Handbook of Image-Guided Brachytherapy

 

Description:

This handbook provides a clinically relevant, succinct, and comprehensive overview of image-guided brachytherapy. Throughout the last decade, the utility of image guidance in brachytherapy has increased to enhance procedural development, treatment planning, and radiation delivery in an effort to optimize safety and clinical outcomes. Organized into two parts, the book discusses physics and radiobiology principles of brachytherapy as well as clinical applications of image-guided brachytherapy for various disease sites (central nervous system, eye, head and neck, breast, lung, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, gynecologic, sarcoma, and skin).  It also describes the incorporation of imaging techniques such as CT, MRI, and ultrasound into brachytherapy procedures and planning. Featuring procedural and anesthesia care, extensive images, contouring examples, treatment planning techniques, and dosimetry for the comprehensive treatment for each disease site, Handbook of Image-Guided Brachytherapy is a valuable resource for practicing radiation oncologists, physicists, dosimetrists,  residents, and medical students.   

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part I: Radiobiology and Physics of Image-Guided Brachytherapy

Chapter 1: Radiobiology of Brachytherapy

Basic Radiobiological Principles

DNA Damage

Cell Death

DNA Damage Tracking

Linear Quadratic Equation

Dose–Response Curves

Survival Curve Analysis: The α/β Ratio

The Differences Between External Beam Radiation Therapy and Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy Applications

Dose Rates

Radiobiological Effect of Different Dose Rates

The 4(+1) “R’s” of Radiobiology: Repair, Reoxygenation, Redistribution, Repopulation (and Ra

Repair

Reoxygenation

Redistribution

Repopulation

Radiosensitivity

How Are 4R(5)s Affected by the Interval Between Fractions?

Timing with EBRT

Modeling the Dose Response

Effect of Varying the Dose Size

BED Equations

EQD2 Equations

Radiobiological Effects of Large Single Doses

References

Chapter 2: General Physics Principles in Brachytherapy

Classifications of Brachytherapy

Types of Brachytherapy Implants

Types of Implant Duration

Types of Source Loading

Types of Dose Rate

Radioactive Sources

Characteristics of Radioactive Source

Ideal Radioisotopes for Brachytherapy

Source Forms

Brachytherapy Radioisotopes

Treatment Planning

Dosimetric Systems

Manchester System or Paterson–Parker System for Interstitial Implants

Quimby System or Memorial System for Interstitial Implants

Paris System for Interstitial Implants

Stockholm System for Intracavitary Implants

Manchester System for Intracavitary Implants

Paris System for Intracavitary Implants

Problems with Older Dosimetric Systems

Dose Optimization

Dose Calculation

Fundamental Problems with Old Dose Calculation Protocols

AAPM TG-43 Protocol

Model-Based Dose Calculation (MBDCA, AAPM TG-186 Protocol)

Grid-Based Boltzmann Equation Solvers (GBBS)

Monte Carlo Simulations (MC)

Collapsed-Cone Superposition/Convolution Method (CCC)

References

Chapter 3: Treatment Delivery Technology for Brachytherapy

Introduction

General Physics and Technology

Permanent Implant Brachytherapy

General Facts

Workflow

Common Radionuclides

Afterloader-Based Brachytherapy

General Facts

Workflow

New Applicators/Concepts

Sources for High Dose Rate Brachytherapy and Pulsed Dose Rate Brachytherapy

Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy

Clinical Uses

Physical Properties of 90-Y

Radiation Therapy Planning

Available Products

References

Chapter 4: Image Guidance Systems for Brachytherapy

Introduction

2D

Planar Radiography

Fluoroscopy

Ultrasound

3D

Computed Tomography (CT)

Ultrasound

MRI

PET

Challenges in the 2D to 3D Transition (Going from Points to 3D Geometry to Functional Structu

Other Imaging Methods Specific to Brachytherapy

Tools for Multi-Modality Imaging

References

Chapter 5: Quality Assurance in Brachytherapy

Introduction

Brachytherapy QA

References from AAPM Task Groups

Periodic QA

Brachytherapy Workflow

Brachytherapy Audit

Implementation

Development of QA Program

Development of Audit Program

References

Part II: Clinical Applications of Image-�Guided Brachytherapy

Chapter 6: Anesthesia and Procedural Care for Brachytherapy

Key Concepts

Rationale for Anesthesia Care During Brachytherapy

Anesthetic Options for Brachytherapy

Examples of Anesthesia in Brachytherapy

Pre-procedural Brachytherapy Optimization

Standards/Guidelines for Monitoring Patient During Anesthesia

Post-anesthesia Patient Monitoring

Anesthesia Instructions for Patients

Sample Bowel Prep Regimen

Pre-procedural Workflow

Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)

