The Duke Manual of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Surgery

 

Description:

 

Concise, authoritative, and easy to navigate, The Duke Manual of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Surgery offers a step-by-step, highly illustrated approach to the most commonly performed pediatric and strabismus operating room procedures. Ideal for pediatric and strabismus specialists, ophthalmic surgeons, trainees, and researchers, it contains practical guidance from experts at Duke University, making it an unparalleled “how-to” manual for the wide variety of cases and operative scenarios you may encounter. 

 

Table of Contents:

 

SECTION I: ANESTHESIA AND PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

1 Anesthesia and Perioperative Considerations in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus

INTRODUCTION

Order of Surgical Cases

Impact of General Anesthesia on Pediatric Patients

Management of Pediatric Patient Stress and Anxiety Associated With General Anesthesia

Induction Methods

Risk of General Anesthesia in Early Childhood

ANESTHESIA IN ADULT STRABISMUS SURGERY

Commonly Used Agents for Local Anesthesia

Administration of Local Anesthetic

Risk of Retrobulbar Hemorrhage and Blood Thinner Management in Adult Strabismus Surgery

Postoperative Pain Control Following Strabismus Surgery

SECTION II: PEDIATRIC CATARACT SURGERY

2 Preoperative Considerations

PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF PEDIATRIC CATARACT

All Cataracts

Unilateral Cataracts

Bilateral Cataracts

Nonsurgical Management

SURGICAL PLANNING

3 Medications in Pediatric Cataract Surgery

PREOPERATIVE DILATING DROPS

EPINEPHRINE 1:1000 SOLUTION

TRYPAN BLUE

OPHTHALMIC VISCOELASTIC DEVICES

TRIAMCINOLONE

MIOTICS

INTRACAMERAL ANTIBIOTICS

INTRACAMERAL FILTERED AIR

SUBCONJUNCTIVAL INJECTIONS

SYSTEMIC STEROIDS

SYSTEMIC ACETAZOLAMIDE (DIAMOX)

TOPICAL POSTOPERATIVE MEDICATIONS

4 Optical Considerations in Aphakia and Pseudophakia

APHAKIC SPECTACLES

CONTACT LENS

INTRAOCULAR LENS

5 Cataract Surgery Without Intraocular Lens Implantation

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS (SEE CHAPTER 2)

Surgical Procedure (Video 5.1)

Incisions

Cataract Extraction

Incision Closure

6 Cataract Surgery With IOL and Management of Posterior Capsule

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE (VIDEOS 6.1, 6.2)

Machine Settings

Incisions

Capsulorrhexis

Cataract Extraction

Intraocular Lens Implantation and Posterior Capsulotomy

Wound Closure

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

7 Pediatric Cataract With Special Considerations

UVEITIC CATARACT

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Considerations

Postoperative Considerations

Traumatic cataract (see Chapter 26)

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Considerations

PERSISTENT FETAL VASCULATURE (PFV)

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Considerations

Postoperative Considerations

ECTOPIA LENTIS

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Procedure (Video 7.1)

Postoperative Considerations

SMALL PUPIL

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Considerations

8 Cataract Surgery Complications

CAPSULE TEARS

DROPPED LENS

ELEVATED INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE

INFECTION

VISUAL AXIS OPACITIES

WOUND LEAKS

IOL PROBLEMS

SECTION III: PEDIATRIC GLAUCOMA SURGERY

9 Preoperative Considerations

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Which Type of Pediatric Glaucoma Does Your Patient Have?

When Is Glaucoma Surgery Necessary? Consider Surgery in Patients With:

SURGICAL PLANNING

EXAMINATION UNDER ANESTHESIA (EUA)

IOP Measurement

Anterior Segment Examination

Cycloplegic Retinoscopy

Ophthalmoscopy

Ultrasonography

Photography

10 Angle Surgery

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL APPROACHES

Ab Externo Approach

Ab Interno Approach

SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Ab Externo Approach

Ab Interno Approach

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Complications (see Chapter 15)

11 Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PLANNING

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE DEVICE IMPLANTATION WITH PATCH GRAFT (Video 11.1)

