models of damage, repair and plasticity in the spinal cord, Patrick Freund, V. Reggie Edgerton, Roland R. Roy, Daniel C. Lu, and Yury Gerasimenko
14:Stem cell application in neurorehabilitation, Sebastian Jessberger, Armin Curt, and Roger A. Barker
15:The role of neuroimaging in understanding the impact of neuroplasticity after CNS damage, Nick S. Ward
16:Enhancement of neuroplasticity by cortical stimulation, Orlando B. C. Swayne and John C. Rothwell
17:Enhancement of neuroplasticity by drug therapy, Ulf Ziemann
SECTION IV: Clinical concepts
18:Rehabilitation of gait and balance after CNS damage, Jacques Duysens, Geert Verheyden, Firas Massaad, Pieter Meyns, Bouwien Smits-Engelsman, and Ilse Jonkers
19:Neurorehabilitation approaches for disorders of the peripheral nervous system, William Huynh, Michael Lee, and Matthew C. Kiernan
20:Treatment of arm and hand dysfunction after CNS damage, Nick S. Ward
21:Acquired disorders of language and their treatment, Alex Leff and Jenny Crinion
22:Neuropsychological rehabilitation of higher cortical functions after brain damage, Radek Ptak and Armin Schnider
23:The clinical neurology of problems with oral feeding, Tom Hughes and Tom Richards
24:Management of bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction, Ulrich Mehnert and Thomas Kessler
25:The assessment and treatment of pain syndromes in neurorehabilitation, Eva Widerström-Noga
26:The impact of fatigue on neurorehabilitation, Killian A. Welch and Mansur A. Kutlubaev
27:Vocational Rehabilitation, Andy Tyerman
28:Self-management strategies in neurorehabilitation, Fiona Jones and Sara Demain
29:Neuropalliative rehabilitation: Managing neurological disability in the context of deteriorating illness, Gail Eva, Jo Bayly, and Diane Playford
30:Recognition and management of functional symptoms after traumatic brain injury, Lucia Ricciardi, Alan J. Carson, and Mark J. Edwards
SECTION V: Technical concepts
31:Music supported therapy in neurorehabilitation, Eckart Altenmüller and Lauren Stewart
32:Application of orthoses and neurostimulation in neurorehabilitation, Jacopo Carpaneto and Silvestro Micera
33:Technology to enhance arm and hand function, Arthur Prochazka
34:Technology to enhance locomotor function, Rüdiger Rupp, Daniel Schließmann, Christian Schuld, and Norbert Weidner
35:Enhancing independent community access and participation: Services, technologies, and policies, Émilie Raymond, Luc Noreau, Normand Boucher, Geoffrey Edwards, Patrick Fougeyrollas, Ernesto Morales, Francois Routhier, Claude Vincent, and G. Hubert Gascon
36:Virtual reality for neurorehabilitation, Mathias Bannwart and Robert Riener
37:Promises and challenges of neurorehabilitation technology, Arun Jayaraman, Sheila Burt, and William Z. Rymer

 

 About this book

 

This book offers practical guidance on all procedures that may be performed within the field of hip preservation surgery, arthroscopy, and endoscopy. European experts share their experiences on everything from basic injections to the most challenging hip procedures, offering step-by-step tutorials and highlighting important tips and tricks.

Whereas most books on hip arthroscopy and hip preservation surgery concentrate on pathologies, surgical indications, and the basics of the treatment, here the focus is very much on the individual techniques and recognized variants. These techniques are clearly and precisely described with the aid of a wealth of photo and video illustrations.

The coverage encompasses procedures applicable in the widest range of scenarios, including synovial pathologies, labral, chondral, and bony injuries, hip impingement, dysplasia and instability, snapping hips, gluteus medius and minimus tendonitis and tears, other tendinopathies, post-arthroplasty complications, and rehabilitation. The book is published in cooperation with ESSKA and will be an essential aid for orthopaedic surgeons at all levels of experience.

 

Table of contents (28 chapters)

 

Joint Lavage, Synovectomy, Biopsy, and Loose Body Removal

Pages 3-15

Tourabaly, Idriss (et al.)

Painful Hip Arthroplasty Assessment: Removal of Cement or Loose Bodies

Pages 17-32

Marin-Peña, Oliver (et al.)

Femoral Osteochondroplasty

Pages 35-49

Sadakah, M. A. (et al.)

Acetabular Rim Trimming

Pages 51-53

Seppänen, Matti

Open Femoral Osteochondroplasty and Rim Trimming

Pages 55-66

Aprato, Alessandro (et al.)

Subspine Impingement Decompression

Pages 67-75

Bajwa, Ali (et al.)

Endoscopic Deep Gluteal Syndrome Techniques: Ischiofemoral Impingement Decompression

Pages 77-87

Perez-Carro, Luis (et al.)

Os Acetabuli: Removal or Fixation

Pages 89-94

Randelli, Filippo (et al.)

Arthroscopic Core Decompression and Cell Therapy

Pages 95-102

Triantafyllopoulos, Ioannis K. (et al.)

Fracture Treatment

Pages 103-109

Zini, Raul (et al.)

Open Periacetabular Osteotomy

Pages 111-121

Søballe, Kjeld

Reverse Periacetabular Osteotomy

Pages 123-137

Wettstein, Michael

Proximal Femoral Osteotomy

Pages 139-153

Laude, Frédéric

Labral Debridement – Repair – Reattachment

Pages 157-163

Zurita, Nestor (et al.)

Labral Reconstruction

Pages 165-179

Andrade, A. J.

Ligamentum Teres Injuries and Treatment

Pages 181-190

Lindner, Dror (et al.)

Capsular Plication and Repair

Pages 191-195

Lund, Bent

Chondral Debridement–Abrasion: Microfracture

Pages 199-208

Tey Pons, Marc (et al.)

Open Femoral Head Mosaicplasty

Pages 209-216

Viguelloux, Augustin (et al.)

Endoscopic Trochanteric Bursectomy

Pages 219-223

Sarmento, André (et al.)

Iliotibial Band Release and Gluteus Maximus Tendon Release (Polesello)

Pages 225-227

May, Olivier

Gluteus Medius Repair – Endoscopic

Pages 229-237

Cardenas Nylander, Carlomagno

Gluteus Medius and Minimus Tears Open Repair/Reconstruction

Pages 239-252

Christofilopoulos, Panayiotis (et al.)

Open Adductor Tenotomy

Pages 253-262

Aletto, C. (et al.)

Psoas Tenotomy

Pages 263-269

Andronic, Octavian (et al.)

Proximal Hamstring Repair/Reinsertion: Open Surgery Technique

Pages 271-277

Lempainen, Lasse (et al.)

Hamstring Repair/Reinsertion: Endoscopic Treatment Options

Pages 279-282

Bataillie, F. (et al.)

Sciatic Nerve Release/Piriformis Tenotomy: Endoscopic Surgery

Pages 285-297

Perez-Carro, Luis (et al.)

 

 

DESCRIPTION

Comprehensively describes bone augmentation techniques and their application to the different anatomical regions of the upper and lower jaws.

Bone Augmentation by Anatomical Region is a unique, evidence-based guide focusing on each specific anatomical region – anterior maxilla, posterior maxilla, anterior mandible, and posterior mandible – in order to emphasize the correct implemented procedures needed to successfully perform oral osseous reconstruction.

Numerous ridge augmentation techniques are covered, including: horizontal and vertical guided bone regeneration, autologous block transplantation, interpositional bone grafting, allogeneic blocks, sandwich technique, split-expansion ridge technique, and sinus floor grafting.  Non-augmented approaches such as forced socket site extrusion and the installation of digitally printed implants are also presented and discussed.

·         Guides readers on tackling bone augmentation via anatomical region of the jaws and their related surrounding muscles, vascularization and innervation

·         Presents innovative augmentation techniques for the anterior maxilla, posterior maxilla, anterior mandible, and posterior mandible

·         Includes clinical photographs in each section and a decision tree to help readers select the appropriate surgical modality

Bone Augmentation by Anatomical Region is a specialist resource suitable for dentists who practice implant dentistry, oral surgeons, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, periodontists, and postgraduate dental students in the above-mentioned disciplines.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Contributors xi

Preface xv

Acknowledgement xvii

About the Companion Website xix

Introduction xxi

Part I Basic Mechanisms 1

1 The Anatomy of the Maxilla and the Mandible: Related Structures and Inserted Muscles 3
Dmitri Lev and Zvi Artzi

2 Biologic Conditions for Bone Growth and Maintenance: Managing the Oxidative Stress 17
Joseph Choukroun, Elisa Choukroun, and Maximilien Parnot

3 Biomaterials Selection – Cellular Interactions During Regenerative and Remodeling Phases 43
Itzhak Binderman, Michal Halperin-Sternfeld, Erez Netanely, Snježana Pohl, Robert A. Horowitz, and Zvi Artzi

4 Allogeneic Bone Grafts 61
Michele Jacotti and Fabio Bernardello

5 The Role of Osteopromotive Membranes in Guided Bone Regeneration 69
Elena Calciolari, Aliye Akcalı, and Nikolaos Donos

Part II The Anterior Maxilla 95

6 Esthetic Considerations 97
Goran I. Benic, Riccardo Kraus, Shaoxia Pan, and Christoph H.F. Hämmerle

7 Soft Tissue Management in the Anterior Maxilla 117
Daniel S. Thoma, Hyun-Chang Lim, and Christoph H.F. Hämmerle

8 Treatment Alternatives for Soft Tissue Procedures in the Maxilla 131
Carlos E. Nemcovsky

9 Modifications of Anterior Maxillary Sandwich Osteotomy for Vertical Bone Augmentation 163
Ole T. Jensen

10 Autogenous Bone Block Transplantation in the Anterior Maxilla 169
Federico Hernández-Alfaro and Gian Maria Ragucci

11 Allogeneic Block Grafts in the Anterior Maxilla 181
Michele Jacotti and Fabio Bernardello

12 Confronting Severe Deficiencies in the Anterior Maxilla 195
Zvi Artzi

13 Management of Complications in Anterior Maxilla During Guided Bone Regeneration 235
Isabella Rocchietta, Federico Moreno, and David Nisand

Part III The Posterior Maxilla 255

14 Sinus Augmentation: The Transcrestal Approach 257
Leonardo Trombelli, Roberto Farina, Giovanni Franceschetti, and Zvi Artzi

15 Sinus Augmentation: The Lateral Approach 283
Tiziano Testori, Riccardo Scaini, Matteo Deflorian, and Stephen S. Wallace
16 Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation: The Lateral Approach in Unusual Cases 309
Zvi Artzi

Part IV The Anterior Mandible 329

17 Re-establishment of Adequate Osseous Volume in an Atrophic Anterior Mandible 331
Zvi Artzi

18 Anterior Atrophic Mandible Restoration Using Cancellous Bone Block Allograft 379
Gavriel Chaushu, Liat Chaushu, Karen Anavi Lev, Joseph Nissan, and Zvi Artzi

Part V The Posterior Mandible 399

19 Options for Restoring the Atrophic Posterior Mandible – Vertical and Horizontal Bone Augmentation 401
Zvi Artzi

20 Cortico-Cancellous Block (CCB) Transplantation in the Posterior Mandible 431
Zvi Artzi

21 Allogeneic Block Grafts in the Posterior Mandible 445
Michele Jacotti and Fabio Bernardello

Part VI Other Advancing Techniques 453

22 Interpositional Bone Grafts: Sandwich Interposition in the Lateral Mandible and Le Fort I Interposition in the Maxilla 455
Hendrik Terheyden

23 Preprosthetic Orthognathic Surgery 471
Dror M. Allon

Part VII Additional Related Subjects 487

24 Biofilms Around Dental Implants 489
David Herrera, Patricia Bermejo, María del Carmen Sánchez, Elena Figuero, and Mariano Sanz

25 Prevention and Management of Peri-Implant Diseases 505
Sofia Aroca, Giovanni E. Salvi, Andrea Roccuzzo, Uri Renert, Anton Sculean, and Zvi Artzi

Index 523

 

Description:

Highly readable, well-illustrated, and easy to understand, Gabbe’s Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies is an ideal day-to-day reference or study tool for residents and clinicians. This 8th Edition of this bestselling text offers fast access to evidence-based, comprehensive information, now fully revised with substantial content updates, new and improved illustrations, and a new, international editorial team that continues the tradition of excellence established by Dr. Steven Gabbe.

 

Key Features:

Puts the latest knowledge in this complex specialty at your fingertips, allowing you to quickly access the information you need to treat patients, participate knowledgably on rounds, and perform well on exams.

 Contains at-a-glance features such as key points boxes, bolded text, chapter summaries and conclusions, key abbreviations boxes, and quick-reference tables, management and treatment algorithms, and bulleted lists throughout.

 Features detailed illustrations from cover to cover—many new and improved—including more than 100 ultrasound images that provide an important resource for normal and abnormal fetal anatomy.

 Covers key topics such as prevention of maternal mortality, diabetes in pregnancy, obesity in pregnancy, vaginal birth after cesarean section, and antepartum fetal evaluation.

Provides access to 11 videos that enhance learning in areas such as cesarean delivery and operative vaginal delivery.

Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices

 

Written from a global perspective by experts in the field

Demonstrates surgical procedures in a step by step manner with the aid of photographs and illustrations

Describes alternate surgical approaches to highlight all options

 

About this book

 

This book provides a guide to the correction of maxillofacial trauma surgery. Chapters covering the initial considerations, assessment, and techniques required in post-traumatic surgery are included to give the reader an understanding of how and why a particular procedure takes place. The treatment of eye, nose, cheek, ear, jaw, and soft tissue deformities are also discussed.

Atlas of Operative Maxillofacial Trauma Surgery: Post-Traumatic Deformity aims to give a framework to trainee and practising surgeons to help them manage trauma and allow them to assess and treat patients with facial deformities.

 

Table of contents (52 chapters)

 

Psychological Aspects of Posttraumatic DeformityPages 3-7

Piff, Christine

Complications in Craniofacial Trauma: An Overview of Some Common Problems

Pages 9-40

Alibhai, Mustansir (et al.)

Hardware Removal in Craniomaxillofacial Trauma

Pages 41-53

Pabla, Ravinder (et al.)

Posttraumatic Gustatory Dysfunction

Pages 55-61

Landis, Basile N. (et al.)

Chronic Pain: An Overview of Causes and Management

Pages 63-69

Barry, Thomas (et al.)

The Early Zygomatic Malunion

Pages 71-90

Holmes, Simon (et al.)

Principles of Correction: An Overview of Secondary Correction of Posttraumatic Bony Deformities

Pages 93-100

Sawhney, Raja (et al.)

Three-Dimensional Facial Imaging for the Diagnosis of Complex Soft Tissue Secondary to Craniofacial Trauma

Pages 101-105

Zou, Lifong (et al.)

Computer-Assisted Treatment Planning in Complex Cases: Digital Technology

Pages 107-123

Holmes, Simon (et al.)

Photography for Revision Surgery

Pages 125-142

Holmes, Simon (et al.)