Local Anesthesia

Local Anesthesia for Interstitial Breast Brachytherapy

Example: Lidocaine for Interstitial Breast Brachytherapy (APBI)

Example: SAVI Insertion

Example: Cervical Intracavitary or Interstitial Insertion to Use a Cervical Local Anesthesia Bloc

Conscious Sedation

General Anesthesia

Neuraxial Anesthetic—Spinal

Common Side Effects and Complications of Spinal Anesthesia

Neuraxial Anesthetics—Epidural

Post-procedural Care

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Breast Brachytherapy and Clinical Appendix

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Goal of Brachytherapy

Timing

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

Typical Pathology

Foundation of Rationale for Brachytherapy

Local Recurrence

Disease Free Survival

Selection Criteria

Selecting Candidates for Implantation

Choice of Brachytherapy Applicator

When to Implant

Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

Medical Operability: Anesthesia Consent, Guidelines for CBC, Anticoagulation

Image Guidance Utilization

Guidelines for Implantation

Pre-procedure Advice

Procedure Tips

Verification of Brachytherapy with Visual and Imaging

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Review Imaging Real Time or When a Change Is Needed

Treatment Planning Considerations [2]

Optimal Brachytherapy Doses

Optimization of Target Volume: Point Based, Volume Based [28]

Optimal Dose Distribution with Isodose Curves

Toxicity (Table 7.3)

Toxicity Side Effect Review: Common, Rare

Management of Brachytherapy Toxicity

Appendix A

Breast Case Study 7.1

Breast Case Study 7.2: Breast Brachytherapy with SAVI

Breast Case Study 7.3: Breast Brachytherapy with Interstitial

References

Chapter 8: Eye Plaque Brachytherapy

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Goals of Brachytherapy

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Selection Criteria

Selection for Implantation

When to Implant

Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

Medical Operability, Anesthesia Consent, Guidelines for Anticoagulation

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Preprocedure

Commonly Used Image Guidance

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Guidelines for Implantation

Preprocedure Advice, Procedural Positioning, Exam Assessment

Procedure Tips

Verification of Brachytherapy

Evaluation of Implantation

Treatment Planning

Optimal Brachytherapy Dose

Use of Image Guidance for Target Volume Delineation

Optimization of Target Volume

Seed Loading and Optimal Dose Distribution

Toxicity

Anterior Segment Complications

Posterior Segment or Intraocular Complications

Decreased Visual Acuity

Enucleation Secondary to Complications (Blind, Painful Eye) or Recurrence

Damage to Fellow Eye

References

Chapter 9: Head and Neck Brachytherapy

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy (BT)

Goal of Brachytherapy: Definitive, Postoperative, Salvage

Timing Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy Source Loading Methods

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

Rationale for Image Guidance in Brachytherapy

Selection Criteria for Brachytherapy (Table 9.1)

Brachytherapy Alone (Monotherapy)

Early Cancers of Lip, Buccal Mucosa, Nasal Vestibule, and Oral Cavity [5, 21–31]

Brachytherapy with External Beam

Locally Advanced Oral Cavity Not Suitable for BT Alone [24, 33–35]

Oropharynx Cancer (OPC): Base Tongue, Tonsil, Soft Palate, and Pharynx [36–40]

Nasopharynx (NPC)

Hypopharynx, Larynx, and Trachea

Salvage of Previously Irradiated Patients

When to Implant (Post EBRT, During EBRT)

Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

Perioperative Considerations: Medical Clearance, Anesthesia Evaluation, Consent, Preoperative Testi

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Preprocedure

Brachytherapy Clinical Target Volume (CTV)

Implant Quality and the Need to Fully Encompass the Lesion

The Four Types and Utility of Image Guidance during Procedure

Fluoroscopy

Ultrasound

CT Scan

MRI Scan

Guidelines for Implantation for Complex Interstitial Brachytherapy [1, 2]

Preprocedure Advice

Tracheostomy and Airway Management

Positioning and Patient Setup

Procedure Tips

Needles and Catheters

Leader-In-Wire

Palatal Arch (Double Leader)

Bone, Tissue Displacement, and Mandible Shielding

Catheter Entry Site Design, Spacing, and Stabilization

Implant Removal

Individual Site Tips and Suggestions

Lip and Buccal Mucosa

Oral Tongue

Floor of Mouth (FOM)

Base Tongue

Tonsil

Hard and Soft Palate (HP and SP)

Nasopharynx (NP) and Posterior Pharynx Wall (PPW)

