Walsh & Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology: The Essentials

 

Description:

Offering authoritative, concise coverage of today’s neuro-ophthalmology, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology: The Essentials distills the most vital information from the esteemed three-volume parent text, Walsh & Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, into a convenient, single-volume resource. A practical and intuitive organization provides quick access to the essential information you need to effectively evaluate and manage the majority of neuro-ophthalmic conditions. Written by leaders in the field, this must-have fourth edition is a comprehensive, succinct, and clinically relevant reference for your everyday practice.

 

Table of Contents:

Section I The Afferent Visual System

1 Examination of the Visual Sensory System

History

Clinical Office Examination

Visual Acuity

Contrast Sensitivity

Stereoacuity

Color Vision

Visual Field Examination

Pupillary Examination

Brightness Comparison

Photostress Recovery Test

Cranial Nerves, External Examination, Anterior Segment Examination, and Exophthalmometry

Fundus Examination

Ancillary Testing

Ocular Imaging

Electrophysiologic Testing

2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina and Optic Nerve

Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina

Cell Types and Layers of the Retina

Retinal Blood Vessels

Rod and Cone Through Pathways: Functional Considerations

Anatomy and Physiology of the Optic Nerve

Intraocular Optic Nerve (Optic Nerve Head)

Orbital Optic Nerve

Intracanalicular (Intraosseous) Optic Nerve

Intracranial Optic Nerve

Topographic Anatomy of the Optic Nerve

Topographic Diagnosis of Retinal Lesions

Distinguishing Retinal Disease From an Optic Neuropathy by Clinical Examination

Distinguishing Retinal Disease From an Optic Neuropathy by Visual Field

Appearance of the Optic Disc in Retinal Disease

Correlation Between Clinical Findings and Pathology

3 Neuroimaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology

Decision Making Before Ordering Imaging

Computed Tomography

CT Orbits

CT Head

CT Neck

CT Angiography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Orbital Disorders

Central Nervous System Lesions

Vascular Disorders

Catheter Angiography and Venography

Other Imaging Modalities (Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Functional MRI)

Functional MRI

4 Congenital Anomalies of the Optic Disc

Anomalous Optic Disc Elevation (Pseudopapilledema)