The Role of Computer-Aided Design and Three-Dimensional Printing in Posttraumatic Correction

Pages 143-162

Eggbeer, Dominic (et al.)

Orthoptic Assessment and Intervention Postorbital Fracture Repair

Pages 163-171

Holmes, Simon (et al.)

Surgical Materials in Secondary Reconstruction

Pages 175-184

Ujam, Atheer

Topical Negative Wound Pressure Therapy: Its Uses in Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery

Pages 185-191

Edwards, Daren (et al.)

An Overview of Augmentation of Soft Tissue Deformities Using Injectable Techniques (Fillers Versus Fat)

Pages 193-207

Komath, Deepak (et al.)

Tissue Expansion for Craniofacial Defects

Pages 209-235

Kirkpatrick, Niall (et al.)

Fat Grafting in Soft Tissue Augmentation

Pages 237-250

Clauser, Luigi C. (et al.)

Augmenting Soft Tissues with Fat, Dermis and Dermal Fat Grafts

Pages 251-268

Perry, Michael (et al.)

Cranioplasty

Pages 271-301

White, Christopher J. (et al.)

Hair Loss and Transplantation

Pages 303-318

Matsa, Sainath (et al.)

Eyebrow Reconstruction

Pages 319-331

Gandelman, Marcelo

Secondary Management of the Orbit

Pages 335-381

Holmes, Simon (et al.)

The Anophthalmic Orbit

Pages 383-400

Castela, Guilherme (et al.)

The Role of the Ocularist in Reconstructing the Posttraumatic Anophthalmic Orbit

Pages 401-410

Flavell, Brett

Eyelid Deformities

Pages 411-450

Sethi, Charanjit J. (et al.)

Repositioning the Corners of the Eye

Pages 451-473

Perry, Michael (et al.)

The Twisted/Crooked Nose

Pages 477-486

Raja, Hemal (et al.)

Nasal Augmentation

Pages 487-497

Perry, Michael

Augmentation of the Nasal Pyramid: ‘Saddle-Shaped’ and Lateral Deformities

Pages 499-518

Seah, Tian Ee (et al.)

Deformities of the Nasal Septum

Pages 519-540

Boenisch, Miriam

Nasal Tip Deformities

Pages 541-570

Messiha, Ashraf

Total and Near-Total Nasal Reconstruction

Pages 571-582

Hill, Sean M. (et al.)

Posttraumatic Rhinoplasty: Is There a Role for Internal Fixation?

Pages 583-593

Perry, Michael

Nasomaxillary Osteotomy

Pages 595-603

Perry, Michael

Deformities of the Zygoma

Pages 607-644

Holmes, Simon (et al.)

Reconstruction of Zygomatic and Periorbital Deformity with Alloplastic Material

Pages 645-666

McLeod, Niall M. H. (et al.)

Contemporary Management of Traumatic Parotid-Cutaneous Communications and Fistulae

Pages 667-671

Blythe, John (et al.)

Surgical Reconstruction of the Ear (Pinna)

Pages 675-694

Richardson, David

Ear Reconstruction with Temporoparietal Fascia Flaps and Porous Polyethylene

Pages 695-709

Derderian, Christopher A., MD

Hearing Impairment and Tinnitus: Cochlear Implantation and Other Rehabilitative Solutions

Pages 711-731

Rao, Sampath Chandra Prasad (et al.)

Management of Posttraumatic Facial Palsy

Pages 733-744

Tzafetta, Kallirroi (et al.)

The Management of Posttraumatic Facial Skeletal Deformity Affecting the Occlusion: The Early Malunited Mandible

Pages 747-751

Boffano, Paolo (et al.)

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Pages 753-777

Dimitroulis, George

Replacing Missing Teeth: Dental Implants

Pages 779-799

Tiong, Noah Teo Bo (et al.)

Injuries to the Teeth: Long-Term Effects and Their Management

Pages 801-813

Gaind, Priya

Scar Revision and Camouflage: An Overview

Pages 817-838

Perry, Michael (et al.)

Scar Revision

Pages 839-878

Holmes, Simon (et al.)

Nonsurgical Management of Traumatic Scars

Pages 879-892

Handley, Julian

Nonsurgical Scar Management and Camouflage Techniques

Pages 893-901

Selim, Flordelyn

Missile Injuries: An Overview of Correction

Pages 905-916

Kummoona, Raja

Vascularised Composite Allotransplantation (Face Transplantation)

Pages 917-928

Sosin, Michael, MD (et al.)

Facial Prostheses

Pages 929-943

Kaczkowski, Michael D.

 

 

 

Description: Successfully correlate electrodiagnostic findings and neuromuscular ultrasound with key clinical findings with Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders, 4th Edition. This popular text is the go-to resource for clinicians at all levels of experience who have an interest in neuromuscular medicine, including those studying for the AANEM board exam. An easy-to-read writing style, abundant case studies, and learning features online help you master the electrodiagnostic evaluation and improve safety and accuracy.
Table Of Contents:
Section I: Overview of Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography Chapter-1: Approach to Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography Chapter-2: Anatomy and Neurophysiology Section II: Fundamentals of Nerve Conduction Studies Chapter-3: Basic Nerve Conduction Studies Chapter-4: Late Responses Chapter-5: Blink Reflex Chapter-6: Repetitive Nerve Stimulation Section III: Sources of Error: Anomalies, Artifacts, Technical Factors and Statistics Chapter-7: Anomalous Innervations Chapter-8: Artifacts and Technical Factors Chapter-9: Basic Statistics for Electrodiagnostic Studies Section IV: Detailed Nerve Conduction Studies Chapter-10: Routine Upper Extremity, Facial, and Phrenic Nerve Conduction Techniques Chapter-11: Routine Lower Extremity Nerve Conduction Techniques Section V: Fundamentals of Electromyography Chapter-12: Basic Overview of Electromyography Chapter-13: Anatomy for Needle Electromyography Chapter-14: Basic Electromyography: Analysis of Spontaneous Activity Chapter-15: Basic Electromyography: Analysis of Motor Unit Action Potentials Section VI: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations Part I: Common Mononeuropathies: Chapter-16: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations: Overview and Common Patterns Chapter-17: Median Neuropathy at the Wrist Chapter-18: Proximal Median Neuropathy Chapter-19: Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow Chapter-20: Ulnar Neuropathy at the Wrist Chapter-21: Radial Neuropathy Chapter-22: Peroneal Neuropathy Chapter-23: Femoral Neuropathy Chapter-24: Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Chapter-25: Facial and Trigeminal Neuropathy Part II: Polyneuropathy Chapter-26: Polyneuropathy Part III: Motor Neuron Disease Chapter-27: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Its Variants Chapter-28: Atypical Motor Neuron Disorders Part IV: Radiculopathy, Plexopathies, and Proximal Neuropathies Chapter-29: Radiculopathy Chapter-30: Brachial Plexopathy Chapter-31: Proximal Neuropathies of the Shoulder and Arm Chapter-32: Lumbosacral Plexopathy Chapter-33: Sciatic Neuropathy Part V: Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Chapter-34: Neuromuscular Junction Disorders Chapter-35: Myopathy Chapter-36: Myotonic Muscle Disorders and Periodic Paralysis Syndromes Section VII: Electromyography in Special Clinical Settings Chapter-37: Approach to Electrodiagnostic Studies in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter-38: Approach to Pediatric Electromyography Section VIII: Electronics and Instrumentation Chapter-39: Basics of Electricity and Electronics for Electrodiagnostic Studies Chapter-40: Electrical Safety and Iatrogenic Complications of Electrodiagnostic Studies

 

 

About this book

 

This book provides a comprehensive and practical overview of treatments for endovascular endoleaks, which represent the most frequent complications after endovascular abdominal aortic repair (EVAR). Written by a highly experienced interventional radiologist, it explains in practical terms the management of endoleaks using various embolization materials and different types of stent graft.

Highlighting a range of typical and challenging cases, the book familiarizes readers with the various treatment options currently available. As such, it offers an invaluable practical guide for experienced endovascular specialists and beginners who need to treat patients with EVAR.

 

Table of contents (5 chapters)

 

Endoleak Classifications

Pages 1-4

Duvnjak, Stevo

Endoleak Type I

Pages 5-125

Duvnjak, Stevo

Endoleak Type II

Pages 127-210

Duvnjak, Stevo

Endoleak Type III

Pages 211-241

Duvnjak, Stevo

Endoleak Types IV and V

Pages 243-252

Duvnjak, Stevo

 

 

Description: Master the information you need to know for practice and prepare for certification or recertification with a succinct, comprehensive account of the entire spectrum of imaging modalities and their clinical applications. Throughout six outstanding editions, Grainger and Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology has stood alone as the single comprehensive reference on general diagnostic radiology. Now in two succinct volumes, the 7th Edition of this landmark text continues to provide complete coverage of all currently available imaging techniques and their clinical applications - the essential information you need to succeed in examinations and understand current best practices in radiological diagnosis.   Key Features: Organizes content along an organ and systems basis, covering all diagnostic imaging techniques in an integrated, correlative fashion, with a focus on the topics that matter most to a trainee radiologist in the initial years of training. Contains more than 4,000 high-quality illustrations that enhance and clarify the text. Features an expanded section on cardiac imaging to reflect major developments in cardiac MRI, including 3D ultrasound, PET, and SPECT. Integrates functional and molecular imaging throughout each section, and includes the latest image-guided biopsy and ablation techniques. Provides an ideal resource for written, oral, and re-certifying board study as well as for a clinical practice refresher on topics that may have been forgotten. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Table Of Contents:
Chest and Cardiovascular System Abdominal Imaging Musculoskeletal System Spine Neuroimaging Oncological Imaging Paediatric Imaging Interventional Radiology

 

 

Through ten outstanding editions, Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text has been the go-to reference for the most comprehensive coverage of the thyroid, including anatomy, development, biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of all thyroid disorders. Now in full color throughout, the 11th Edition of this award-winning text remains the clinician’s preferred source of authoritative information on the thyroid—an essential resource for all endocrinologists and thyroid surgeons.

• Includes thorough updates and new content throughout the text, especially on thyroid cytopathology, thyroid imaging, and targeted therapy of thyroid cancer as well as a new full-color format.
• Covers all aspects of the thyroid, including thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, thyroid function, and disorders such as thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, and cancer.
• Discusses surgical management of thyroid cancer, thyroid disruptors, thyroid hormone analogs, thyroid dysfunction’s effects on other organ systems, the aging thyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and thyroid disease in pregnancy.
• Features insights from international experts, including new editor Dr. Peter Kopp of Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine.

Enrich Your Ebook Reading Experience

• Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone.
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Table of Contents:

 

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Preface to the Eleventh Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Contents

Section I: The Normal Thyroid

A. History, Development, Anatomy

Chapter 1: The heritage of the thyroid: A brief history

GOITER, CRETINISM, AND THE THYROID GLAND

GOITER AND IODINE

THYROTOXICOSIS

HYPOTHYROIDISM AND THE RECOGNITION OF THYROID FUNCTION

THERAPY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

DISCOVERY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE AND THERAPY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

SCREENING AND THERAPY OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

DISCOVERY OF CURRENT CONCEPTS OF THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS, TRANSPORT, AND ACTION

AUTOIMMUNE ETIOLOGY OF GRAVES DISEASE AND HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS

THYROID CANCER

OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Development and anatomy of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis

THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY AXIS

SIGNALING AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN HYPOTHALAMUS ORGANOGENESIS

SIGNALING AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN PITUITARY ORGANOGENESIS

THE THYROID GLAND

THYROID BUD FORMATION

THYROID MIGRATION

THYROID FOLLICULOGENESIS

DIFFERENTIATED THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS

HISTOLOGY AND STRUCTURE

THYROID TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN THYROID DEVELOPMENT

IN VITRO GENERATION OF THYROID CELLS FROM PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS

MODELING THYROID BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS OVEREXPRESSION

MODELING THYROID BY CHEMICAL PATHWAYS MANIPULATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

B. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion

Chapter 3: Thyroid hormone synthesis: Thyroid iodide transport

IDENTIFICATION BY FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION OF THE CDNA ENCODING RAT NIS

THE NIS MOLECULE

ISOLATION OF THE CDNA ENCODING HUMAN NIS (hNIS) AND ELUCIDATION OF THE GENOMIC ORGANIZATION OF hNIS

NIS IN EXTRATHYROIDAL TISSUES

NIS MECHANISM AND STOICHIOMETRY

SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY OF NIS

NIS TRANSPORTS THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT ClO4− WITH A 1 Na+:1 ClO4− STOICHIOMETRY

IODIDE TRANSPORT DEFECT, A CONGENITAL CONDITION CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN THE NIS (SLC5A5) GENE

NIS KO MICE, A USEFUL MODEL FOR STUDYING MULTIPLE RAMIFICATIONS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

REGULATION OF NIS TRANSCRIPTION

REGULATION OF NIS IN THE THYROID BY TSH

REGULATION OF NIS BY I−

REGULATION OF NIS BY A K+ CHANNEL

NIS IN THYROID CANCER

I− EFFLUX

NIS IN BREAST CANCER

IMPACT OF NIS ON PUBLIC HEALTH

NIS GENE TRANSFER

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND AVENUES FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATION

REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Thyroid hormone synthesis

IODIDE UPTAKE INTO THE THYROID

THE GENE AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE OF THE SODIUM/IODIDE SYMPORTER

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SODIUM/IODIDE SYMPORTER

REGULATION OF IODIDE UPTAKE AND SODIUM/IODIDE SYMPORTER FUNCTION AND EXPRESSION

MUTATIONS IN THE SODIUM/IODIDE SYMPORTER GENE

IODIDE EFFLUX FROM THE THYROID

PENDRED SYNDROME AND PENDRIN (PDS/SLC26A4)

PROTEIN STRUCTURE OF PENDRIN

EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF PENDRIN

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PENDRIN

GOITER AND THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN PENDRED SYNDROME

ANOCTAMIN

SLC26A7

THYROGLOBULIN

STRUCTURE OF THE THYROGLOBULIN GENE AND PROTEIN

MUTATIONS IN THE THYROGLOBULIN GENE

THYROID PEROXIDASE

THE GENE AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE OF THYROID PEROXIDASE

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THYROID PEROXIDASE

EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF THYROID PEROXIDASE

MUTATIONS IN THYROID PEROXIDASE

THE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE–GENERATING SYSTEM

CLONING OF THE DUAL OXIDASE AND THE DUAL OXIDASE MATURATION FACTOR GENES

THE PROTEIN STRUCTURE OF DUAL OXIDASES AND THE DUAL OXIDASE MATURATION FACTORS

EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF DUAL OXIDASES AND THE DUAL OXIDASE MATURATION FACTORS

MECHANISM OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE GENERATION

REGULATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ACTIVITY

GENETIC DEFECTS IN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE GENERATION