Nasal Vestibule

Paranasal Sinuses

Peristomal Recurrence

Cervical Adenopathy [36, 38, 46, 47, 50–52, 56–59, 61–64, 97]

Lower and Mid Neck

Upper Neck

Verification of Brachytherapy with Visual and Imaging

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Ultrasound and CT Guidance

Treatment Planning Considerations

Head and Neck Brachytherapy Doses (Table 9.2)

Monotherapy

Boost

Use of Image Guidance for Target Volume Delineation

Optimization of Target Volume: Point Based, Volume Based [98, 99]

Optimal Dose Distribution with Isodose Curves

Dose Distributions

Toxicity

Toxicity Side Effect Review

Toxicity Rates of STN and BI

Toxicity Management

Conclusions and Future Developments

Appendix

Head and Neck Case Study 9.1: Interstitial Implant Base of Tongue and Adenopathy (3D-CT Simulati

Head and Neck Case Study 9.2: Implant Navigation for Recurrent Neck Cancer

References

Chapter 10: Gastrointestinal Brachytherapy: Esophageal Cancer

Rationale for Brachytherapy in Esophageal Cancer

HDR Endoluminal Brachytherapy in Esophageal Cancer

Timing and Goal for Endoluminal Brachytherapy of Esophagus

Selection Criteria for Implantation (According to ABS Guidelines) [7]

Medical Operability

Applicator

Guidelines for Implantation

Procedure Advice

Treatment Planning

Treatment Delivery

Follow-Up and Assessment of Response

Toxicity

References

Chapter 11: Gastrointestinal Brachytherapy: Anal and Rectal Cancer

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy in Rectal Cancer

Rationale for Brachytherapy in Anal Cancer

HDR Brachytherapy in Rectal and Anal Cancer

HDR Brachytherapy in the Management of Rectal Cancer

Ongoing Clinical Trials

HDR Brachytherapy in the Management of Anal Cancer

Timing for Endorectal Brachytherapy

Goal for Endorectal Brachytherapy of Anorectum

Selection Criteria for Implantation

Patients Who Are Not Candidates for Endorectal Brachytherapy

Medical Operability

Applicator

The Capri™ Applicator (Fig. 11.1)

The Intracavitary Mold Applicator Set (IMAS) from Nucletron®

The Anorectal (AR) Applicator [22, 23] (Fig. 11.2)

Guidelines for Implantation

Pre-procedure Advice

Procedure Tips

Treatment Planning

Treatment Delivery

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Pre-procedure

Types of Image Guidance to Potentially Use and Pros/Cons

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Evaluation and Distribution of Implantation

Follow-up and Assessment of Response

Toxicity

References

Chapter 12: MRI Image-Guided Low-Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer

Introduction

Rationale for MR Image-Guided Brachytherapy

Goal of Brachytherapy: Definitive

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

Typical Pathology

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Selection Criteria

Selection for Implantation

When to Implant (Post-EBRT)

Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

Medical Operability: Anesthesia Consent, Guidelines for CBC, Anticoagulation

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Preprocedure

Types of Image Guidance to Potentially Use and Pros/Cons

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Guidelines for Implantation

Preprocedure Advice

Procedure Tips for Transperineal Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy

Verification of Brachytherapy Implantation

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Review Imaging Real Time or When a Change Is Needed

Treatment Planning Considerations

Optimal Monotherapy Brachytherapy Dose Rx

Optimal Dose Distribution with Isodose Curves

Toxicity

Toxicity Side Effect Review

Management of Brachytherapy Toxicity according to Disease Site

Follow-up

The Future of PPB: MRI-Assisted Radiosurgery (MARS)

Recommended MRI Sequences and Protocols

Introduction

Imaging Sequences and Acquisition Parameters for GE Scanners

Imaging Sequences and Acquisition Parameters for 1.5T Siemens MAGNETOM Aera Scanners

References

Chapter 13: High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer and Clinical Appendix

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy (BT)

Indications

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Selection Criteria

Patient Selection

Who Should Get HDR Brachytherapy?