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

12 Trabeculectomy

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE (VIDEO 12.1)

Trabeculectomy With MMC (Fig. 12.1)

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS (SEE CHAPTER 15)

Bleb Management

Postoperative Infections

13 Cyclodestructive Procedures

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Preoperative Examination

Preoperative Counseling

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Transscleral Diode Cyclophotocoagulation

Endoscopic Diode Cyclophotocoagulation

POSTOPERATIVE CARE

Postoperative Drop Regimen

14 Glaucoma Surgery: Special Cases

ANIRIDIA WITH EARLY-ONSET GLAUCOMA (OR PHENOTYPICALLY SIMILAR ANTERIOR SEGMENT DESPITE NON-ANIRIDIC GENOTYPE)

ANTERIOR SEGMENT DYSGENESIS WITH CORNEAL OPACITY AND COMPROMISED ANTERIOR CHAMBER (eg, PETERS ANOMALY OR SIMILAR CASES)

EYES WITH GLAUCOMA IN SETTING OF ELEVATED EPISCLERAL VENOUS PRESSURE (USUALLY PORT WINE MARK-ASSOCIATED, WITH OR WITHOUT TRUE STURGE WEBER SYNDROME)

15 Glaucoma Surgery: Postoperative Management, Complications, and Prognosis

ANGLE SURGERY (GONIOTOMY OR TRABECULOTOMY) (SEE CHAPTER 10)

GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE DEVICE (SEE CHAPTER 11)

TRABECULECTOMY (SEE CHAPTER 12)

CYCLODESTRUCTIVE PROCEDURE (TRANSSCLERAL CYCLOPHOTOCOAGULATION) (SEE CHAPTER 13)

SECTION IV: PEDIATRIC CORNEA SURGERY

16 Corneal Limbal Dermoids

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE (FIG. 16.1 AND VIDEO 16.1)

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

17 EDTA Chelation for Band Keratopathy

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE:1–5

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

18 Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Standard Corneal Cross-Linking: Dresden Protocol

Standard Corneal Cross-Linking: Alternative Protocol (A-CXL)

Transepiethelial Corneal Cross-Linking

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

19 Corneal Transplantation in Children

PREOPERATIVE DECISION-MAKING

ENDOTHELIAL KERATOPLASTY

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Procedure

Postoperative Management

PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Procedure (Video 19.1)

Postoperative Management

SECTION V: OTHER PEDIATRIC ANTERIOR SEGMENT SURGERIES

20 Conjunctival Lesions and Conjunctivoplasty

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: INCISIONAL BIOPSY

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: EXCISIONAL BIOPSY (VIDEO 20.1)

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: TRAUMATIC CONJUNCTIVAL LACERATION REPAIR

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: OCULAR SURFACE REPAIR WITH AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE (VIDEOS 16.1 AND 20.1)

21 Iridectomy and Sphincterotomy

SURGICAL IRIDECTOMY AND SPHINCTEROTOMY

PERIPHERAL IRIDECTOMY

OPTICAL IRIDECTOMY: SECTOR OR COMPLETE IRIDECTOMY

SPHINCTEROTOMY

SECTION VI: PEDIATRIC TRAUMA

22 Pediatric Trauma: Preoperative Considerations

OCULAR TRAUMA

EXAMINATION

ORBITAL FRACTURES

23 Lid and Canalicular Laceration Repairs

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

CANALICULAR LACERATIONS

EYELID LACERATIONS NOT INVOLVING THE CANALICULUS

COMPLEX EYELID LACERATIONS

24 Traumatic Hyphema

ETIOLOGY

INITIAL EVALUATION

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

FOLLOW-UP

Sequelae of Traumatic Hyphema

25 Pediatric Open Globe Repair

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Open Globe Injury Classification1,2

Examination

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT1,6-8

Anterior Segment Surgical Reconstruction

Posterior Segment Surgical Reconstruction

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS (SEE CHAPTER 27)

26 Pediatric Traumatic Cataract

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Examination

Timing of Surgery

When to Consider IOL Implantation (see Chapter 4)

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Surgical Planning

Surgical Approach: IOL and Anterior Vitrectomy (see Chapter 6)

