Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications

 

SECTION I Essential Concepts 1–5

Chapter 1 Orientation to the Structure and Imaging of the Central Nervous System

Overview

Regions of the Central Nervous System

Functional Systems and Regions

Concept of Afferent and Efferent

Posterior (Dorsal), Anterior (Ventral), and Other Directions in the Central Nervous System

Symptom or Sign?

Clinical Images of the Brain and Skull

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 2 The Cell Biology of Neurons and Glia

Overview

Structure of Neurons

Classification of Neurons and Groups of Neurons

Electrical Properties of Neurons

Neurons as Information Receivers

Neurons as Information Transmitters

Neurotransmitters

Glia

Astrocytes

Control of Local Blood Flow Within the Central Nervous System

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Tumors of the Central Nervous System

Supporting Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System

Degeneration and Regeneration

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 3 The Electrochemical Basis of Nerve Function

Combined Forces of Chemical Gradients and Electrical Potentials

Graded Potentials

Action Potentials in the Nerve and in the Neuron

Regenerative Potentials Using a Single Active Current

Modifiers of Excitability

A Syndrome of Periodic Paralysis

Potassium and the Variety of Neuronal Activity

Neuronal Activity as Information

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 4 Chemical Signaling in the Nervous System

The Synapse: Adaptable to Many Tasks

Glutamate Receptors: The Tetrameric Excitatory Ionotropic Receptors

Cys-Loop Receptors: The Pentameric Multifunctional Ionotropic Receptors

The Biogenic Amines Modulate Synaptic Activity

Coda

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 5 Development of the Nervous System

Overview

Overview

Development of the Neural Tube: General Concepts

Brain Development

Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Cellular Events in Brain Development

Sources and Additional Reading

SECTION II Regional Neurobiology 6–16

Chapter 6 The Ventricles, Choroid Plexus, and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Overview

Development

Ventricles

Ependyma, Choroid Plexus, and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 7 The Meninges

Overview

Development of the Meninges

Overview of the Meninges

Dura Mater

Arachnoid Mater

Meningioma

Meningeal Hemorrhages

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 8 A Survey of the Cerebrovascular System

Overview

Causes of Vascular Compromise

Internal Carotid System

Vertebrobasilar System

Cerebral Arteries and Watershed Infarcts

Circle of Willis

Veins and Venous Sinuses of the Brain

Arteries of the Spinal Cord

Veins of the Spinal Cord

Blood-Brain Barrier

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 9 The Spinal Cord

Overview

Development

Spinal Cord Structure

Regional Characteristics

Spinal Nerves

Spinal Reflexes

Peripheral Nerve Lesions

Pathways and Tracts of the Spinal Cord

Deficits Characteristic of Spinal Cord Lesions

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 10 An Overview of the Brainstem

Basic Divisions of the Brainstem

Ventricular Spaces of the Brainstem

Cranial Nerve Nuclei and Their Functional Components

Herniation Syndromes Related to the Brainstem

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 11 The Medulla Oblongata

Development

External Features

Internal Anatomy of the Medulla

Internal Vasculature of the Medulla and Medullary Syndromes

Tonsillar Herniation

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 12 The Pons and Cerebellum

Development

External Features

Internal Anatomy of the Pons

Vascular Syndromes of the Pons

Internal Anatomy of the Cerebellum

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 13 The Midbrain

Chapter Outline

Development

External Features

Internal Anatomy of the Midbrain

Vascular Syndromes of the Midbrain

Herniation Syndromes Related to the Midbrain

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 14 A Synopsis of Cranial Nerves of the Brainstem

Overview

Motor Cell Columns and Nuclei

Sensory Cell Columns and Nuclei

Cranial Nerves of the Medulla Oblongata

Cranial Nerves of the Pons-Medulla Junction

Cranial Nerve of the Pons

Cranial Nerves of the Midbrain

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 15 The Diencephalon

Overview

Development of the Diencephalon

Basic Organization

Dorsal Thalamus (Thalamus)

Internal Capsule

Hypothalamus

Ventral Thalamus (Subthalamus)

Epithalamus

Vasculature of the Diencephalon

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 16 The Telencephalon

Overview

Development

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

White Matter of the Cerebral Hemisphere

Basal Nuclei

Hippocampus and Amygdala

Sources and Additional Reading

SECTION III Systems Neurobiology 17–33

Chapter 17 The Somatosensory System I: Tactile Discrimination and Position Sense

Overview

Posterior Column–Medial Lemniscal System

Trigeminal System

Anterior and Posterior Trigeminothalamic Tracts

Receptive Field Properties of Cortical Neurons

Neuroimaging and Functional Localization

Afferent Cerebellar Pathways

Acknowledgment

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 18 The Somatosensory System II: Nociception, Thermal Sense, and Touch

