Rare Causes of Stroke: A Handbook

Description:

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and major cause of long-term disability, directly impacting the quality of life, worldwide. Strokes with more rare, and unknown causes unfortunately receive little to no attention due to the heterogeneity of disorders and a poor understanding of clinical features. There are considerable variations in the etiology of this rare sub-category of stroke; requiring heightened clinical awareness for recognition, evaluation and treatment. This book provides up-to-date guidance, through case reports concisely summarised by global leaders in the field describing the diagnosis and treatment of rare causes of stroke, from vasculitis, hypercoagulable states, hereditary and genetic factors, cardioembolism, vasculopathies, venous occlusive conditions to bone disorders. Offering practical advice and algorithms, this book aids the clinician in establishing an accurate diagnosis through detailed evaluation of such patients, leading to an early diagnosis improving risk assessment and family counselling.

Table of Contents:

1.1 Isolated Vasculitis of the Central Nervous System

1.2 Primary Systemic Vasculitis

1.2.a.1 Giant Cell Vasculitis: Temporal Arteritis

1.2.a.2 Giant Cell Vasculitis: Takayasu Arteritis

1.2.b.1 Necrotizing Vasculitis: Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

1.2.b.2 Necrotizing Vasculitis: Churg–Strauss Syndrome(Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiit

1.2.c.1 Granulomatous Vasculitis: Wegener Granulomatosis

1.2.c.2 Granulomatous Vasculitis: Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis

1.2.d.1 Vasculitis with Prominent Eye Movement: Susac Syndrome

1.2.d.2 Vasculitis with Prominent Eye Movement: Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease

1.2.d.3 Vasculitis with Prominent Eye Movement: Eales Disease

1.2.d.4 Vasculitis with Prominent Eye Movement: Cogan Disease

1.3 Vasculitis Secondary to Systemic Disease

1.3.a Systemic Lupus Erythematosis

1.3.b Behçet’s Disease

1.3.c Sjögren Syndrome

1.3.d Sarcoidosis

1.3.e Inflammatory Bowel Disease

1.3.f Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Inflammation

2 Infectious and Postinfectious Vasculitis

2.1 Meningovascular Syphilis

2.2 Neuroborreliosis

2.3 Tuberculosis Meningitis

2.4 Bacterial Meningitis

2.5 Neurocysticercosis

2.6 Varicella-Zoster Virus-Related: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes Infections

2.7 HIV Infection

2.8 Chagas Disease

3 Hypercoagulable Causes of Stroke

3.1 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome

3.2 Hyperhomocysteinemia

3.3 Hyperviscosity Syndrome

3.4 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Moschkowitz Syndrome

3.5 Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis (Henoch–Schönlein Purpura)

3.6 Stroke Associated With Cancer

4 Drug-Related Stroke

4.1 Medication-Related Stroke

4.2 Illicit-Drug-Related Stroke

5 Hereditary and Genetic Causes of Stroke

5.1 Genetic Collagen Disorders

5.1.a Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome

5.1.b Marfan Syndrome

5.1.c Fibromuscular Dysplasia

5.1.d Neurofibromatosis Type 1

5.1.e Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

5.2 Genetic Small-Vessel Diseases

5.2.a Cerebral Autosomal Dominant (Recessive) Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoenceph

5.2.b Retinal Vasculopathy with Cerebral Leukoencephalopathy and Systemic Manifestations (RVCL-S)

5.3 Genetic Metabolic Diseases

5.3.a Fabry Disease

5.3.b Mitochondrial Diseases

5.3.c Menkes Disease

5.3.d Tangier Disease

5.3.e Organic Acid Disorders

6 Rare Causes of Cardioembolism

6.1 Paradoxical Embolism: Patent Foramen Ovale

6.2 Infective Endocarditis

7 Vasospastic Conditions and Other Vasculopathies

7.1 Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome

7.2 Eclampsia and Strokes during Pregnancy and Postpartum

7.3 Migraines and Migraine-Like Conditions

8 Other Non-inflammatory Vasculopathies

8.1 Moyamoya Disease

8.2 Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

8.3 Dolichoectasia and Fusiform Aneurysms

8.4 Carotid Artery Dissection

9 Venous Occlusive Conditions

9.1 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

10 Bone Disorders and Stroke

10.1 Bone Disorders

10.2 Eagle Syndrome

Index