Pseudopapilledema Associated With Optic Disc Drusen

Anomalous Disc Elevation Without Drusen

Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Clinical Features

Associated Endocrinologic Deficiencies

Associated Central Nervous System Malformations

Systemic and Teratogenic Associations

Segmental Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Pathogenesis

Anomalous Optic Disc Excavation

Morning Glory Disc Anomaly

Optic Disc Coloboma

Peripapillary Staphyloma

Megalopapilla

Optic Pit

Papillorenal Syndrome

Congenital Tilted Optic Disc Syndrome

Optic Disc Dysplasia

Congenital Optic Disc Pigmentation

Aicardi Syndrome

Doubling of the Optic Disc

Optic Nerve Aplasia

Myelinated (Medullated) Nerve Fibers

5 Topical Diagnosis of Acquired Optic Nerve Disorders

Appearance of the Disc

Optic Disc Swelling

Infiltration of the Optic Disc

Optic Atrophy

Syndromes of Prechiasmal Optic Nerve Dysfunction

Optociliary Shunts and the Syndrome of Chronic Optic Nerve Compression

Distal Optic Nerve Syndrome

Foster Kennedy Syndrome

Bilateral Superior or Inferior (Altitudinal) Hemianopia

Nasal Hemianopia

6 Papilledema

Measurements of Intracranial Pressure

Ophthalmoscopic Appearance of Papilledema

Stages of Papilledema

Other Signs of Papilledema

Chronic Papilledema

Postpapilledema Atrophy

Unilateral or Asymmetric Papilledema

Diagnosis of Papilledema

Course

Symptoms and Signs of Papilledema

Nonvisual Manifestations

Visual Manifestations

Etiology of Papilledema

Intracranial Masses

Disorders of CSF Flow

Syndromes of Elevated Venous Pressure

Trauma

Craniosynostoses

Extracranial Lesions

Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome

Diagnosis of PTCS

Etiology of PTCS

Pathophysiology of PTCS Not Associated With Other Factors

Complications

Treatment

Special Circumstances

7 Optic Neuritis

Demyelinating Optic Neuritis

Acute Idiopathic Demyelinating Optic Neuritis

Chronic Demyelinating Optic Neuritis

Asymptomatic (Subclinical) Optic Neuritis

Optic Neuritis in Other Primary Demyelinating Diseases

Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis (Encephalitis Periaxialis Diffusa, Schilder Disease)

Encephalitis Periaxialis Concentrica (Concentric Sclerosis of Baló)

Causes of Optic Neuritis Other Than Primary Demyelination

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Associated Optic Neuritis

Infectious, Parainfectious, and Inflammatory Optic Neuritis

Miscellaneous Causes of Optic Neuritis

Optic Neuritis in Children

Neuroretinitis

Optic Perineuritis

8 Ischemic Optic Neuropathies

Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)

Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AAION)

Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)

Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Settings of Hemodynamic Compromise

Radiation Optic Neuropathy

Ischemic Optic Disc Edema With Minimal Dysfunction

9 Compressive and Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies

Compressive Optic Neuropathies

Compressive Optic Neuropathies With Optic Disc Swelling (Anterior Compressive Optic Neuropathies)

Compressive Optic Neuropathies Without Optic Disc Swelling (Retrobulbar Compressive Optic Neuropathies)

Visual Recovery Following Decompression

Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies

Tumors

Inflammatory and Infectious Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies

10 Traumatic Optic Neuropathies

Classification

Epidemiology

Clinical Assessment

Pathology

Pathogenesis

Pharmacology

Management

11 Toxic and Deficiency Optic Neuropathies

Etiologic Criteria

Nutritional Optic Neuropathies

Toxic Optic Neuropathies

Clinical Characteristics of Nutritional and Toxic Optic Neuropathies

Differential Diagnosis

Specific Nutritional Optic Neuropathies

Epidemic Nutritional Optic Neuropathy

Isolated Nutritional Optic Neuropathy

Specific Toxic Optic Neuropathies

Primary Toxic Optic Neuropathy: Ethambutol

Demyelinating Optic Neuropathy: Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors

Pseudotoxic Optic Neuropathy: Amiodarone

12 Hereditary Optic Neuropathies

Monosymptomatic (Usually) Hereditary Optic Neuropathies

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Dominant Optic Atrophy

Other Isolated Hereditary Optic Neuropathies

Hereditary Optic Atrophy With Other Neurologic or Systemic Signs

Progressive Optic Atrophy With Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus, and Hearing Loss (Wolfram Syndrome, DIDMOAD)

Complicated Hereditary Infantile Optic Atrophy (Behr Syndrome)

Optic Neuropathy in Hereditary Degenerative or Developmental Diseases

Hereditary Ataxias

Hereditary Polyneuropathies

Hereditary Optic Atrophy Associated With Diffuse White-Matter Disease

13 Topical Diagnosis of Optic Chiasmal and Postchiasmal Visual Pathway Damage

Topical Diagnosis of Optic Chiasmal Damage

Visual Field Defects

Neuro-Ophthalmologic Signs and Symptoms Associated With Optic Chiasmal Damage

Topical Diagnosis of Postchiasmal Visual Pathway Damage

Topical Diagnosis of Optic Tract Damage

Topical Diagnosis of Lateral Geniculate Body Damage

Topical Diagnosis of Optic Radiation Damage

Topical Diagnosis of Occipital Lobe and Striate Cortex Damage

Treatment and Rehabilitation for Homonymous Hemianopia

14 Central Disorders of Visual Function

Segregation of Visual Inputs

Blindsight and Residual Vision

Cerebral Achromatopsia

Prosopagnosia and Related Disturbances of Object Recognition

Acquired Alexia

Disorders of Motion Perception (Cerebral Akinetopsia)