IODINATION AND THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

OXIDATION OF THYROID PEROXIDASE TO COMPOUND I AND COMPOUND II

OXIDATION OF IODIDE

IODINATION AND COUPLING OF TYROSYL RESIDUES

INHIBITION OF THYROID PEROXIDASE BY THIONAMIDE DRUGS

CELLULAR UPTAKE AND PROTEOLYSIS OF THYROGLOBULIN

SECRETION OF THYROID HORMONES

DEHALOGENATION OF MONOIODOTYROSINE AND DIIODOTYROSINE

IODOTYROSINE (IYD/DEHAL1) DEIODINASE GENE AND PROTEIN

DEHALOGENASE DEFICIENCY

REFERENCES

C. Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Binding and Metabolism

Chapter 5: Thyroid hormone transport proteins

EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS

FUNCTIONS OF THBPs

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

THYROID-BINDING GLOBULIN

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

PHYSIOLOGIC REGULATION OF TBG IN HUMANS

PATHOLOGY

HUMAN SERPINA7 GENE SEQUENCE VARIANTS AFFECTING TBG CONCENTRATION OR FUNCTION

TRANSTHYRETIN

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

PHYSIOLOGIC REGULATION OF TTR IN HUMANS

PATHOLOGY

HUMAN TTR GENE SEQUENCE VARIANTS AFFECTING TTR CONCENTRATION OR FUNCTION

DYSTRANSTHYRETINEMIC HYPERTHYROXINEMIA

ALBUMIN

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

HUMAN ALB GENE VARIANTS AFFECTING ALB CONCENTRATION OR FUNCTION

p.Arg242His

OTHER SEQUENCE VARIANTS AT Arg242

p.Arg246Ile

T3 VARIANTS OF FDH

MINOR CARRIERS

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THBPs

REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Intracellular pathways of iodothyronine metabolism/implications of deiodination for thyroid hormone action

STRUCTURE OF THE DEIODINASES

TOPOLOGY AND SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION

STRUCTURE–FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS OF DEIODINASES AND MECHANISM OF DEIODINATION

SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF THE DEIODINASES

TYPE 1 DEIODINASE

TYPE 2 DEIODINASE

TYPE 3 DEIODINASE

NONDEIODINATIVE METABOLISM OF IODOTHYRONINES

PHYSIOLOGIC ROLES OF THE SELENODEIODINASES

DEIODINASES AND THE REGULATION OF T3 PRODUCTION

ADAPTATION TO HYPOTHYROIDISM

INTRACELLULAR TRIIODOTHYRONINE HOMEOSTASIS

DEIODINASES AND REGULATION OF THYROTROPIN SECRETION

DEIODINASES AND THE BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE

DEIODINASES AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

DEIODINASES AND THE SKELETON

DEIODINASES AND METABOLISM

DEVELOPMENTAL ROLES OF THE DEIODINASES

MATERNAL–FETAL PHYSIOLOGY

TRIIODOTHYRONINE MODULATION OF PLACENTAL THYROID HORMONE TRANSFER

D3 EXPRESSION AND THE REQUIREMENT FOR THYROXINE IN NORMAL PREGNANCY

THE DEIODINASES IN HUMAN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

NONTHYROIDAL ILLNESS

CONSUMPTIVE HYPOTHYROIDISM

DEIODINASES IN CANCER

HYPERTHYROIDISM AND OVEREXPRESSION OF DEIODINASES

DEIODINASES IN THE ISCHEMIC HEART

DEIODINASES IN LUNG INJURY

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

D. Thyroid Hormone Action

Chapter 7: Intracellular actions by thyroid hormones

THYROID HORMONE TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM

TR-DEPENDENT SIGNALING OF TH WITH DIRECT BINDING TO DNA (TYPE 1)

THYROID HORMONE RESPONSE ELEMENTS

TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY TRs

THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR–INTERACTING COREPRESSORS/BASAL REPRESSION

THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR–INTERACTING COACTIVATORS/TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION

NEGATIVE REGULATION BY TRs

POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF TR

RESISTANCE TO TH

THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR ISOFORM KNOCKOUT AND KNOCKIN MICE

TRANSCRIPTIONAL CASCADES

TR-DEPENDENT SIGNALING OF TH WITH INDIRECT BINDING TO DNA (TYPE 2)

TR-DEPENDENT SIGNALING OF TH WITHOUT DNA BINDING (TYPE 3)

TR-INDEPENDENT TH SIGNALING (TYPE IV)

TH ANALOGS, DISRUPTORS, AND METABOLITES

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 8: Thyroid hormone structure–function relationships

THYROID HORMONE STRUCTURE, METABOLISM, AND ACTIVITY

TR ACTIVATION BY NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC AGONISTS

DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVE TR SUBTYPE AGONISTS

STRUCTURE–FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS AT TR MUTANTS—THE ISSUE OF TH RESISTANCE

TR ANTAGONISM

THYROID HORMONE INTERACTIONS WITH ALTERNATE RECEPTORS AND BINDING PROTEINS

THYRONAMINES AND ANALOGS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

E. Factors That Control Thyroid Function

Chapter 9: Chemistry and biosynthesis of thyrotropin

CHEMISTRY

GENES ENCODING THE SUBUNITS OF THYROTROPIN

CHROMOSOME LOCALIZATION

STRUCTURE OF THE COMMON α-SUBUNIT GENE

STRUCTURE OF THE THYROTROPIN-β–SUBUNIT GENE

CENTRAL HYPOTHYROIDISM DUE TO THYROTROPIN-β–SUBUNIT GENE ABNORMALITIES

PRETRANSLATIONAL REGULATION OF THYROTROPIN BIOSYNTHESIS

NEGATIVE REGULATORS

POSITIVE REGULATORS

SUMMARY OF PRETRANSLATION REGULATION OF THE HUMAN COMMON α- AND TSH-β–SUBUNIT GENE EXPRESSION

POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING OF THYROTROPIN

IN VITRO TRANSLATION OF THYROTROPIN-β–SUBUNIT AND α-SUBUNIT MESSENGER RNA

BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROTROPIN IN INTACT CELLS

PROCESSING OF HIGH-MANNOSE PRECURSOR OLIGOSACCHARIDES

TERMINAL SULFATION AND SIALYLATION OF COMPLEX OLIGOSACCHARIDES

DEVELOPMENTAL AND ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF THYROTROPIN GLYCOSYLATION

BIOACTIVITY AND METABOLIC CLEARANCE OF THYROTROPIN

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMATION OF THYROTROPIN

RECOMBINANT HUMAN THYROTROPIN

REFERENCES

Chapter 10: The thyrotropin receptor

THE STRUCTURE OF THE THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR

THE THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR GENE

RECOGNITION OF THE RECEPTOR BY THYROTROPIN

PROPOSED MECHANISM OF ACTIVATION OF THE RECEPTOR BY TSH

ACTIVATION BY THYROSTIMULIN

ACTIVATION BY CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

ACTIVATION BY THYROTROPIN-RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES

ACTIVATION BY LOW–MOLECULAR-WEIGHT DRUG-LIKE CHEMICALS

DOWNREGULATION OF THE THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR

REFERENCES

Chapter 11: Aging and the thyroid

CHANGES IN THYROID ANATOMY WITH AGE

PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THYROID FUNCTION WITH AGE

CHALLENGES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION WITH AGE

CHALLENGES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF NODULAR DISEASE AND THYROID CANCER

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 12: Effects of drugs on TSH secretion, thyroid hormones’ absorption, synthesis, metabolism, and action

INTRODUCTION

DRUGS THAT ALTER SERUM TSH LEVELS (FIG. 12-1, PANEL 1)

DOPAMINE/DOPAMINE AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS

SOMATOSTATIN AND SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGS

REXINOIDS

OTHER DRUGS THAT SUPPRESS TSH SECRETION

DRUGS THAT REDUCE THYROID HORMONE ABSORPTION

BILE ACID SEQUESTRANTS

FERROUS SULFATE

SUCRALFATE AND ALUMINUM-CONTAINING ANTACIDS

CALCIUM CARBONATE AND PHOSPHATE BINDERS

OTHER MEDICATIONS THAT MAY REDUCE T4 INTESTINAL ABSORPTION

DRUGS THAT REDUCE SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF THYROID HORMONES (FIG. 12-1, PANEL 2)

THIONAMIDES (ANTITHYROID DRUGS)

IONIC INHIBITORS (PERCHLORATE, THIOCYANATE; SEE Chapter 13 ON THYROID DISRUPTORS)

LITHIUM

DRUGS THAT ALTER THE METABOLISM OF THYROID HORMONES (FIGS. 12-1, PANEL 3 AND 12-2)

DRUGS THAT INDUCE CYP3a (PHENYTOIN, CARBAMAZEPINE, PHENOBARBITAL, RIFAMPIN, RITONAVIR, SERTRALINE)

DRUGS THAT INHIBIT THE DEIODINATION OF T4 AND T3

PROPYLTHIOURACIL

PROPRANOLOL AND NADOLOL

DRUGS THAT ALTER THE TRANSPORT OR ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES (FIG. 12-1, PANEL 3)

NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (SALICYLATES, SALSALATE, FENCLOFENAC)

FUROSEMIDE

HEPARIN AND FATTY ACIDS

ESTROGEN AND SELECTIVE ESTROGEN MODULATORS (SERM) (TAMOXIFEN, RALOXIFENE)

ANDROGENS

OTHER DRUGS ALTERING TBG LEVELS

DRUGS ACTING AT MULTIPLE SITES TO ALTER THYROID HORMONE HOMEOSTASIS

IODINATED RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST AGENTS

PHENYTOIN

AMIODARONE

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

CYTOKINES (INTERFERON, INTERLEUKIN, AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR)

TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS

DRUGS ALTERING THYROID FUNCTION THROUGH ALTERATIONS IN IMMUNITY

IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION SYNDROME

ANTI-CD52 ANTIBODY ALEMTUZUMAB

CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS

REFERENCES

Chapter 13: Thyroid disruptors

INTRODUCTION

SUBSTANCES THAT INHIBIT THYROIDAL IODINE UPTAKE

PERCHLORATE

THIOCYANATE

NITRATE

COMPOUNDS WITH DIRECT ACTIONS ON THE THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS

POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS

BISPHENOL-A AND PHTHALATES

TRICLOSAN

COMPOUNDS THAT DISPLACE T4 FROM SERUM THYROID BINDING PROTEINS

PCBs AND PBDEs

COMPOUNDS THAT INHIBIT THYROPEROXIDASE ACTIVITY

ISOFLAVONES

COMPOUNDS THAT DECREASE T4 HALF-LIFE BY ACTIVATING HEPATIC ENZYMES

ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES

DIOXINS AND FURANS

COMPOUNDS THAT INHIBIT DEIODINASE ACTIVITY

OTHER EXPOSURES

STYRENES

PERFLUORINATED AND GEN X COMPOUNDS

ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES

SUNSCREENS

LEAD

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 14: Nonthyroidal illness syndrome

INTRODUCTION

DESCRIPTION OF NTIS

CHANGES IN SERUM THYROID HORMONE AND THYROTROPIN CONCENTRATIONS

CHANGES IN THYROID HORMONE KINETICS

CHANGES IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–THYROID AXIS

CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM

PATHOGENESIS OF NTIS

PATHOGENESIS OF CHANGES IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–THYROID AXIS

CHANGES IN HPT AXIS DURING FASTING

CHANGES IN HPT AXIS DURING ILLNESS

PATHOGENESIS OF CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM

CHANGES IN SERUM IODOTHYRONINE–BINDING PROTEINS

CHANGES IN IODOTHYRONINE TRANSPORT INTO TISSUES

CHANGES IN IODOTHYRONINE DEIODINASES

CHANGES IN IODOTHYRONINE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS

CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF NTIS

PROGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE OF NTIS

DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID DISEASE IN NTIS

TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH NTIS

SPECIFIC TYPES OF NTIS

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

LIVER DISEASE

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 15: Iodine deficiency and excess, endemic cretinism

INTRODUCTION

THE ECOLOGY OF IODINE

DIETARY SOURCES, ABSORPTION, AND METABOLISM OF IODINE

GOITROGENS

IODINE REQUIREMENTS

ADULTHOOD

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

ASSESSMENT OF IODINE DEFICIENCY

URINARY IODINE CONCENTRATION

BREAST MILK IODINE CONCENTRATION

THYROID SIZE

THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE AND THYROID HORMONES

THYROGLOBULIN

EFFECTS OF IODINE DEFICIENCY

THYROIDAL ADAPTATION TO IODINE DEFICIENCY

EFFECTS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM DUE TO IODINE DEFICIENCY ON THE DEVELOPING BRAIN

CRETINISM

THE BENEFITS OF CORRECTION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY

IODINE INTERVENTIONS IN SEVERELY DEFICIENT PREGNANT WOMEN

IODINE INTERVENTIONS IN MILD TO MODERATELY DEFICIENT PREGNANT WOMEN

INFANCY

CHILDHOOD

ADULTHOOD

THYROID CANCER

EPIDEMIOLOGY

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

SALT FORTIFICATION WITH IODINE

IODINE SUPPLEMENTATION

EFFECTS OF EXCESS IODIDE

PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO EXCESS IODIDE

TOLERABLE UPPER LIMITS FOR IODINE INTAKE

MONITORING OF IODINE EXCESS IN POPULATIONS

SOURCES OF EXCESS IODIDE

IODINE-INDUCED HYPOTHYROIDISM OR GOITER IN THE ABSENCE OF APPARENT UNDERLYING THYROID DISEASE

IODINE AND THYROIDITIS

IODINE-INDUCED THYROTOXICOSIS

AMIODARONE-INDUCED THYROID DISEASE (SEE Chapter 11)

REFERENCES

Section II: Assessment of Thyroid Structure and Function

Chapter 16: Physical examination of the thyroid gland

HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

INSPECTION

PALPATION

FACING THE PATIENT

STANDING BEHIND THE PATIENT

AUSCULTATION

PALPATING LOBES AND EVALUATING THYROID SIZE

THYROID NODULES

HEMIAGENESIS

CONSISTENCY

PAIN/TENDERNESS

LYMPHADENOPATHY

DISTINGUISHING BENIGN FROM MALIGNANT DISEASE

REFERENCES

Chapter 17: Laboratory measurement of thyroid-related hormones, proteins, and autoantibodies in serum

INTRODUCTION

NOMENCLATURE FOR SENSITIVITY AND ASSESSMENT OF ASSAYS

FUNCTIONAL VERSUS ANALYTICAL SENSITIVITY OF ASSAYS

THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE

METHODS FOR SERUM TSH MEASUREMENTS

REQUIREMENTS FOR SERUM TSH MEASUREMENTS

TSH ISOFORMS

INDICATIONS FOR TRH TESTING

TSH REFERENCE INTERVALS

THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF TSH MEASUREMENT

TSH AND THYROID FUNCTION ASSESSMENT IN PREGNANCY (SEE Chapter 66)

HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS

THYROID HORMONE MEASUREMENTS

SERUM TOTAL THYROID HORMONE (TT4 AND TT3) ASSAY METHODOLOGY

CLINICAL UTILITY OF TT4 AND TT3 MEASUREMENTS

TT4 AND TT3 REFERENCE INTERVALS

SERUM FREE THYROID HORMONE TESTS (FT4 AND FT3)