Surgical Approach: No IOL Placement (see Chapter 5)

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

27 Pediatric Trauma: Postoperative Management

TIMING OF SUTURE REMOVAL

OPTICAL REHABILITATION

MEDICATIONS

EYE PROTECTION

PROGNOSIS

SECTION VII: PEDIATRIC POSTERIOR SEGMENT

28 Retinopathy of Prematurity

ROP SCREENING

IMAGING IN ROP

TREATMENT OF ROP

Long-term follow-up and complications

29 Nonaccidental Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome)

EPIDEMIOLOGY

HISTORY

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (TYPICALLY NONSPECIFIC)

OPHTHALMOLOGIC FINDINGS

MANAGEMENT

LABORATORY TESTING AND RADIOLOGIC STUDIES

PROGNOSIS

30 Retinoblastoma

BACKGROUND

CLASSIFICATION

DIAGNOSIS

MANAGEMENT

31 Retinal Detachments and Vitrectomy

HISTORY

EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Scleral Buckling with Cryotherapy and Possible Subretinal Fluid Drainage

General Vitrectomy Combined with Scleral Buckling Procedure (Fig. 31.4)

SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Scleral buckle

Vitrectomy (Video 31.1):

SECTION VIII: PEDIATRIC OCULOPLASTICS

32 Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

DISEASE DESCRIPTION/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

NONSURGICAL TREATMENT

INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY

SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Nasolacrimal Duct Probing and Irrigation (Video 32.1)

Nasolacrimal Duct Balloon Dilation (Fig. 32.3)

Nasolacrimal Intubation

Nasal Turbinate Infracture

Dacryocele and Nasal Endoscopy

POSTOPERATIVE CARE

PROGNOSIS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

33 Dermoid Cyst Removal

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Physical Examination

Imaging

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: EXCISIONAL BIOPSY OF DERMOID CYST

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

34 Lid Lesions

PEDIATRIC LID LESIONS

Preoperative Considerations

CHALAZION

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Planning

Surgical Procedure

Postoperative Considerations

CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA

Preoperative Considerations

Treatment Options

EPIDERMAL INCLUSION CYSTS

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Planning

Surgical Procedure

Postoperative Considerations

Molluscum contagiosum

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Planning

Surgical Procedure

Postoperative Considerations

PAPILLOMA

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Planning

Procedure

Postoperative Considerations

PYOGENIC GRANULOMA (LOBULAR CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA)

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Planning

Procedure

Postoperative Considerations

35 Tarsorrhaphy

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Surgical Planning

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Temporary Tarsorrhaphy

Permanent Tarsorrhaphy1,2

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Reversal of Tarshorrhaphy

36 Epiblepharon Repair

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Indications for Surgery

Conservative Therapy for Patients Who Do Not Require Surgery

Surgical Planning

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: LOWER LID INCISIONAL EPIBLEPHARON REPAIR WITH OR WITHOUT ROTATING SUTURE TECHNIQUE (VIDEO 36.1)

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF LASHES

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

37 Enucleation

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Surgical Planning

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: ENUCLEATION (VIDEO 37.1)

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

38 Pediatric Ptosis Repair: Frontalis Suspension

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF POOR LEVATOR FUNCTION

HISTORY

PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT

PREOPERATIVE COUNSELING

SURGICAL PLANNING

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: FRONTALIS SLING WITH SILICONE ROD (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 41) (VIDEO 38.1)

POSTOPERATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS

39 Pediatric Ptosis Repair: Levator Resection

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE (VIDEO 39.1)

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

40 Pediatric Ptosis Repair: Muller Muscle Conjunctival Resection

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Select Appropriate Patients

Preoperative Documentation

Preoperative Counseling

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

41 Pediatric Ptosis Repair: Blepharophimosis Syndrome

EXAMINATION AND SURGICAL PLANNING

PTOSIS

Frontalis Sling Surgical Procedure

Postoperative Care

EPICANTHAL FOLDS

Y-TO-V ADVANCEMENT FLAP WITH MEDIAL CANTHAL TENDON PLICATION

Surgical Procedure

Postoperative Care

FOUR FLAP OR “RUNNING MAN” TECHNIQUE

Surgical Procedure

Postoperative Care

TELECANTHUS

Transnasal Wiring Surgical Procedure

Postoperative Care

SECTION IX: STRABISMUS SURGERY

42 The Basics

ANATOMY1,2 (FIG. 42.1)