Balint Syndrome and Related Visuospatial Disorders

Positive Visual Phenomena

Visual Perseveration

Visual Hallucinations

Visual Distortions (Dysmetropsia)

Visual Snow Syndrome

Tests of Higher Visual Function

Glossary of Cerebral Visual Deficits

Section II The Pupil

15 Examination of the Pupils and Accommodation

Assessment of Pupillary Size, Shape, and Function

History

Examination

Pharmacologic Testing

Assessment of Accommodation, Convergence, and the Near Response

History

Examination

16 Disorders of Pupillary Function and Accommodation

Disorders of Pupillary Function

Efferent Abnormalities: Anisocoria

Afferent Abnormalities

Light-Near Dissociation

Disturbances During Seizures

Disturbances in Coma

Disturbances in Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction

Drug Effects

Structural Defects of the Iris

Disorders of Accommodation

Accommodation Insufficiency and Paralysis

Accommodation Spasm and Spasm of the Near Reflex

Disorders of Lacrimation

Generalized Disturbances of Autonomic Function

Section III The Efferent System

17 Examination of Ocular Motility and Alignment

History

Diplopia

Visual Confusion

Blurred Vision

Vestibular Symptoms: Vertigo, Oscillopsia, and Tilt

Examination

Fixation and Gaze-Holding Ability

Range of Eye Movements

Ocular Alignment

Performance of Versions

18 Supranuclear and Internuclear Ocular Motor Disorders

Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Medulla

Wallenberg Syndrome (Lateral Medullary Infarction)

Skew Deviation and the Ocular Tilt Reaction

Syndrome of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

Syndrome of the Superior Cerebellar Artery

Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Cerebellum

Location of Lesions and Their Manifestations

Etiologies

Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Pons

Lesions of the Internuclear System: Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia

Lesions of the Abducens Nucleus

Lesions of the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation

Combined Unilateral Conjugate Gaze Palsy and Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (One-and-a-Half Syndrome)

Slow Saccades From Pontine Lesions

Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Mesencephalon

Sites and Manifestations of Lesions

Neurologic Disorders That Primarily Affect the Mesencephalon

Ocular Motor Abnormalities and Disease of the Basal Ganglia

Parkinson Disease

Huntington Disease

Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions in the Cerebral Hemispheres

Acute Unilateral Lesions

Persistent Deficits Caused by Large Unilateral Lesions

Focal Lesions

Abnormal Eye Movements and Dementia

Ocular Motor Manifestations of Seizures

Eye Movements in Stupor and Coma

Ocular Motor Manifestations of Some Metabolic Disorders

Effects of Drugs on Eye Movements

19 Nuclear and Infranuclear Ocular Motility Disorders

Oculomotor (Third) Nerve Palsies

Congenital

Acquired

Trochlear (Fourth) Nerve Palsies

Congenital

Acquired

Evaluation and Management of Trochlear Nerve Palsy

Abducens (Sixth) Nerve Palsies and Nuclear Horizontal Gaze Paralysis

Congenital

Acquired

Evaluation and Management of Abducens Nerve Palsy

Hyperactivity of the Ocular Motor Nerves

Ocular Neuromyotonia

Superior Oblique Myokymia (Superior Oblique Microtremor)

Synkineses Involving the Ocular Motor and Other Cranial Nerves

20 Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission

Normal Neuromuscular Transmission

Myasthenia Gravis

Epidemiology

Ocular Versus Generalized MG

Ocular Signs

Nonocular Signs

Diagnostic Testing

Treatment

Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes

Acquired Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission Other Than MG

Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

Neuromuscular Disorders Caused by Drugs or Toxins

21 Myopathies of Neuro-Ophthalmologic Significance

Developmental Disorders of Extraocular Muscle

Agenesis of the Extraocular Muscles

Anomalies of Extraocular Muscle Origin, Insertion, and Structure

Congenital Adherence and Fibrosis Syndromes

Congenital Myopathies

Muscular Dystrophies

Congenital Muscular Dystrophies

Myotonic Muscular Dystrophies

Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy

Ion Channel Disorders (MYOTONIA)