DIRECT FT4 AND FT3 METHODS

INDIRECT FT4 AND FT3 ESTIMATE TESTS

SERUM-FREE THYROXINE AND FREE TRIIODOTHYRONINE INDEXES

THYROID HORMONE–BINDING PROTEINS

FAMILIAL DYSALBUMINEMIC AND TRANSTHYRETIN-ASSOCIATED HYPERTHYROXINEMIAS

SERUM THYROGLOBULIN (Tg)

REQUIREMENTS FOR SERUM Tg METHODS

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CIRCULATING Tg CONCENTRATIONS

ANALYTICAL AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION

THYROID-SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODIES

ANTI–TSH RECEPTOR AUTOANTIBODIES

ANTITHYROID PEROXIDASE AUTOANTIBODIES

ANTITHYROGLOBULIN AUTOANTIBODIES

INTERFERENCES WITH THYROID TEST OUTCOMES

INTERFERENCES WITH THYROID MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGIES

ASSAY INTERFERENCES

AUTOMATION OF THYROID TESTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 18: Nonisotopic thyroid imaging

INTRODUCTION

PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY

ULTRASONOGRAPHY

BASIC PHYSICS AND TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES (1)

CONDUCTING THE EXAMINATION

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES

THE NORMAL THYROID GLAND

GOITER

DIFFUSE NONNEOPLASTIC THYROID DISEASES

NODULES AND MULTINODULAR GOITER

INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

BASIC PHYSICS PRINCIPLES (22)

THE NORMAL THYROID GLAND

DIFFUSE THYROID DISEASE

INCIDENTALOMAS

CT IN LARGE BENIGN GOITERS

ECTOPIC THYROID TISSUE

CT AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING OF THYROID CARCINOMAS, LYMPHOMAS, AND METASTASIS

CT AND FOLLOW-UP OF THYROID CARCINOMAS

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

BASIC PHYSICS PRINCIPLES (41)

NORMAL THYROID TISSUE

DIFFUSE THYROID DISEASE

THYROID INCIDENTALOMAS AND NODULE CHARACTERIZATION

PREOPERATIVE PLANNING OF THYROID CARCINOMAS: ASSESSING INVASION (48)

FOLLOW-UP OF THYROID CARCINOMAS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 19: Thyroid radionuclide uptake and imaging studies

INTRODUCTION

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

MODALITIES

RADIOIODINE

UPTAKE STUDIES

PLANAR IMAGING: HYPERTHYROIDISM

PLANAR IMAGING: THYROID CANCER

TOMOGRAPHY

DOSIMETRY

FDG PET/CT IN THYROID CANCER

FDG PET/CT IN INCIDENTAL THYROID DISEASE

IMAGING OF MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 20: Cytopathology of the thyroid gland

INTRODUCTION

SPECIMEN PREPARATIONS

THYROID FNA CLASSIFICATION

NONDIAGNOSTIC OR UNSATISFACTORY (CATEGORY I)

BENIGN (CATEGORY II)

ATYPIA OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE/FOLLICULAR LESION OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE (AUS/FLUS) (CATEGORY III)

FOLLICULAR OR ONCOCYTIC (HüRTHLE-CELL) NEOPLASM OR SUSPICIOUS FOR FOLLICULAR OR ONCOCYTIC (HüRTHLE-CELL) NEOPLASM (CATEGORY IV)

SUSPICIOUS FOR MALIGNANCY (CATEGORY V)

MALIGNANT (CATEGORY VI)

CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY

KEY CYTOMORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF THYROID FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION DIAGNOSES

DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITER

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS (11,15)

ATYPIA OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE/FOLLICULAR LESION OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE (AUS/FLUS)

SUSPICIOUS FOR FOLLICULAR NEOPLASM/FOLLICULAR NEOPLASM (INCLUDING TUMORS WITH ONCOCYTIC FEATURES)

MALIGNANT LESIONS

PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA AND ITS VARIANTS

MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA

POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA

ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA

ROLE OF ANCILLARY STUDIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID TUMORS IN CYTOLOGIC SPECIMENS’ IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

REFERENCES

Chapter 21: Histopathology of the thyroid gland

NORMAL THYROID

PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID LESIONS

DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATIONS

GOITER

GRAVES DISEASE/DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITER

DYSHORMONOGENETIC GOITER

IATROGENIC AND RELATED HYPERPLASIAS

AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS

SILENT THYROIDITIS

SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS THYROIDITIS

GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS

PALPATION THYROIDITIS

AMIODARONE INJURY WITH THYROTOXICOSIS

RIEDEL THYROIDITIS (AKA RIEDEL STRUMA)

COMBINED RIEDEL STRUMA AND FIBROSING HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS

MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS

RADIATION EFFECTS

AMYLOIDOSIS

BLACK THYROID

NEOPLASMS

BENIGN NEOPLASMS

ADENOMAS AND ADENOMATOUS NODULES

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

PAPILLARY CARCINOMA

FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA

HÜRTHLE-CELL NEOPLASM/ONCOCYTIC FOLLICULAR NEOPLASM

PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF PAPILLARY AND FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA OF THYROID: CONTROVERSIES

CLEAR CELL TUMORS

HIGH-GRADE THYROID CARCINOMA

POORLY DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA

ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA, AND INTRATHYROIDAL THYMOMA-LIKE NEOPLASMS

MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA

CALCITONIN NEGATIVE NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA OF THYROID

LYMPHOMA

SARCOMA

CARCINOMA IN ECTOPIC THYROID TISSUE

METASTATIC NEOPLASMS

REFERENCES

Section III: Thyroid Diseases: Thyrotoxicosis

A. Causes of Thyrotoxicosis

Chapter 22: Pathogenesis of Graves disease

INTRODUCTION

AUTOIMMUNITY

DEFINITION OF AN AUTOANTIGEN

THE NATURE OF T CELLS

ANTIBODY AND T-CELL INTERACTIONS WITH ANTIGEN

SECOND SIGNALS

CRITERIA FOR AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

RESTRICTION VERSUS POLYCLONALITY

THYROID IMMUNOLOGY

INTRATHYROIDAL B CELLS

AUTOANTIBODIES TO THE HUMAN TSHR

BIOACTIVITY OF TSHR ANTIBODIES

PREVALENCE OF TSHR ANTIBODIES IN GRAVES DISEASE

IMMUNOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TSHR ANTIBODIES

TSHR FUNCTION IN GRAVES DISEASE

LESSONS FROM MONOCLONAL TSHR ANTIBODIES WITH STIMULATING ACTIVITY

OTHER THYROID ANTIBODIES IN GRAVES DISEASE

THE INTRATHYROIDAL LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATE

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF INTRATHYROIDAL T CELLS

T-CELL SELECTION

APOPTOSIS IN GRAVES DISEASE

THE INTRATHYROIDAL T-CELL RECEPTOR V GENE REPERTOIRE

REGULATORY EFFECTS OF T CELLS IN AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE

THE Th17 CELLS

IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GRAVES DISEASE

FAILURE OF IMMUNE CELL DELETION AND/OR SUPPRESSION

SPECIFICITY CROSSOVER (MOLECULAR MIMICRY)

BYSTANDER EFFECTS

EPIGENETIC CHANGES

THYROID CELL EXPRESSION OF HLA MOLECULES

ANIMAL MODELS OF GRAVES DISEASE

KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR PRECIPITATING GRAVES DISEASE (TABLE 22-5)

SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES

INFECTION

THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES

THYROID TISSUE DAMAGE

STRESS

SEX STEROIDS

THE X CHROMOSOME

THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD

MATERNAL MICROCHIMERISM

IODINE

IRRADIATION

OVERVIEW OF THE ETIOLOGY OF GRAVES DISEASE

REFERENCES

Chapter 23: Thyrotropin-induced thyrotoxicosis

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOLOGIC AND PATHOGENIC ASPECTS

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

LABORATORY AND BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES

SERUM THYROTROPIN AND THYROID HORMONE LEVELS

PITUITARY GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONE α-SUBUNIT

PARAMETERS OF PERIPHERAL THYROID HORMONE ACTION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

IMAGING STUDIES AND LOCALIZATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME

CRITERIA OF CURE AND FOLLOW-UP

REFERENCES

Chapter 24: Toxic adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter

EPIDEMIOLOGY

CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THYROID AUTONOMY

DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID AUTONOMY

NATURAL HISTORY

MORPHOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

LESSONS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

FROM HYPERPLASTIC GROWTH TO NODULAR TRANSFORMATION

TRANSFORMATION TO HOT THYROID NODULES

TREATMENT OF AUTONOMOUS THYROID NODULES (SEE CHAPTER 32)

SURGERY

RADIOIODINE THERAPY

COST-EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THYROID AUTONOMY

FOLLOW-UP

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 25: Trophoblastic tumors

INTRODUCTION

HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

GRADATIONS OF SEVERITY

CLINICAL FEATURES

DIAGNOSIS

HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM

MUTANT THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR

THERAPY

REFERENCES

Chapter 26: Sporadic painless, painful subacute and acute infectious thyroiditis

INTRODUCTION

DESTRUCTION-INDUCED THYROIDITIS

PAINFUL THYROID

SPORADIC PAINLESS THYROIDITIS

ETIOLOGY

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

LABORATORY FINDINGS

CYTOLOGY

IMAGING

PATHOLOGY

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS

ETIOLOGY

INFECTIOUS ASSOCIATION

AUTOIMMUNE ASSOCIATION

GENETIC ASSOCIATION

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

LABORATORY FINDINGS

CYTOLOGY

IMAGING

PATHOLOGY

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

ACUTE INFECTIOUS THYROIDITIS

ETIOLOGY

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS

PARASITIC INFECTIONS

SYPHILITIC INFECTIONS

THYROIDAL INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

LABORATORY FINDINGS

CYTOLOGY

IMAGING STUDIES

CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 27: Thyrotoxicosis of extrathyroidal origin

INTRODUCTION

EXOGENOUS THYROID HORMONE

CAUSES

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

THYROTOXICOSIS DUE TO METASTATIC THYROID CARCINOMA

DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

STRUMA OVARII

DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

B. Organ System Manifestations

Chapter 28: Overview of the clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis

INTRODUCTION

PREVALENCE OF CLINICAL FINDINGS

ORGAN SYSTEM–SPECIFIC MANIFESTATIONS

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

BEHAVIORAL HEALTH MANIFESTATIONS

CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS

PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS

GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS

RENAL MANIFESTATIONS

INTEGUMENTARY FINDINGS

MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS

REPRODUCTIVE CHANGES

HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS

MODULATING FACTORS

AGE

PREGNANCY

COMORBIDITY

ETIOLOGY OF THYROTOXICOSIS

CLINICAL ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 29: Ophthalmopathy

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY

PATHOGENESIS

RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM IN PATIENTS WITH GO

MANAGEMENT OF GO

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 30: The cardiovascular system in thyrotoxicosis

THYROID HORMONE ACTION ON THE HEART AND VASCULAR SYSTEM

CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THYROTOXICOSIS

CARDIOVASCULAR SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS IN THYROTOXICOSIS

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES

HEART FAILURE

HYPERTENSION AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION

MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS

ROLE OF OTHER HORMONES IN THYROTOXICOSIS

SUBCLINICAL THYROTOXICOSIS

AMIODARONE AND IODINE CONTAINING CONTRAST AGENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 31: Thyroid hormones in intermediary metabolism, thermogenesis, and obesity

THYROID HORMONE SIGNALING, TISSUE- AND TARGET GENE–SPECIFICITY IN RELATION TO INTERMEDIARY AND ENERGY METABOLISM

THYROID HORMONE ACTION ON INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

CLINICAL CORRELATES

PROTEIN METABOLISM

CLINICAL CORRELATES

LIPID METABOLISM

CLINICAL CORRELATES

THYROID HORMONE ACTION ON ENERGY METABOLISM

THYROID HORMONE ACTION ON RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE

THYROID HORMONE ACTION ON ADAPTIVE THERMOGENESIS

THYROID HORMONE ACTION ON ACTIVITY-RELATED ENERGY EXPENDITURE

THYROID HORMONE ACTION ON THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD

ENERGY STATUS AND THYROID HORMONE HOMEOSTASIS

CLINICAL CORRELATES

POTENTIAL USE OF THYROID HORMONE AS TREATMENT FOR WEIGHT LOSS AND DYSLIPIDEMIA

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 32: The skeletal system in thyrotoxicosis

REGULATION OF THYROID STATUS

CONTROL OF INTRACELLULAR T3 AVAILABILITY

MECHANISM OF THYROID HORMONE ACTION

ROLE OF TSH IN BONE

BONE REMODELING CYCLE

SKELETAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD THYROTOXICOSIS

SKELETAL EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES IN ADULTS

POPULATION STUDIES IN NORMAL EUTHYROID INDIVIDUALS

STUDIES OF ADULT THYROTOXICOSIS

EFFECTS OF TREATMENT FOR THYROTOXICOSIS

SUBCLINICAL HYPERTHYROIDISM

PATIENTS TREATED WITH SUPPRESSIVE DOSES OF THYROXINE

REFERENCES

Chapter 33: Thyroid dermopathy and thyroid acropachy

THYROID DERMOPATHY

HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS IN THYROID DERMOPATHY

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

PATHOGENESIS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

OUTCOMES OF THERAPY OF THYROID DERMOPATHY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THERAPY

THYROID ACROPACHY

REFERENCES

Chapter 34: Psychiatric and cognitive effects of thyrotoxicosis

INTRODUCTION

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS OF OVERT THYROTOXICOSIS

COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS OF OVERT THYROTOXICOSIS

SUBCLINICAL THYROTOXICOSIS: NEUROPSYCHIATRIC AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: BEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES THAT MAY MIMIC THYROTOXICOSIS

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THYROTOXICOSIS

TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS: NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS

POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN THYROID HORMONE AND ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

USE OF THYROID HORMONE IN AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

LITHIUM AND THYROID FUNCTION

REFERENCES

Chapter 35: Thyrotoxic storm

CLINICAL FEATURES

LABORATORY FINDINGS

PATHOGENESIS

TREATMENT

THERAPY TO REDUCE THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION

THERAPY DIRECTED AGAINST SYSTEMIC DISTURBANCES

THERAPY DIRECTED AGAINST THE PERIPHERAL ACTIONS OF THYROID HORMONE

THERAPY DIRECTED AGAINST PRECIPITATING ILLNESS

REFERENCES

C. Diagnosis and Management of Thyrotoxicosis

Chapter 36: Diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS

CLUES FROM ROUTINE LABORATORY TESTS

LABORATORY TESTING FOR THYROTOXICOSIS

SERUM THYROXINE DETERMINATIONS

SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE DETERMINATIONS

SERUM THYROTROPIN DETERMINATIONS

SCREENING, CASE FINDING, AND DIAGNOSIS

DIAGNOSING THE CAUSE OF THYROTOXICOSIS

REFERENCES

Chapter 37: Treatment of thyrotoxicosis

INTRODUCTION

THYROTOXICOSIS CAUSED BY GRAVES DISEASE

DRUG THERAPY OF THYROTOXICOSIS CAUSED BY GRAVES DISEASE

ANTITHYROID DRUGS (Fig. 37-1)