ANESTHESIA (SEE CHAPTER 1)

POSITIONING—SURGEON AND PATIENT

PREPPING AND DRAPING

FORCED DUCTION AND EXAGGERATED TRACTION TESTING

SUTURES/NEEDLES/INSTRUMENTS

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL GUIDELINES FOR STRABISMUS SURGERY

43 Conjunctival Incisions and Muscle Isolation

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: LIMBAL INCISION AND MUSCLE ISOLATION (VIDEO 43.1)

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: FORNIX (CUL-DE-SAC) INCISION AND MUSCLE ISOLATION (VIDEOS 44.1 AND 45.1)

OTHER TYPES OF INCISIONS (FIG. 43.1; TABLE 43.1)

CHALLENGES IN CONJUNCTIVAL CLOSURE AND OTHER PEARLS

44 Weakening Rectus Muscles

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PLANNING

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: RECESSION1 (VIDEO 44.1)

Surgical Procedure: Hang-Back Recession1

Marginal Myotomy/Z-Plasty1,6

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

45 Strengthening Rectus Muscles

INTRODUCTION

PREOPERATIVE SURGICAL PLANNING

RECTUS RESECTION (VIDEO 45.1)

PLICATION (RECTUS TUCK) (VIDEO 45.2)

RECTUS ADVANCEMENT

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

46 Inferior Oblique Procedures

WEAKENING OF THE INFERIOR OBLIQUE: MYECTOMY, RECESSION, ANTERIORIZATION, AND EXTIRPATION

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Procedure: Inferior Oblique Exposure and Isolation (Video 46.1)

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: INFERIOR OBLIQUE MYECTOMY (VIDEO 46.1)

Surgical Procedure: Inferior Oblique Recession

Surgical Procedure: Inferior Oblique Recession and Anteriorization

Inferior Oblique Extirpation

Surgical Procedure: Inferior Oblique Extirpation

INFERIOR OBLIQUE ADVANCEMENT

Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Procedure: Inferior Oblique Advancement (Video 59.1)

Postoperative Considerations

47 Superior Oblique Procedures

SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE

SUPERIOR OBLIQUE EXPOSURE

SO WEAKENING PROCEDURES

Tenotomy (Video 47.1)

Spacer (Fig. 47.3)

SO STRENGTHENING PROCEDURES

Tuck (Fig. 47.5)7

Harada-Ito Procedure8,9

Harada-Ito Fell’s Modification (Figs. 47.6B and 47.7)

48 Adjustable Sutures in Strabismus Surgery

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: ADJUSTABLE SUTURE (VIDEO 48.1)

ADJUSTMENT TIMING

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS

49 Posterior Fixation Sutures

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Posterior Fixation without Recession

Posterior Fixation with Recession

Adjustable Fadenoperation (Figs. 49.7 and 49.8)

Augmented Transposition

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

50 Paralytic Strabismus

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Important Historical Elements to Consider

Eye Examination Pearls in the Patient With Paralytic Strabismus

Role of Imaging and Neurologic Workup in Patients With Paralytic Strabismus (See Chapter 57)

Timing of Surgical Intervention in Patients With Paralytic Strabismus

Determine Realistic Preoperative Goals for Surgical Repair of Paralytic Strabismus

OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Surgical Planning

Types of Surgical Procedures to Employ (Where Applicable See Separate Chapters)

Full-Tendon Transposition: Entire Rectus Muscle Transposed to a Position Adjacent to Paralytic Muscle

Alternatives to Full-Tendon Transposition

Surgical Considerations in the Impairment Management of Sixth Nerve Palsy

Surgical Considerations for the Management of Fourth Nerve Palsy

Surgical Considerations for the Management of Third Nerve Palsy

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

51 Pattern Strabismus

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Types of Patterns1,2:

Craniosynostosis and Pattern Strabismus

52 Duane Retraction Syndrome

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

DRS CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIC FINDINGS IN DRS

SURGICAL PLANNING IN DRS (FIG. 52.1)

UNILATERAL ESOTROPIC DRS

BILATERAL ESOTROPIC DRS

UNILATERAL EXOTROPIC DRS

SIGNIFICANT OVERSHOOTS

BILATERAL EXOTROPIC DRS

SYNERGISTIC DIVERGENCE

ORTHOTROPIC DRS

53 Nystagmus Surgery

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Preoperative Assessment

SURGERIES TO ADDRESS HEAD POSTURES

Horizontal Head Postures1,3-7

Vertical Head Postures1,7-11,16

Head Tilt1,10-12,15

Multiplanar Head Postures1-13,16

SURGERY TO INDUCE CONVERGENCE1,12,16

SURGERIES TO DAMPEN NYSTAGMUS

Tenotomy With Reattachment1,2,14,16

Large Horizontal Recti Recessions4,15,16

Excision of the Horizontal Recti17

Strabismus and Nystagmus Surgery1,2,14,16,18

Without Abnormal Head Posture

With Abnormal Head Posture

54 Strabismus Surgery Complications

INTRODUCTION

INFECTION

ANTERIOR SEGMENT ISCHEMIA

SCLERAL PERFORATION

OVER AND UNDER CORRECTIONS (SEE CHAPTER 59)

Slipped Muscle

Lost Muscle

Scar Remodeling/Stretched Insertion Scar

Fat Adherence Syndrome

Deviations From Large Surgical Corrections

CONJUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES

Displaced Plica Semilunaris

Fibrosis and Adhesions

POSTOPERATIVE LESIONS

Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma) (Fig. 54.4)

Tenon Capsule Exposure

Conjunctival Epithelial Inclusion Cyst (Fig. 54.6)

55 Pharmacologic Management of Strabismus

MIOTICS / PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS (ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE [0.125%])

CYCLOPLEGICS (ATROPINE SULFATE [0.5-1%] AND HOMATROPINE [5%])

ONABOTULINUM TOXIN A (BOTOX/BTX)

BUPIVACAINE (BPX)

SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS

56 Sensorimotor Considerations for Strabismus Surgery

PRE- AND POSTOPERATIVE SENSORIMOTOR MANAGEMENT

Optical Manipulation—Pediatric

Optical Manipulation—Adult

Fresnel Prisms

Ground-in Prism

Blurring Options

Computer Orthoptic Exercises

57 Imaging in Strabismus

DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS

INDICATIONS FOR IMAGING

Apparent Congenital Strabismus

Acquired Strabismus

Chronic Strabismus in an Older Child or Adult

Variable Strabismus

Strabismus Reoperations

58 Adult Strabismus Surgery: Special Considerations

PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Patient Expectations

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Anesthesia

Location of Incision

Managing Scarring

Adjustable Sutures

POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

Postoperative Diplopia

Post-op Spectacles

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

59 Complex Strabismus Pearls

GENERAL PEARLS FOR COMPLEX STRABISMUS

STRABISMUS IN THYROID EYE DISEASE (TED)

STRABISMUS SURGERY AFTER SCLERAL BUCKLE (SB)

STRABISMUS SURGERY WITH GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE DEVICE (GDD)

SURGICAL PROCEDURE: STRABISMUS SURGERY WITH GDD (VIDEO 59.2)

SLIPPED, LOST, SEVERED, TRAUMATIZED MUSCLES (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 54)

Slipped and Lost Muscles

Pulled-in-two Syndrome (PITS)

Extraocular Muscle Trauma

OCULOMOTOR NERVE (CN III) PALSY

General Considerations

Surgical Plans for Isolated Muscle Involvement in CN III Palsy

Surgical Plans for Multiple Muscle Involvement

Surgical Plans for Complete (or Near Complete CN III Palsy)

SURGICAL ERRORS AND MIX-UPS

Index

 

An aparitie	22 Dec. 2020
Autor	Laura Enyedi , Nandini Gandhi , Tammy Yanovitch
Dimensiuni	15.27 x 1.52 x 22.86 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781975158064
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	408