Mitochondrial Myopathies

Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia

CPEO Plus Syndromes

Diagnosis

Encephalomyopathy With Ophthalmoplegia From Vitamin E Deficiency

Thyroid Eye Disease (aka, Dysthyroid Orbitopathy)

The Sagging Eye Syndrome

The Heavy Eye Syndrome

22 Nystagmus and Related Ocular Motility Disorders

General Concepts and Clinical Approach

Normal Mechanisms for Gaze Stability

Types of Abnormal Eye Movements That Disrupt Steady Fixation: Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions

Differences Between Physiologic and Pathologic Nystagmus

Methods of Observing, Eliciting, and Recording Nystagmus

Classification of Nystagmus Based on Pathogenesis

Nystagmus Associated With Disease of the Visual System and Its Projections to Brainstem and Cerebellum

Origin and Nature of Nystagmus Associated With Disease of the Visual Pathways

Clinical Features of Nystagmus With Lesions Affecting the Visual Pathways

Acquired Pendular Nystagmus and Its Relationship to Disease of the Visual Pathways

Nystagmus Caused by Vestibular Imbalance

Nystagmus Caused by Peripheral Vestibular Imbalance

Nystagmus Caused by Central Vestibular Imbalance

Periodic Alternating Nystagmus

Seesaw Nystagmus

Nystagmus due to Abnormalities of the Mechanism for Holding Eccentric Gaze

Gaze-Evoked Nystagmus

Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus

Divergence Nystagmus

Centripetal and Rebound Nystagmus

Congenital Forms of Nystagmus

Infantile Idiopathic Nystagmus

Fusional Maldevelopment (Latent) Nystagmus

Spasmus Nutans

Saccadic Intrusions

Square-Wave Jerks

Macrosquare-Wave Jerks (Square-Wave Pulses)

Macrosaccadic Oscillations

Saccadic Pulses, Ocular Flutter, and Opsoclonus

Voluntary Saccadic Oscillations or Voluntary Nystagmus

Oscillations With Disease Affecting Ocular Motoneurons and Extraocular Muscle

Superior Oblique Myokymia (Superior Oblique Microtremor)

Ocular Neuromyotonia

Spontaneous Eye Movements in Unconscious Patients

Treatments for Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions

Pharmacologic Treatments

Optical Treatments

Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Nystagmus

Surgical Procedures for Nystagmus

Other Forms of Treatment

Section IV Eyelid

23 Normal and Abnormal Eyelid Function

Examination of Eyelid Function

Anatomy of the Eyelids

Anatomy of the Muscles of Eyelid Opening

Anatomy of the Muscles of Eyelid Closure

Abnormalities of Eyelid Opening

Ptosis

Apraxia of Eyelid Opening

Eyelid Retraction

Abnormalities of Eyelid Closure

Insufficiency of Eyelid Closure

Excessive or Anomalous Eyelid Closure

Section V Nonorganic Disease

24 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Nonorganic Disease

General Considerations

Terminology

Malingering

Münchausen Syndrome

Psychogenic Disturbance

Specific Nonorganic Neuro-Ophthalmologic Disorders

Nonorganic Disease Affecting the Afferent Visual Pathway

Nonorganic Disease Affecting Fixation, Ocular Motility, and Alignment

Nonorganic Disorders of Pupillary Size and Reactivity

Nonorganic Disturbances of Accommodation

Nonorganic Disturbances of Eyelid Function

Nonorganic Disturbances of Ocular and Facial Sensation

Nonorganic Disturbances of Lacrimation

Appendix: List of Videos

Index

 

An aparitie	2 Sept. 2020
Autor	Neil Miller MD, Dr. Prem Subramanian MD, PhD, Dr. Vivek Patel MD
Dimensiuni	17.78 x 2.29 x 25.4 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781975118914
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	600
Versiune digitala	DA