MECHANISMS OF ACTION

INTRATHYROIDAL ACTIONS

EXTRATHYROIDAL ACTIONS

EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF THE ANTITHYROID DRUGS

METHIMAZOLE

PROPYLTHIOURACIL

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF ANTITHYROID DRUGS

SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTITHYROID DRUGS

FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS TAKING AN ANTITHYROID DRUG FOR GRAVES DISEASE

REMISSIONS AND ANTITHYROID DRUG THERAPY

THERAPY FACTORS RELATING TO REMISSION OF GRAVES DISEASE

DISCONTINUATION OF ANTITHYROID DRUG THERAPY

OTHER DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS CAUSED BY GRAVES DISEASE

INORGANIC IODIDE

ORAL CHOLECYSTOGRAPHIC AGENTS

β-ADRENERGIC ANTAGONIST DRUGS

RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY FOR THYROTOXICOSIS (Fig. 37-1)

PRACTICAL THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS

COMPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL RISKS OF RADIOIODINE THERAPY

POSTRADIOIODINE WORSENING OF THYROID FUNCTION

RADIOIODINE THERAPY AND GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY

INDICATIONS FOR RADIOIODINE THERAPY

SURGICAL THERAPY FOR THYROTOXICOSIS (Fig. 37-1)

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS

TREATMENT OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

TREATMENT OF ELDERLY PATIENTS

THYROTOXICOSIS IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND DURING LACTATION

THYROTOXIC STORM

THYROTOXICOSIS DUE TO TOXIC ADENOMA AND MULTINODULAR GOITER

TOXIC ADENOMA

TOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITER

REFERENCES

Chapter 38: Subclinical thyrotoxicosis

ETIOLOGY

ENDOGENOUS SUBCLINICAL THYROTOXICOSIS

EXOGENOUS SUBCLINICAL THYROTOXICOSIS

EVALUATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY

CLINICAL AND BIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE

PHYSIOLOGY OF SUPPRESSION OF TSH SECRETION

CARDIOVASCULAR CONSEQUENCES

BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM

COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AND DEMENTIA

TREATMENT

CHOICE OF TREATMENT MODALITY

SIDE EFFECTS OF TREATMENT FOR SUBCLINICAL THYROTOXICOSIS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

REFERENCES

Section IV: Thyroid Diseases: Hypothyroidism

A. Causes of Hypothyroidism

Chapter 39: Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis

INTRODUCTION

PREDISPOSITION TO CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS

PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION

T-CELL RESPONSES

B-CELL RESPONSES

EFFECTOR MECHANISMS

EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS

CLINICAL ASPECTS

ASSOCIATED DISORDERS

REFERENCES

Chapter 40: Genetic defects causing hypothyroidism

MONOGENIC CAUSES OF THYROID DYSGENESIS

KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MUTATIONS IN TD

NKX2-1

PAX8

FOXE1

GLIS3

TSHR

ADDITIONAL GENES ASSOCIATED WITH TD

NKX2-5

JAG1

CDCA8 (BOREALIN)

TUBB1

NETRIN 1 (NTN1)

SYNDROMES WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CH

GENETIC CAUSES OF DYSHORMONOGENESIS

THYROGLOBULIN

TPO

DUOX2 AND DUOXA2

IYD (PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS DEHAL1)

SLC5A5 (NIS)

SLC26A4 (PENDRIN)

SLC26A7

EVIDENCE FOR AN UNDIAGNOSED GENETIC COMPONENT IN TD

REFERENCES

Chapter 41: Primary hypothyroidism due to other causes

INTRODUCTION

RADIOACTIVE IODINE (131I THERAPY)

THYROIDECTOMY

TREATMENT OF TOXIC NODULAR GOITER

TREATMENT OF NONTOXIC NODULAR GOITER

EXTERNAL RADIATION

HYPOTHYROIDISM DUE TO THERAPEUTIC PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS

LITHIUM CARBONATE

CYTOKINES

AMIODARONE

TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS

IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS

OTHER DRUGS

HYPOTHYROIDISM DUE TO INFILTRATIVE DISORDERS

RIEDEL THYROIDITIS (INVASIVE FIBROUS THYROIDITIS)

AMYLOIDOSIS

SARCOIDOSIS

SCLERODERMA

HEMOCHROMATOSIS

CYSTINOSIS

OTHER INFILTRATIVE OR INFECTIOUS DISORDERS (SEE CHAPTER 22)

PRIMARY THYROID LYMPHOMA

CONSUMPTIVE HYPOTHYROIDISM

INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS (SEE CHAPTER 12)

EMBRYOLOGIC VARIANTS

LINGUAL THYROID (SEE CHAPTER 63)

REFERENCES

Chapter 42: Central hypothyroidism

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT OF CeH

REFERENCES

B. Organ System Manifestations of Hypothyroidism

Chapter 43: Overview of the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM

SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND MORTALITY

PULMONARY SYSTEM

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC FEATURES

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS

SKIN AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE

KIDNEYS AND ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND LIVER

HEMATOLOGY AND HEMOSTASIS

PITUITARY DISORDERS IN HYPOTHYROIDISM

ADRENAL DISORDERS IN HYPOTHYROIDISM

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 44: Hypothyroidism and the heart

CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

CV SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN HYPOTHYROIDISM

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN HYPOTHYROIDISM

CV RISK FACTORS IN HYPOTHYROIDISM

LIPIDS

BLOOD PRESSURE AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION

THROMBOGENESIS

SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

SPECIAL SITUATIONS IN HYPOTHYROIDISM RELATED TO THE HEART

POSTACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

HEART FAILURE

TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

CARDIAC SURGERY AND CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION PROCEDURES

REFERENCES

Chapter 45: The skeletal system in hypothyroidism

PHYSIOLOGIC CONTROL OF THYROID HORMONE ACTION

THYROID HORMONE TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM IN BONE

THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN BONE

ROLE OF TSH ON SKELETAL GROWTH AND MATURATION

SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT

SKELETAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD HYPOTHYROIDISM

SKELETAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMPAIRED SENSITIVITY TO THYROID HORMONE

SKELETAL CONSEQUENCES OF ADULT HYPOTHYROIDISM

A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THYROID HORMONE SIGNALING IN OSTEOARTHRITIS

REFERENCES

Chapter 46: Psychiatric and cognitive effects of hypothyroidism

INTRODUCTION

PSYCHIATRIC AND COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM

PSYCHIATRIC AND COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

EFFECT OF THYROID FUNCTION VARIATIONS WITHIN THE NORMAL RANGE ON MOOD AND COGNITION

HASHIMOTO ENCEPHALOPATHY

REFERENCES

Chapter 47: Myxedema Coma

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL FEATURES: PRECIPITATING EVENTS

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

HYPOTHERMIA

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS

GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS

RENAL AND ELECTROLYTE MANIFESTATIONS

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS

INFECTIONS

DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

VENTILATORY SUPPORT

HYPONATREMIA

HYPOTHERMIA

HYPOTENSION

GLUCOCORTICOID THERAPY

THYROID HORMONE THERAPY

COMMENTS

REFERENCES

C. Management of Hypothyroidism

Chapter 48: Diagnosis of hypothyroidism

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

PREDISPOSITION TO HYPOTHYROIDISM

CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS AND HYPOTHYROIDISM

LABORATORY TESTING

SERUM THYROXINE DETERMINATIONS

SERUM TSH DETERMINATIONS

OTHER MEASURES OF THYROID HORMONE ACTION

SCREENING, CASE FINDING, AND DIAGNOSIS

DIAGNOSING THE CAUSE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

FUTURE ADVANCES IN LABORATORY ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 49: Treatment of hypothyroidism

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

LEVOTHYROXINE THERAPY

ENDPOINTS DURING LEVOTHYROXINE THERAPY

FACTORS AFFECTING LEVOTHYROXINE DOSE

INITIATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF LEVOTHYROXINE THERAPY

CHOICE OF LEVOTHYROXINE PRODUCT

LEVOTHYROXINE ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND TRANSPORT

LEVOTHYROXINE THERAPY IN SPECIFIC SUBPOPULATIONS

PATIENT SATISFACTION WITH LEVOTHYROXINE THERAPY

LEVOTHYROXINE THERAPY AND T3 LEVELS

THERAPIES OTHER THAN LEVOTHYROXINE

THYROID EXTRACTS

SYNTHETIC COMBINATION THERAPY

LIOTHYRONINE THERAPY

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 50: Subclinical hypothyroidism

INTRODUCTION

ETIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY

CLINICAL AND BIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE

CURRENT EVIDENCE

TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS

TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Section V: Thyroid Diseases: Nontoxic Diffuse and Multinodular Goiter

Chapter 51: Multinodular goiter: pathogenesis and management

INTRODUCTION

ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

NATURAL HISTORY

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

DIAGNOSIS EVALUATION

MANAGEMENT

IODINE SUPPLEMENTATION

TSH SUPPRESSIVE THERAPY WITH LEVOTHYROXINE

ANTITHYROID DRUGS

SURGERY

131I THERAPY

OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 52: Clinical evaluation and management of thyroid nodules

CLINICAL EVALUATION

LABORATORY EVALUATION

SERUM HORMONE AND OTHER MEASUREMENTS

IMAGING STUDIES

ULTRASONOGRAPHY

ELASTOGRAPHY

RADIONUCLIDE THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY

OTHER IMAGING STUDIES

FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY

RISK STRATIFICATION FOR THYROID NODULES

TECHNIQUE OF FINE-NEEDLE BIOPSY

RESULTS OF FINE-NEEDLE BIOPSY

LIMITATIONS OF FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY OF THYROID NODULES

CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS BASED UPON FNA CYTOLOGY RESULTS

NONDIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY: BETHESDA I

BENIGN CYTOLOGY: BETHESDA II

ATYPIA OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE/FOLLICULAR LESION OF UNDERMINED SIGNIFICANCE (AUS/FLUS) CYTOLOGY: BETHESDA III

FOLLICULAR NEOPLASM CYTOLOGY (INCLUDES HüRTHLE CELL NEOPLASM): BETHESDA IV

ROLE OF MOLECULAR TESTING FOR BETHESDA III AND IV NODULES

SUSPICIOUS FOR MALIGNANCY CYTOLOGY: BETHESDA V

MALIGNANT CYTOLOGY: BETHESDA VI

TREATMENT AFTER THYROID SURGERY

REFERENCES

Section VI: Thyroid Cancers

Chapter 53: Carcinomas of follicular epithelium: epidemiology and pathogenesis

RADIATION

EXTERNAL RADIATION AND THYROID CARCINOMA

INTERNAL RADIATION AND THYROID CARCINOMA

COMPARISON OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RADIATION

PREVENTING IODINE 131–RELATED THYROID CARCINOMA

EVALUATION OF IRRADIATED PATIENTS

RADIATION AND OTHER HEAD AND NECK TUMORS

CLINICAL FEATURES OF RADIATION-RELATED THYROID NEOPLASMS

GENETIC PREDISPOSITION

SYNDROMIC NONMEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA

NONSYNDROMIC FAMILIAL NONMEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (FNMTC)

GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

PRE-EXISTING THYROID DISEASE

HORMONAL AND REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS

DIETARY FACTORS

IODINE AND GOITROGENS

OTHER DIETARY FACTORS

ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS

SMOKING AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 54: Genomic landscapes of thyroid cancers of follicular cell derivation

GENOMIC HALLMARKS OF NEOPLASMS ARISING FROM THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS

FOLLICULAR NEOPLASMS

AUTONOMOUSLY FUNCTIONING ADENOMA

FOLLICULAR ADENOMA AND CARCINOMA

PAPILLARY CARCINOMA

NIFTP

RARE PTC VARIANTS

OTHER SOMATIC MUTATIONS

TERT PROMOTER MUTATIONS

SOMATIC COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS

HÜRTHLE CELL NEOPLASMS

POORLY DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER

ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER

GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

DIAGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS OF THYROID CANCER GENOMICS

REFERENCES

Chapter 55: Carcinoma of the follicular epithelium: surgical therapy

INTRODUCTION

THYROIDECTOMY NOMENCLATURE

EXTENT OF THYROIDECTOMY AND RISK OF COMPLICATIONS

SURGERY FOR INDETERMINATE THYROID NODULES

THYROIDECTOMY FOR THYROID CARCINOMA DERIVED FROM FOLLICULAR EPITHELIUM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION NOMENCLATURE

EXTENT OF LYMPH NODE DISSECTION AND RISK OF COMPLICATIONS

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE AND LOCATION OF NODAL METASTASIS IN THYROID CARCINOMA DERIVED FROM FOLLICULAR EPITHELIUM

CLINICAL ASPECTS OF NODAL METASTASIS IN THYROID CARCINOMA DERIVED FROM FOLLICULAR EPITHELIUM

PROGNOSIS OF NODAL METASTASIS IN THYROID CARCINOMA DERIVED FROM FOLLICULAR EPITHELIUM

CENTRAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION

LATERAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 56: Staging and prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer

INTRODUCTION

STAGING TO PREDICT RISK OF THYROID CANCER DEATH

ELEMENTS AND COMPARISON OF PUBLISHED STAGING SYSTEMS

EVOLUTION OF THE TNM SYSTEM TO THE CURRENT 8TH EDITION

VALIDATION AND CONTROVERSIES IN 8TH EDITION TNM STAGING

PREDICTING THE RISK OF THYROID CANCER RECURRENCE

ELEMENTS OF INITIAL RISK STRATIFICATION SYSTEMS

VALIDATION AND CONTROVERSIES FOR INITIAL RISK SYSTEMS

DYNAMIC RISK STRATIFICATION/RESPONSE-TO-THERAPY

ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC RISK STRATIFICATION

VALIDATION AND CONTROVERSIES FOR DYNAMIC RISK STRATIFICATION

HOW TO USE CURRENT RISK STRATIFICATION SYSTEMS IN PRACTICE

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 57: Medical management of differentiated epithelial cell thyroid cancer

RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY

THE GOALS OF THE FIRST ADMINISTERED ACTIVITY OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE AFTER THYROIDECTOMY

ABLATION OF RESIDUAL NORMAL THYROID TISSUE

RAI TREATMENT AS AN ADJUVANT THERAPY

PREPARATION FOR RAI THERAPY

SELECTION OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE ACTIVITY FOR REMNANT ABLATION

WHOLE-BODY 131I SCANS AND SPECT/CT

RAI THERAPY FOR LOCAL OR DISTANT METASTATIC DISEASE

INDICATIONS FOR RAI THERAPY

TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH SERUM THYROGLOBULIN LEVELS AND NEGATIVE IMAGING STUDIES

COMPLICATIONS OF RAI THERAPY

FOLLOW-UP PARADIGMS

EARLY FOLLOW-UP RECOMMENDATIONS (FIRST YEAR AFTER INITIAL THERAPY)