Overview

Anterolateral System

Spinal Trigeminal Pathway: Anterior Trigeminothalamic Tract

Pain Perception

Chronic and Neuropathic Pain and the Thalamus

Control of Pain Transmission

Imaging of the Pain Pathway

Acknowledgment

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 19 Viscerosensory Pathways

Viscerosensory Receptors

Viscerosensory Fibers

Ascending Pathway for Sympathetic Afferents

Pathways for Parasympathetic Afferents

Visceral Input to the Reticular Activating System

Other Visceral Nociceptive Pathways

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 20 The Visual System

Overview

Anatomy of the Eye

Neural Retina and Pigment Epithelium

Photoreceptor Cells

Receptive Fields

Processing of Visual Input in the Retina

Retinal Projections

Visual Fields Correlated with Visual Structures as Seen in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Optic Radiations

Primary Visual Cortex

Abnormal Development of Visual Cortex

Other Visual Cortical Areas

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 21 The Auditory System

Overview

Properties of Sound Waves and Hearing

Processing of Sound: The Ear

Weber and Rinne Tests

Overview of Central Auditory Pathways

Brainstem Auditory Nuclei and Pathways

Auditory and Related Association Cortices

Descending Auditory Pathways

Middle Ear Reflex

Acoustic Startle Reflex, Orientation, and Attention

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 22 The Vestibular System

Overview

Peripheral Vestibular Labyrinth

Vestibular Sensory Receptors

Semicircular Canals and Otolith Organs

Vestibular Nuclei

Vestibuloocular Network

Vestibulospinal Network

Vestibulothalamocortical Network

Dizziness and Vertigo

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 23 Olfaction and Taste

Overview

Olfactory Receptors

Olfactory Transduction

Central Olfactory Pathways

Taste Receptors

Distribution of Taste Receptors

Taste Transduction

Peripheral Taste Pathways

Central Taste Pathways

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 24 Motor System I: Peripheral Sensory, Brainstem, and Spinal Influence on Anterior Horn Neurons

Overview

Anterior Horn Motor Neurons

Peripheral Sensory Input to the Anterior (Ventral) Horn

Brainstem-Spinal Systems: Anatomy and Function

Functional Role of Brainstem-Spinal Interactions

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 25 Motor System II: Corticofugal Systems and the Control of Movement

Overview

General Features of Motor Deficits

Corticospinal System

Corticonuclear System

Other Corticofugal Systems

Motor Cortex and the Control of Movement

Hierarchical Organization Versus Parallel Distributed Processing in the Motor System

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 26 The Basal Nuclei

Overview

Components of the Basal Nuclei

Direct and Indirect Pathways of Basal Nuclear Activity

Parallel Circuits of Information Flow Through the Basal Nuclei

Dysfunction of the Basal Nuclei

Etiology of Basal Nuclear–Related Disorders

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 27 The Cerebellum

Overview

Basic Structural Features

Cerebellar Cortex

Functional Cerebellar Modules

Cerebellar Influence on Visceromotor Functions

Cerebellum and Motor Learning

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 28 Visual Motor Systems

Overview

Peripheral Structures

Central Structures

Targeting Movements

Reflex Movements

Acknowledgment

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 29 Visceral Motor Pathways

Overview

Organization of the Visceral Motor System

Development

Sympathetic Division

Parasympathetic Division

Enteric Nervous System

Regulation of Visceral Motor Outflow

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 30 The Hypothalamus

Overview

Boundaries of the Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Divisions of the Hypothalamus

Feeding Motivation

Blood Supply of the Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Afferent Fibers

Hypothalamic Efferent Fibers

Intrinsic Hypothalamic Connections

Pituitary Tumors

Hypothalamic Reflexes

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 31 The Limbic System

Overview

Cytoarchitectural Definitions of the Limbic Cortex

Early Functional Concepts

Blood Supply to the Limbic System

Hippocampal Formation

Limbic System and Memory

Long-term Potentiation and Memory

Amygdaloid Complex

Septal Region

Nucleus Accumbens

Limbic System and Behavior

Temporal Lobe Seizures

Limbic System and Cognitive Function

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 32 The Cerebral Cortex

Overview

Histology of the Cerebral Cortex

Layers of the Cerebral Cortex

Neurotransmitters of the Cerebral Cortex

Neuron Types in the Cerebral Cortex

Laminar Organization

Columnar Organization

Synopsis of Thalamocortical Relationships

Blood Supply to the Cerebral Cortex

Higher Cortical Functions

Sources and Additional Reading

Chapter 33 The Neurologic Examination

Overview

Evaluation Versus Examination

Mental Status Examination

Cranial Nerve Function Testing

Motor Examination

Sensory Examination

Sources and Additional Reading

e-Appendix B Alternate Figure Option for Anatomic and Clinical Orientation

Index

 

An aparitie	28 feb 2025
Autor	Duane E. Haines, Gregory A. Mihailoff, Mary Alissa Willis
Editura	Elsevier
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9780443107030
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	544