FOLLOW-UP PARADIGMS BASED ON RESPONSE TO THERAPY RESTRATIFICATION

ONGOING, DYNAMIC RISK ASSESSMENT DURING LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP

TSH-SUPPRESSIVE THYROID HORMONE THERAPY

EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY

SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR ADVANCED DISEASE

BIOLOGICALLY TARGETED THERAPIES

CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY

OTHER PALLIATIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR SYMPTOMATIC METASTATIC DTC

REFERENCES

Chapter 58: Papillary microcarcinomas

INCREASING INCIDENCE OF THYROID CANCER WITH STABLE MORTALITY

SURGERY OF PAPILLARY MICROCARCINOMA AND OUTCOMES

FREQUENT MULTIPLICITY AND REGIONAL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS

PROGNOSIS OF HIGH-RISK AND LOW-RISK PAPILLARY MICROCARCINOMA

SURGICAL APPROACH TO PMCs

ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE OF LOW-RISK PAPILLARY MICROCARCINOMA

HISTORY AND HYPOTHESIS

PROTOCOL OF THE ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE AT KUMA HOSPITAL

OUTCOMES OF ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE

EVALUATION OF THE RISK OF TRACHEA AND RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE INVASION

INCIDENCES OF UNFAVORABLE EVENTS IN IMMEDIATE SURGERY VERSUS ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE

MEDICAL ECONOMY OF MANAGEMENT OF PAPILLARY MICROCARCINOMA

FACTORS THAT MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION

NATURAL HISTORY OF PAPILLARY CARCINOMA

LIFETIME PROBABILITY OF DISEASE PROGRESSION

TUMOR VOLUME KINETICS DURING ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE

ESTIMATING TUMOR GROWTH BEFORE PRESENTATION

IMPLEMENTING ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE

REFERENCES

Chapter 59: Medullary thyroid cancer

NATURAL HISTORY

TUMOR PROGRESSION

PREOPERATIVE SCREENING

SURGICAL TREATMENT

DYNAMIC RISK STRATIFICATION AND FOLLOW-UP

RECURRENT AND PERSISTENT DISEASE

REOPERATION

DISTANT DISEASE

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 60: Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer, and miscellaneous tumors of the thyroid

POORLY DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER

DEFINITION/EPIDEMIOLOGY

TREATMENT/PROGNOSIS

ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

PATHOLOGY

GENOMICS/MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY

STAGING

MANAGEMENT—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

MANAGEMENT—STAGE IVA

MANAGEMENT—STAGE IVB

MANAGEMENT—STAGE IVC

MANAGEMENT—OLIGOMETASTATIC STAGE IVC

PALLIATIVE AND HOSPICE CARE

ATC SUMMARY

MISCELLANEOUS TUMORS OF THE THYROID GLAND

HYALINIZING TRABECULAR TUMOR

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

THYROID MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA

SCLEROSING MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA WITH EOSINOPHILIA

MUCINOUS CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID

ECTOPIC THYMOMA

SPINDLE EPITHELIAL TUMOR WITH THYMUS-LIKE DIFFERENTIATION

INTRATHYROID THYMIC CARCINOMA

PARAGANGLIOMA AND MESENCHYMAL/STROMAL TUMORS

HEMATOLYMPHOID TUMORS

GERM CELL TUMORS (BENIGN TERATOMA, IMMATURE TERATOMA, MALIGNANT TERATOMA)

SECONDARY MALIGNANCIES OF THE THYROID

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 61: Thyroid cancer in children

RISK OF THYROID CANCER IN THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT WITH A THYROID NODULE

DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCERS

PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (PTC)

PAPILLARY THYROID MICROCARCINOMA (PTMC)

FOLLICULAR VARIANT PTC

FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA (FTC)

MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA

MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA 2A

MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA 2B

EARLY THYROIDECTOMY IN MEN2

MANAGEMENT OF MTC IN MEN2

REFERENCES

Section VII: The Thyroid in Infancy and Childhood

Chapter 62: The maturation of thyroid function in the fetus, in the perinatal period and during childhood

MATURATION OF THYROID FUNCTION IN UTERO

ORGANOGENESIS AND STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE THYROID GLAND

FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE THYROID GLAND AND ONSET OF THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

THE ROLE OF THE PLACENTA FOR MATERNOFETAL INTERACTION

MATURATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–THYROID AXIS

SYNTHESIS OF THE THYROID HORMONE TRANSPORT PROTEINS

REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE LEVELS IN UTERO BY SULFATION

REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE LEVELS IN UTERO BY DEIODINATION

ONTOGENY OF TRANSMEMBRANE THYROID HORMONE TRANSPORTERS

ONTOGENY OF THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS

THE ROLE OF THYROID HORMONES FOR THE FETUS AND THE CHILD

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

COCHLEA DEVELOPMENT

RETINA DEVELOPMENT

MUSCLE AND MYOCARDIAL DEVELOPMENT

BONE DEVELOPMENT AND LINEAR GROWTH

METABOLIC EFFECTS

PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL CHANGES IN THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM

PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE TERM NEONATE

THYROID FUNCTION IN THE PRETERM NEONATE

THYROID FUNCTION IN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE NEONATES

INFANTS, CHILDREN, AND ADOLESCENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 63: Hypothyroidism in infants and children

CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

NEWBORN SCREENING

RATIONALE FOR BIOCHEMICAL SCREENING FOR CH

PREMATURE AND VERY LOW–BIRTH-WEIGHT NEWBORNS

NEWBORNS WITH TRISOMY 21

EVALUATION OF NEWBORNS WITH A POSITIVE SCREENING RESULT

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SCREENING PROGRAMS

CLASSIFICATION OF CH (Table 63-2)

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

PERMANENT CH

TRANSIENT CH

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION (Table 63-3)

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME

ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM (CH)

ETIOLOGIES (Table 63-4)

CLINICAL PRESENTATION (Fig. 63-4)

EVALUATION

TREATMENT

PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

Chapter 64: Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone: defects of transport, metabolism, and action

TH SECRETION, CELL-MEMBRANE TRANSPORT, METABOLISM, AND ACTION

THE PARADOX OF COEXISTING MANIFESTATIONS OF THYROID HORMONE DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS

THYROID HORMONE ACTION DEFECTS KNOWN AS RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONE

RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONE BETA (RTHβ)

CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION

INCIDENCE AND INHERITANCE

ETIOLOGY AND GENETICS

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TR ACTION

PROPERTIES OF MUTANT TRβ RECEPTORS AND ASSOCIATED DOMINANT-NEGATIVE EFFECT

MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE VARIABLE RTHβ PHENOTYPE

RTHβ WITHOUT THRB GENE MUTATIONS (NON–TRβ-RTH)

ANIMAL MODELS OF RTHβ

PATHOGENESIS

PATHOLOGY

CLINICAL FEATURES

COURSE OF THE DISEASE

LABORATORY FINDINGS

TH AND ITS METABOLITES

THYROTROPIN AND OTHER THYROID STIMULATORS

THYROID GLAND ACTIVITY AND INTEGRITY OF HORMONE SYNTHESIS

IN VIVO EFFECTS OF TH

IN VITRO TESTS OF THYROID HORMONE ACTION

RESPONSES TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THYROID HORMONE

EFFECTS OF OTHER DRUGS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONE ALPHA (RTHα)

BACKGROUND

INCIDENCE AND INHERITANCE

ETIOLOGY AND GENETICS

MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE DEFECT AND PROPERTIES OF THE MUTANT TRα

ANIMAL MODELS OF RTHα (SEE ALSO ANIMAL MODELS UNDER RTHβ, ABOVE)

CLINICAL FEATURES

LABORATORY FINDINGS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

THYROID HORMONE CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORTER DEFECT (THCMTD)

CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS OF TH

INHERITANCE AND INCIDENCE

ETIOLOGY

THE MCT8 GENE AND MUTATIONS

CLINICAL FEATURES AND COURSE OF THE DISEASE

LABORATORY FINDINGS

SERUM TESTS OF THYROID FUNCTION

OTHER SERUM TESTS

X-RAYS AND IMAGING

TESTS IN TISSUES

GENETIC TESTING

ANIMAL MODELS OF MCT8 DEFICIENCY

MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE DISORDER

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM DEFECT

INTRACELLULAR METABOLISM OF TH

ETIOLOGY AND GENETICS

INCIDENCE AND INHERITANCE

THE SBP2 GENE AND MUTATIONS

CLINICAL FEATURES AND COURSE OF THE DISEASE

LABORATORY FINDINGS

MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE DISORDER

THMD CAUSED BY MUTATION IN THE TRU-TCA1-1 GENE

ANIMAL MODELS OF THMD

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 65: Hyperthyroidism in the neonate, child, and adolescent

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE HYPERTHYROID STATE

BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF THYROID FUNCTION

GRAVES DISEASE

ANTITHYROID DRUG THERAPY

RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY

THYROIDECTOMY AND RISKS

SOMATIC COMPLICATIONS OF GD

NEONATAL THYROTOXICOSIS

FETAL CONSIDERATIONS

OTHER CAUSES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

HASHITOXICOSIS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Section VIII: Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy and Postpartum

Chapter 66: Thyroid disorders during preconception, pregnancy, and the postpartum period

PRECONCEPTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND MANAGEMENT

PREGNANCY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID DISEASE

OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM

SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

ISOLATED HYPOTHYROXINEMIA

AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE IN PREGNANCY

HYPERTHYROIDISM

POSTPARTUM

POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS

REFERENCES

Index

 

 

Description: This expert volume in the Diagnostic Pathology series is an excellent point-of-care resource for practitioners at all levels of experience and training. Physicians should have the knowledge derived from morphological findings to identify the likelihood of a cancer patient having an additional underlying familial syndrome- and to decide if that patient should undergo molecular genetic evaluation. This volume is specifically designed to help pathologists, oncologists, and other physicians who diagnose and treat cancer to recognize syndromes and syndrome- associated neoplasms and advise patients and their families on the possibility of a familial syndrome and their risk of developing other tumors. Diagnostic Pathology: Familial Cancer Syndromes, second edition, is an easy-to-use, one-stop reference for information on hereditary cancer syndromes, including differential diagnosis and management, that offers a templated, highly formatted design; concise, bulleted text; and superior color images throughout.
Table Of Contents:
I. Diagnosis Associated With Syndromes by Organ Breast Breast Carcinoma, Female Breast Carcinoma, Male Breast Table Blood and Bone Marrow Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Blood and Bone Marrow Table Bone and Soft Tissue Chondrosarcoma Chordoma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Osteosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Schwannoma Bone and Soft Tissue Table Head and Neck Endolymphatic Sac Tumor Squamous Cell Carcinoma Head and Neck Table Salivary Glands Table Endocrine Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms in Children Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease Adrenal Cortex Table Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia Neuroblastoma Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia Table Pancreas Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Pancreas Table Parathyroid Parathyroid Adenoma Parathyroid Carcinoma Parathyroid Hyperplasia Parathyroid Table Pituitary Pituitary Adenoma Pituitary Hyperplasia Pituitary Table Thyroid, Medullary C-Cell Hyperplasia Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Thyroid, Medullary Table Thyroid, Nonmedullary Familial Thyroid Carcinoma Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Thyroid, Nonmedullary Table Gastrointestinal Tubular Gut Colon Adenoma Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Gastric Adenocarcinoma Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Hamartomatous Polyps of GI Tract Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma Colon/Rectum Table Esophagus/Stomach/Small Bowel Table Tubular Gut Table Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Biliary Tract Neoplasia Hepatoblastoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Biliary Tract/Liver/Pancreas Table Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Table Genitourinary Bladder Bladder Table Kidney Angiomyolipoma Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma HLRCC Syndrome-Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal Oncocytoma, Chromophobe, and Hybrid Tumors Wilms Tumor Kidney Table Prostate Prostate Table Renal Pelvis and Ureter Renal Pelvis and Ureter Table Testicle Germ Cell Tumor Sertoli Cell Neoplasms Testicle Table Gynecology Cervical Tumors Fallopian Tube Tumors Ovarian Tumors Uterine Tumors Cervix Endometrium Fallopian Tube Ovary Nervous System Central Nervous System Eye Peripheral Nervous System Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma, Lung Adenocarcinoma With Lepidic (Bronchioloalveolar) Predominant Pattern Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Lung Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Lung Table Skin BAP1-Inactivated Melanocytic Tumor Basal Cell Carcinoma Cutaneous Melanoma Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Sebaceous Carcinoma Skin Table II. Overview of Syndromes Introduction Pathology of Familial Tumor Syndromes Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Familial/Hereditary Tumor Syndromes Molecular Aspects of Familial/Hereditary Tumor Syndromes Syndromes Ataxia Telangiectasia BAP1 Tumor Predisposition Syndrome Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome/Gorlin Syndrome Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome Bloom Syndrome Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome Carney Complex Costello Syndrome Cystic Nephroma Syndrome Denys-Drash Syndrome Diamond-Blackfan Anemia DICER1 Syndrome Down Syndrome Dyskeratosis Congenita Familial Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Familial Chordoma Familial Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Familial Infantile Myofibromatosis Familial Isolated Hyperparathyroidism Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma Familial Paraganglioma-Pheochromocytoma Syndrome Familial Testicular Tumor Familial Uveal Melanoma Familial Wilms Tumor Fanconi Anemia GATA2 Spectrum Disorders Glucagon Cell Hyperplasia and Neoplasia Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer Syndrome: BRCA1 Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer Syndrome: BRCA2 Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (HLRCC) Hereditary Multiple Exostosis Hereditary Neuroblastoma Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer Syndrome Hereditary Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Hereditary Paraganglioma/Pheochromocytoma Syndromes Hereditary Prostate Cancer Hereditary Renal Epithelial Tumors, Others Hereditary Retinoblastoma Hereditary SWI/SNF Complex Deficiency Syndromes Heritable Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Syndromes Howel-Evans Syndrome/Keratosis Palmares and Plantares With Esophageal Cancer Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome Li-Fraumeni Syndrome/Li-Fraumeni-Like Syndrome Lynch Syndrome McCune-Albright Syndrome Melanoma/Pancreatic Carcinoma Syndrome Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 4 (MEN4) MYH-Associated Polyposis Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Syndromes *PDGFRA*-Mutant Syndrome Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndromes RASopathies: Noonan Syndrome Rhabdoid Predisposition Syndrome Schwannomatosis Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome Steatocystoma Multiplex Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH)-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Tumor Syndromes Predisposing to Osteosarcoma von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Werner Syndrome/Progeria Wilms Tumor-Associated Syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Xeroderma Pigmentosum Reference Molecular Factors Molecular Factors Index

 

 

As knee replacement surgeries continue to grow in number worldwide, the need for an authoritative and comprehensive reference in this key area is a must for today’s orthopaedic surgeon. The Adult Knee: Knee Arthroplasty, Second Edition, brings together the knowledge and expertise of internationally recognized experts in the field in one convenient volume.

• Covers knee biomechanics relevant to knee arthroplasty, alternatives to knee arthroplasty to alleviate arthritis, and primary total knee arthroplasty, including perioperative issues.
• Discusses complications including stiff knee, periprosthetic fractures, and instability, revision total knee arthroplasty, and management of infections in total knee replacement.

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Table of Contents:

 

1.             Cover

2.             Title Page

3.             Copyright

4.             Dedication

5.             Contributors

6.             Preface

7.             Contents

8.             SECTION 1 Historical Perspectives

9.             1 Total Knee Arthroplasty: Milestones

10.          INTERPOSITION ARTHROPLASTY

11.          HEMIARTHROPLASTY

12.          HINGED KNEE PROSTHESES

13.          RESURFACING KNEE PROSTHESES

14.          ANATOMIC APPROACH

15.          FUNCTIONAL APPROACH

16.          CEMENTLESS FIXATION

17.          MOBILE BEARING

18.          ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS IN TKA

19.          ADVANCES IN PERIOPERATIVE CARE

20.          FUTURE OUTLOOK

21.          2 Surgical Anatomy of the Knee

22.          INTRODUCTION

23.          EMBRYOLOGY

24.          BONES OF THE KNEE

25.          Femur

26.          Tibia

27.          Fibula

28.          Patella

29.          KNEE JOINT STRUCTURES

30.          Menisci

31.          Cruciate Ligaments

32.          Synovial Membrane and Cavity

33.          Knee Joint Bursae

34.          Capsule

35.          THREE LAYERS OF THE MEDIAL AND LATERAL KNEE

36.          Layers of the Medial Knee

37.          Layers of the Lateral Knee

38.          KNEE JOINT MUSCLES AND STABILITY

39.          Knee Flexors

40.          Knee Extensors

41.          Knee Joint Stabilization

42.          KNEE MOTION

43.          ARTERIES

44.          Geniculate Vessels and Knee Anastomoses

45.          VEINS

46.          NERVES

47.          Muscle and Knee Joint Innervation

48.          Cutaneous Innervation

49.          CONCLUSION

50.          3 Anesthesia for Total Knee Replacement

51.          INTRODUCTION

52.          PREOPERATIVE PHASE

53.          MULTIMODAL AGENTS

54.          Acetaminophen

55.          Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

56.          Gabapentinoids

57.          INTRAOPERATIVE PHASE

58.          Anesthesia Techniques

59.          Dexamethasone

60.          Tranexamic Acid

61.          POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA

62.          Local Infiltration Analgesia

63.          Femoral Nerve Block

64.          Adductor Canal Nerve Block

65.          Interspace Between the Popliteal Artery and Posterior Capsule of the Knee Block

66.          Postoperative Multimodal Analgesia

67.          CONCLUSION

68.          SECTION 2 Basic Science

69.          4 Meniscus, Tendons, and Ligaments: Pathophysiology

70.          MEDIAL MENISCUS

71.          LATERAL MENISCUS

72.          MENISCUS STRUCTURE

73.          Vascular Supply

74.          Neurology

75.          Biomechanical Properties

76.          INJURIES

77.          DEGENERATIVE TEAR

78.          ACUTE TEAR

79.          RELATION OF TEAR LOCATION TO HEALING

80.          TENDON

81.          Normal Structure and Function

82.          Tendon Junctional Anatomy

83.          BIOMECHANICS

84.          INJURIES

85.          Patterns of Injury

86.          DEGENERATION

87.          TENDON HEALING AND REPAIR

88.          LIGAMENT

89.          Normal Structure and Function

90.          Biomechanics

91.          INJURIES

92.          Degenerative Tears

93.          Intra- Versus Extra-articular Ligament Injury

94.          5 Knee Arthritis: Pathology and Progression

95.          INTRODUCTION

96.          OSTEOARTHRITIS

97.          Epidemiology

98.          Symptoms

99.          Physical Exam and Diagnosis

100.        Imaging

101.        Pathophysiology and Progression

102.        RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

103.        Epidemiology

104.        Symptoms

105.        Physical Exam and Diagnosis

106.        Imaging

107.        Pathophysiology and Progression

108.        JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS

109.        SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES

110.        OTHER INFLAMMATORY ARTHROPATHIES

111.        CONCLUSION

112.        6 Lower Extremity Alignment

113.        ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF THE KNEE

114.        KNEE MOTION

115.        LOWER EXTREMITY AXES

116.        KNEE ALIGNMENT

117.        ASSESSING ALIGNMENT

118.        ANGULAR COMPONENTS OF CORONAL ALIGNMENT

119.        ANGULAR COMPONENTS OF SAGITTAL ALIGNMENT

120.        OSTEOTOMIES AND COMPONENT PLACEMENT

121.        Alignment Goals

122.        Tibial Osteotomy

123.        Distal Femur Osteotomy

124.        Anterior and Posterior Femoral Condylar Cuts

125.        ALIGNMENT STRATEGIES IN TKA

126.        CONCLUSION

127.        7 Knee Kinematics Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

128.        OVERVIEW OF KNEE KINEMATICS

129.        KINEMATIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

130.        FLUOROSCOPIC ANALYSIS METHODS

131.        KNEE KINEMATICS

132.        Deep Knee Bend—Range of Motion

133.        Deep Knee Bend—Condylar Translation

134.        Deep Knee Bend—Axial Rotation

135.        Gait

136.        Chair Rise

137.        Ramp Activities

138.        HIGHLY VARIABLE KNEE KINEMATICS

139.        EFFECTS OF CONDYLAR TRANSLATION

140.        AXIAL ROTATION OF TKA AND NORMAL KNEES

141.        REDUCED RANGE OF MOTION AFTER TKA

142.        KNEE KINEMATICS AND PATIENT-SPECIFIC TKA

143.        8 Kinematics of the Normal Knee: In Vivo Investigation Using Advanced Imaging Technique

144.        INTRODUCTION

145.        IMAGING TECHNIQUE FOR ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS OF KNEE MOTION

146.        Tibiofemoral Kinematics and Relevant Coordinate Systems

147.        Dual Fluoroscopic Image System

148.        KNEE KINEMATICS DURING FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES

149.        Treadmill Gait

150.        Stair Step-Up

151.        Kinematics of the Knee During Weight-Bearing Deep Flexion

152.        SUMMARY

153.        9 Knee Biomechanics and Implant Design

154.        LESSONS FROM THE NATURAL KNEE JOINT

155.        Functional Considerations

156.        Structural Considerations

157.        KNEE REPLACEMENT DESIGN

158.        Design of Articular Surfaces

159.        Design of Fixation

160.        10 Biomechanical and Clinical Aspects of the Stable and Unstable Total Knee Arthroplasty

161.        INTRODUCTION

162.        FLEXION INSTABILITY

163.        Clinical Presentation

164.        Biomechanics of the Native Knee and Stable TKA

165.        EXTENSION INSTABILITY

166.        Clinical Presentation

167.        Biomechanics of the Native Knee and Stable TKA

168.        GENU RECURVATUM

169.        MID-FLEXION INSTABILITY

170.        Clinical Presentation

171.        Biomechanics of the Native Knee and Stable TKA

172.        SUMMARY

173.        11 Metals

174.        METALLIC BOND

175.        ALLOY MICROSTRUCTURE

176.        CORROSION OF ORTHOPEDIC METAL ALLOYS

177.        STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS

178.        Alternative Stainless Steels

179.        COBALT–CHROMIUM ALLOYS

180.        TITANIUM ALLOYS

181.        Other Titanium Alloys

182.        OTHER ALLOYS AND SURFACE COATINGS

183.        CLINICAL CONCERNS REGARDING METAL IMPLANT DEGRADATION

184.        Metal Ion Release

185.        Metal Particle Distribution

186.        Metal Hypersensitivity Responses

187.        Metal-Induced Carcinogenesis

188.        STATUS OF METALS IN TKA

189.        CONCLUSION

190.        12 Polyethylene in Total Knee Arthroplasty

191.        MEDICAL GRADE POLYETHYLENE

192.        ARTICULAR SURFACE GEOMETRY

193.        METAL BACKING

194.        MOTION PATTERN

195.        WEAR PARTICLES

196.        STERILIZATION METHODS

197.        CROSS-LINKING METHODS

198.        CONCLUSION

199.        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

200.        13 Damage of Implant Surfaces in Total Knee Arthroplasty

201.        INTRODUCTION

202.        TIBIAL INSERTS

203.        PATELLAR COMPONENTS

204.        ULTRAHIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE

205.        DAMAGE ON ARTICULATING AND NONARTICULATING SURFACES

206.        WEAR MECHANISMS

207.        WEAR APPEARANCE AND VOLUMETRIC MATERIAL LOSS

208.        OSTEOLYSIS IN TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENTS

209.        FACTORS AFFECTING DAMAGE AND SOLUTIONS TO MINIMIZE WEAR

210.        Kinematics and Design

211.        Oxidation

212.        Mechanical Stress: Conformity and Polyethylene Thickness

213.        Modularity and Backside Wear

214.        Clinical Variables

215.        TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE BEARING SURFACE DAMAGE

216.        Highly Cross-Linked UHMWPEs and Thermal Treatment

217.        Antioxidant Stabilization of Cross-Linked UHMWPEs

218.        Surface Grafting of UHMWPE Using 2-Methacryloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine

219.        Ceramic and Ceramicized Femoral Components

220.        Other Technologies

221.        CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

222.        14 Implant Fixation

223.        INTRODUCTION

224.        CEMENTED FIXATION

225.        Basic Science of Polymethylmethacrylate

226.        CEMENTLESS FIXATION

227.        Biology of Cementless Fixation

228.        STANDARD CONCEPTS IN ACHIEVING OSSEOINTEGRATION

229.        IMPLANT CONSIDERATIONS: LEARNING FROM OUR MISTAKES

230.        REVISION ARTHROPLASTY: ACHIEVING OSSEOINTEGRATION IN SETTING OF BONE LOSS

231.        CONCLUSION

232.        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

233.        SECTION 3 Clinical Science

234.        15 Examination of the Knee Before and After Total Knee Replacement

235.        INTRODUCTION

236.        EXAMINATION OF THE KNEE BEFORE KNEE REPLACEMENT

237.        Inspection and Observation

238.        EXAMINATION OF THE KNEE AFTER KNEE REPLACEMENT

239.        Introduction

240.        CONCLUSION

241.        16 Imaging of the Native and Prosthetic Knee

242.        INTRODUCTION

243.        CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHS

244.        Standard Views

245.        Additional Views

246.        COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

247.        NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY

248.        ULTRASOUND

249.        Basic Principles

250.        Diagnostic Imaging

251.        Ultrasound-Guided Intervention

252.        BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

253.        MENISCI

254.        Normal Meniscal Anatomy and Imaging

255.        Meniscal Pathology

256.        LIGAMENTS

257.        Anterior Cruciate Ligament

258.        Posterior Cruciate Ligament

259.        Medial Collateral Ligament

260.        Fibular Collateral Ligament and Posterolateral Corner

261.        Knee Dislocation

262.        Extensor Mechanism

263.        ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

264.        Peripheral Nerves

265.        POSTOPERATIVE MRI

266.        Postoperative Meniscus

267.        Ligament Reconstruction

268.        Repair of the Articular Surfaces

269.        KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

270.        CONCLUSION

271.        17 Knee Rating Scales for Clinical Outcome

272.        KNEE RATING SCALES FOR CLINICAL OUTCOME

273.        Reliability, Validity, and Responsiveness

274.        Generic and Specific Measures

275.        KNEE RATING SCALES FOR ATHLETIC PATIENTS

276.        KNEE RATING SCALES FOR PATIENTS WITH DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS OF THE KNEE

277.        MEASURES OF ACTIVITY LEVEL FOR PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS OF THE KNEE

278.        KNEE OUTCOME SURVEY

279.        Instructions

280.        SECTION 4 Patellofemoral Disorders

281.        18 Etiology of Anterior Knee Pain in the Adult

282.        BACKGROUND

283.        ANATOMY

284.        BIOMECHANICS

285.        HISTORY

286.        PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

287.        IMAGING

288.        Plain X-Rays

289.        Magnetic Resonance Imaging

290.        Nuclear Imaging

291.        DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

292.        Soft Tissue

293.        Bone, Joint, and Cartilage

294.        Nerve

295.        Other

296.        CONCLUSION

297.        19 Patellar Instability

298.        INTRODUCTION

299.        ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF THE PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT

300.        CLASSIFICATION OF PATELLAR INSTABILITY

301.        HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

302.        History

303.        Physical Examination

304.        RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

305.        Plain Radiographs

306.        Computed Tomography

307.        Magnetic Resonance Imaging

308.        TREATMENT OF PATELLAR INSTABILITY

309.        Nonoperative Treatment

310.        Operative Management

311.        Lateral Retinacular Release

312.        Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Repair

313.        Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction

314.        Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy

315.        Femoral Trochleoplasty

316.        CONCLUSION

317.        20 Cartilage Repair in the Patellofemoral Joint

318.        INTRODUCTION

319.        NONSURGICAL TREATMENT

320.        SURGICAL TREATMENT

321.        Chondroplasty

322.        Bone Marrow Stimulation

323.        Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation

324.        Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation/MACI

325.        Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation

326.        Particulated Cartilage Procedures

327.        Postoperative Rehabilitation

328.        Summary

329.        21 Patellofemoral Arthroplasty

330.        INTRODUCTION

331.        INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS

332.        PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION

333.        IMPLANT DESIGN

334.        SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

335.        POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS

336.        FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP

337.        CONCLUSION

338.        SECTION 5 Alternatives to Arthroplasty for Knee Arthritis

339.        22 Oral and Topical Agents and Injectables

340.        INTRODUCTION

341.        ORAL MEDICATIONS

342.        Acetaminophen

343.        Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

344.        Other Oral Medications

345.        TOPICAL TREATMENTS

346.        Topical NSAIDs

347.        Topical Salicylates and Topical Capsaicin

348.        CORTICOSTEROID INJECTIONS

349.        Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action

350.        Indications

351.        Adverse Effects

352.        Contraindications

353.        HYALURONIC ACID INJECTIONS

354.        Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action

355.        Indications

356.        Adverse Effects and Contraindications

357.        ORTHOBIOLOGICS

358.        Platelet-Rich Plasma

359.        Adverse Effects and Contraindications

360.        Stem Cells

361.        CONCLUSION

362.        23 Physical Therapy and Bracing

363.        KNEE BRACING

364.        Indications and Design

365.        Radiographic Studies

366.        Gait Analysis Studies

367.        Clinical Data

368.        Summary

369.        REHABILITATION AND TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

370.        Preoperative Education

371.        Timing of Physical Therapy

372.        Goals of Acute Physical Therapy

373.        Long-Term Goals of Physical Therapy

374.        Future Developments in Rehabilitation After Knee Arthroplasty

375.        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

376.        24 The Role of Arthroscopy in Treating Degenerative Joint Disease

377.        INTRODUCTION

378.        HISTORY OF ARTHROSCOPY IN KNEE OA

379.        CONTRAINDICATIONS

380.        PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT

381.        MANAGEMENT

382.        FUTURE TREATMENTS

383.        AUTHOR PREFERRED INDICATIONS

384.        AUTHOR’S PREFERRED TECHNIQUE

385.        SUMMARY

386.        25 Cartilage Restoration Procedures of the Knee

387.        INTRODUCTION

388.        OVERALL CARTILAGE INDICATIONS

389.        MICROFRACTURE

390.        Technique

391.        Outcomes

392.        OSTEOCHONDRAL ALLOGRAFT/AUTOGRAFT

393.        Osteochondral Allograft Technique

394.        OAT Technique

395.        OAT Outcomes

396.        Osteochondral Allograft Outcomes

397.        AUTOLOGOUS CHONDROCYTE IMPLANTATION

398.        Indications/Contraindications

399.        Surgical Approach/Initial Biopsy

400.        MENISCAL ALLOGRAFT TRANSPLANTATION

401.        MALALIGNMENT (DFO/HTO) AND MALTRACKING (TTO)

402.        CONCLUSION

403.        26 Femoral and Tibial Osteotomy for the Degenerative Knee

404.        INTRODUCTION

405.        PATIENT SELECTION

406.        History and Physical Examination

407.        Imaging

408.        PREOPERATIVE PLANNING

409.        HIGH TIBIAL OSTEOTOMIES

410.        Indications

411.        Degree of Correction

412.        Surgical Techniques

413.        Fixation

414.        Clinical Outcomes

415.        Complications

416.        DISTAL FEMORAL OSTEOTOMIES

417.        Indications

418.        Degree of Correction

419.        Surgical Technique

420.        Fixation

421.        Clinical Outcomes

422.        Complications

423.        Ilizarov Technique

424.        SUMMARY

425.        SECTION 6 Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

426.        27 Economics of Total Knee Arthroplasty

427.        INTRODUCTION

428.        COST OF TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

429.        Implant Costs

430.        Navigation Cost

431.        Computer-Assisted Navigation

432.        Robotic-Assisted Navigation

433.        ALTERNATIVE PAYMENT MODELS

434.        Bundled Payments for Care Improvement

435.        Revision TKA in APM

436.        Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement

437.        BPCI Advanced

438.        CONCLUSION

439.        28 Indications for Total Knee Arthroplasty

440.        INTRODUCTION

441.        DEFINING INDICATIONS

442.        GOALS OF TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

443.        PATIENT SELECTION

444.        Who Is a Candidate for Knee Arthroplasty

445.        When to Proceed with Knee Arthroplasty

446.        Outpatient Patient Selection

447.        Outcomes Prediction Tools

448.        Other Available Options

449.        SETTING EXPECTATIONS

450.        Surgeon Expectations

451.        Patient Expectations

452.        PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT

453.        History

454.        Physical Examination

455.        Radiograph Evaluation

456.        SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS

457.        Age

458.        Body Mass Index

459.        Diabetes Mellitus

460.        Malnutrition

461.        Osteonecrosis

462.        Hemophilia

463.        Ipsilateral Hip Arthrodesis

464.        Paget Disease (“Osteitis Deformans”)

465.        Posttraumatic Arthritis

466.        Neurologic Dysfunction

467.        Workers’ Compensation

468.        CONTRAINDICATIONS TO TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

469.        Active Infection

470.        Incompetent Extensor Mechanism

471.        Neuropathic Arthropathy

472.        Knee Arthrodesis

473.        Prohibitive Medical Comorbidities

474.        Peripheral Vascular Disease

475.        Unrealistic Patient Expectations

476.        CONCLUSION

477.        29 Preoperative Planning for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

478.        INTRODUCTION

479.        PATIENT SELECTION

480.        PATIENT EXPECTATIONS

481.        PATIENT ASSESSMENT

482.        History

483.        Physical Examination

484.        Radiographic Analysis

485.        CONTRAINDICATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES TO TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

486.        Contraindications

487.        SPECIFIC PATIENT-RELATED CONSIDERATIONS

488.        Age

489.        Weight

490.        Diabetes Mellitus

491.        Osteonecrosis

492.        Hemophilic Arthropathy

493.        Ipsilateral Hip Fusion

494.        Paget Disease

495.        Posttraumatic Arthritis

496.        Neurologic Dysfunction

497.        Workers’ Compensation

498.        CONCLUSION

499.        30 Principles of Implantation—Flexion/Extension

500.        INTRODUCTION

501.        PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION

502.        INTRAOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT

503.        ACHIEVING A SAGITTALLY BALANCED KNEE

504.        THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN FLEXION AND EXTENSION GAPS: WHICH GAP TO BALANCE FIRST?

505.        MANAGING THE TIGHT EXTENSION GAP AND STEPWISE APPROACH TO FLEXION CONTRACTURES

506.        MANAGING THE FLEXION GAP

507.        ALGORITHMIC APPROACH FOR INTRAOPERATIVE SAGITTAL BALANCING

508.        MID-FLEXION INSTABILITY: BALANCING THE FORGOTTEN GAP

509.        CONCLUSION

510.        31 Principles of Implantation: Measured Resection

511.        INTRODUCTION

512.        SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

513.        Transepicondylar Axis

514.        Anteroposterior Axis

515.        Posterior Condylar Axis

516.        ADVANTAGES

517.        DISADVANTAGES

518.        CLINICAL STUDIES

519.        SUMMARY

520.        32 Principles of Instrumentation and Component Alignment

521.        INTRODUCTION

522.        NORMAL ANATOMY

523.        BIOMECHANICS

524.        THEORIES OF AXIAL IMPLANT ALIGNMENT

525.        Mechanical Alignment

526.        Anatomical Alignment

527.        Kinematic Alignment

528.        MECHANICAL ALIGNMENT

529.        Outcomes

530.        Instrumentation

531.        KINEMATIC ALIGNMENT

532.        Outcomes

533.        Instrumentation

534.        ROTATION

535.        Femoral Component Rotation

536.        Tibial Component Rotation

537.        PATELLAR ALIGNMENT

538.        NEW TECHNOLOGIES

539.        CONCLUSION

540.        33 Patient Specific Instrumentation

541.        BACKGROUND

542.        ALIGNMENT

543.        Kinematic Alignment

544.        Mechanical Alignment

545.        Hip–Knee–Ankle Angle

546.        Coronal Alignment

547.        Sagittal Alignment

548.        TEMPLATING AND PREOPERATIVE PLANNING

549.        MANUFACTURER

550.        CT VERSUS MRI

551.        Intraoperative Adjustments and Abandonment

552.        CLINICAL OUTCOMES

553.        PERIOPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS

554.        ECONOMIC EVALUATION

555.        Operative Time

556.        Cost Considerations

557.        FUTURE DIRECTIONS

558.        34 Computer Guidance

559.        INTRODUCTION

560.        COMPUTER NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

561.        IMAGE-BASED COMPUTER NAVIGATION

562.        IMAGELESS COMPUTER NAVIGATION

563.        Kinematic Registration

564.        Surface Registration

565.        Optical Navigation Systems

566.        Accelerometer-Based Systems

567.        ROBOTIC-ASSISTED KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

568.        CLINICAL OUTCOMES

569.        Computer Navigation

570.        Robotic-Assisted Knee Arthroplasty

571.        35 Robotic Applications for Total Knee Arthroplasty

572.        INTRODUCTION

573.        ROBOTIC ARM–ASSISTED TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY (MAKO—STRYKER ORTHOPEDICS)

574.        General Overview

575.        Indications

576.        Preoperative Planning

577.        Patient Setup

578.        Surgical Exposure

579.        Tracker Array Placement

580.        Bone Registration

581.        Pose Capture

582.        BONE CUTS PER MEASURED RESECTION TECHNIQUE

583.        BONE CUTS PER TIBIAL CUT FIRST TECHNIQUE

584.        BONE CUTS PER TIBIAL CUT AND DISTAL FEMUR CUT FIRST TECHNIQUE

585.        BONE CUTS PER FEMORAL CUTS FIRST TECHNIQUE

586.        IMPLANTATION

587.        EARLY CLINICAL RESULTS

588.        SUMMARY

589.        36a Posterior Cruciate Ligament Retention in Total Knee Replacement

590.        POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT ANATOMY

591.        KNEE KINEMATICS PERTAINING TO THE POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT

592.        EVOLUTION OF THE CRUCIATE-RETAINING TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT

593.        CURRENT CONTROVERSIES IN POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT–RETAINING AND POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT–SUBSTITUTING TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT

594.        Rollback and Kinematics

595.        Wear and Loosening

596.        Range of Motion

597.        Proprioception

598.        Stability

599.        AUTHORS’ ARGUMENTS FOR POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RETENTION

600.        Balancing Flexion and Extension Gaps

601.        Bone Sparing

602.        Patellar Clunk and Post Dislocation

603.        Ease of Management of Supracondylar Femur Fractures

604.        Avoidance of Peg Wear and Fracture

605.        Survivorship

606.        SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

607.        CONCLUSION

608.        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

609.        36b Posterior Stabilization in Total Knee Arthroplasty

610.        HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

611.        KINEMATICS

612.        Specific Design Features

613.        High Flexion Designs

614.        INDICATIONS

615.        SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

616.        CLINICAL OUTCOMES

617.        PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES

618.        SURVIVORSHIP

619.        Registry Data

620.        SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS

621.        Tibial Post Wear

622.        Patellar Clunk

623.        SUMMARY

624.        36c Medial Pivot Knee

625.        PERSONAL STATEMENT

626.        INTRODUCTION

627.        KINEMATICS

628.        Evolution of Knee Motion Measurements

629.        Movement of Condyles

630.        Movement of Contact Area

631.        IMPLANT DESIGN

632.        Rationale

633.        Polyethylene

634.        Femoral Component

635.        SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

636.        CASES

637.        RESULTS

638.        Survivorship Studies

639.        Comparison Studies

640.        Radiographic Evaluation

641.        COMPLICATIONS

642.        CONCLUSION

643.        36d Ultracongruent Total Knee Arthroplasty

644.        INTRODUCTION

645.        INDICATIONS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

646.        OUTCOMES

647.        36e Mobile-Bearing Knee Replacement

648.        HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE BEARINGS

649.        EVOLUTION OF THE NEW JERSEY LOW CONTACT STRESS MOBILE-BEARING KNEE

650.        Early Results

651.        BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS

652.        Component Surface Geometry

653.        Wear Properties

654.        FIXATION OF MOBILE BEARINGS

655.        CLINICAL APPLICATION OF MOBILE BEARINGS

656.        Unicompartmental Knee Replacement

657.        Bicompartmental Knee Replacement

658.        Rotating Bearing Patella Replacement

659.        SURVIVORSHIP

660.        POSTERIOR-STABILIZED LOW CONTACT STRESS MOBILE-BEARING KNEE

661.        REVISION TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT

662.        Rotation

663.        Fixation

664.        36f Bicruciate Retaining in Total Knee Arthroplasty

665.        INTRODUCTION

666.        HISTORY

667.        KINEMATICS

668.        CLINICAL OUTCOMES

669.        COMPLICATIONS

670.        SUMMARY

671.        37 Cement Fixation for Total Knee Arthroplasty

672.        38 Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty

673.        INTRODUCTION

674.        EARLY CEMENTLESS DESIGNS: LEARNING FROM HISTORICAL FAILURES

675.        EARLY CEMENTLESS DESIGNS: SUCCESS STORIES

676.        MODERN CEMENTLESS TKA DESIGNS: IMPROVED BIOMATERIALS AND DESIGNS

677.        MODERN CEMENTLESS TKA: EARLY CLINICAL PERFORMANCE

678.        SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PREFERRED TECHNIQUE

679.        Clinical and Perioperative Considerations

680.        CONCLUSIONS

681.        39 Surgical Exposures in Total Knee Arthroplasty

682.        INTRODUCTION

683.        SKIN INCISION AND SOFT-TISSUE HANDLING

684.        MEDIAL PARAPATELLAR APPROACH

685.        Surgical Technique

686.        MIDVASTUS APPROACH

687.        SUBVASTUS APPROACH

688.        MEDIAL TRIVECTOR-RETAINING APPROACH

689.        LATERAL PARAPATELLAR APPROACH

690.        DIFFICULT EXPOSURES: SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES

691.        MODIFICATIONS TO THE MEDIAL PARAPATELLAR APPROACH IN CHALLENGING EXPOSURES

692.        QUADRICEPS SNIP OR RECTUS SNIP

693.        TIBIAL TUBERCLE OSTEOTOMY

694.        V-Y QUADRICEPSPLASTY OR QUADRICEPS TURNDOWN

695.        COMPARISON OF REVISION APPROACHES

696.        ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES

697.        CONCLUSION

698.        40 Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

699.        INTRODUCTION

700.        INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION

701.        Anteromedial Osteoarthritis

702.        Avascular Osteonecrosis

703.        Obesity

704.        Age

705.        Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis

706.        Chondrocalcinosis

707.        Lateral Posttraumatic Arthritis

708.        Absolute Contraindication

709.        Extra-articular Deformity

710.        The Ideal Patient

711.        IMPLANT DESIGNS

712.        Mobile- Versus Fixed-Bearing UKA

713.        Cemented Versus Cementless

714.        All-Polyethylene Versus Metal-Backed

715.        KINEMATICS OF THE NATIVE KNEE AND UKA

716.        PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION

717.        Physical Examination Criteria

718.        Imaging

719.        Patient Expectations

720.        SURGICAL POSITIONING

721.        THE SURGICAL STEPS FOR MEDIAL UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

722.        Main Principles in Medial UKA

723.        Operative Technique

724.        THE SURGICAL STEPS FOR LATERAL UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

725.        Anatomy

726.        Indications

727.        Specificity of Preoperative Planning for Lateral UKA

728.        Approach

729.        First Step: Tibial Cut

730.        Second Step: Femoral Cuts

731.        Third Step: Positioning of the Implant

732.        Common Surgical Errors Leading to Failure in Lateral UKA

733.        Conclusion

734.        RESULTS AND SURVIVAL OF UKA

735.        Results of Medial UKA for Osteoarthritis

736.        Results of Medial UKA in Young Patients

737.        Results of Medial UKA in Old Patients (Older Than 75 years)

738.        Results of Lateral UKA

739.        Results of UKA for Avascular Osteonecrosis of the Knee

740.        FAILURES AND REVISION OF UKA

741.        Introduction

742.        Progression of Osteoarthritis in the Other Compartments

743.        Aseptic Loosening

744.        Bearing Dislocation in Mobile-Bearing Implants

745.        Periprosthetic Fracture

746.        Infection

747.        Stiffness

748.        Unexplained Pain

749.        Preoperative Evaluation

750.        Revision Strategies

751.        Results of Revision UKA

752.        Conclusion

753.        PROCESS OPTIMIZATION IN PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

754.        Perioperative Management

755.        Rehabilitation and Postoperative Care

756.        Conclusion

757.        41 Robotic Application of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

758.