Image Guidance Utilization

Preprocedure Image Guidance

Equipment

Implant Procedure

Image-Guided Catheter Placement

Image-Guided Treatment Planning

Guidelines for Implantation

Implantation Pattern

Catheter Fixation

TURP Defect Visualization

Treatment Planning Considerations

Inverse Planning vs. Forward Planning

CT vs. US-Guided Planning

Dose and Fractionation

Dose Constraints

Urethral-Sparing Treatment Plans

Toxicity

Acute Toxicity

Late Toxicity

Rare Toxicities

Appendix A

Prostate Case Study 13.1: HDR Monotherapy

Prostate Case Study 13.2: HDR Salvage

Appendix B: Prostate HDR

References

Chapter 14: Gynecologic Cancer and High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy: Cervical, Endometrial, Vaginal, Vu

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy (BT)

Goal of Brachytherapy: Definitive, Adjuvant

Cervix, Vagina

Uterus

Vulva

Timing Post-EBRT or Postdebulking of the Tumor

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

Typical Path for Cervix, Uterus, Vagina, Vulva

Cervix

Selection Criteria

Implantation and Applicator Selection

When to Perform BT (Post-EBRT, During EBRT)

Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

Consent for Brachytherapy

Image Guidance Utilization

Preprocedure: Within 1 Week of Brachytherapy

Use of Image Guidance during Procedure

Image Guidance for Planning

Guidelines for Implantation

Procedure Tips

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Treatment Planning Considerations

Contouring

Optimal Brachytherapy Dose Rx with EQD2 and EBRT Doses to Create an Equivalent Dose in 2 Gy T

Dose and Fractionation

Planning Dosimetry Goals

Optimization of Target Volume: Point Based, Volume Based

Rationale for BT

Toxicity

Common

Less Common

Toxicity

Uterus (Adjuvant Postoperative/Recurrent/Medically Inoperable)

Adjuvant Postoperative

Selection Criteria

When to Implant (Post-EBRT, During EBRT)

Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Preprocedure

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Guidelines for Implantation

Preprocedure Advice: Exam Findings, Procedural Positioning, Exam Assessment

Procedure Tips

Verification of Brachytherapy with Visual and Imaging

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Treatment Planning Considerations

Optimal Brachytherapy Dose Rx Table with EQD2 and EBRT Doses

Use of Image Guidance for Target Volume Delineation

Optimization of Target Volume: Point Based, Volume Based

Outcomes with BT

Uterus Recurrent

Selection Criteria

When to Implant (Post-EBRT, During EBRT)

Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Guidelines for Implantation

Procedure Tips

Verification of Brachytherapy with Visual and Imaging

Evaluation of Implantation

Treatment Planning Considerations

Optimal Brachytherapy Dose Rx Table with EQD2 and EBRT Doses

Use of Image Guidance for Target Volume Delineation

Optimization of Target Volume: Point Based, Volume Based

Outcomes with BT

Medically Inoperable Endometrial Cancer

Selection Criteria

When to Implant (Post-EBRT, During EBRT)

Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Preprocedure

Types of Image Guidance to Potentially Use, Pro/Cons

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Guidelines for Implantation

Procedure Tips

Verification of Brachytherapy with Visual and Imaging

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Treatment Planning Considerations

Optimal Brachytherapy Dose Rx Table with EQD2 and EBRT Doses

Use of Image Guidance for Target Volume Delineation

Optimization of Target Volume: Point Based, Volume Based

Outcomes with BT

Vagina

Selection Criteria

Selection for Implantation

When to Implant (Post-EBRT, During EBRT)

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Preprocedure

Types of Image Guidance to Potentially Use and Pros/ Cons

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Guidelines for Implantation

Procedure Tips

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Treatment Planning Considerations

Use of Image Guidance for Target Volume Delineation

Optimization of Target Volume: Point Based, Volume Based

Optimal Dose Distribution with Isodose Curves

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Vulva

Selection Criteria

When to Implant

Image Guidance Utilization

Guidelines for Implantation

Preprocedure Advice: Exam Findings, Procedural Positioning, Exam Assessment

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Treatment Planning Considerations

Management of Gynecologic Brachytherapy Toxicity

Appendix A

Gynecologic Case Study 14.1: Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer

Gynecologic Case Study 14.2: Interstitial Brachytherapy for Primary Vaginal Cancer

References

Chapter 15: Skin Brachytherapy

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Goal of Brachytherapy

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

BCC

SCC

Other

Efficacy

Selection Criteria

Image Guidance Utilization

Simulation Guidelines

Evaluation of Implantation

Treatment Planning Considerations

Toxicity

Acute Toxicity

Late Toxicity

Management of Brachytherapy Toxicity

Appendix

Skin Cancer Case Study 15.1: Leipzig Applicator (Elekta, Nucletron®, Stockholm, Sweden)

Skin Cancer Case Study 15.2: Freiburg Flap (Elekta, Nucletron®, Stockholm, Sweden)

References

Chapter 16: Sarcoma and High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy: Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Goals of Brachytherapy

Timing of Brachytherapy

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy as Monotherapy

Brachytherapy in Combination with EBRT

Locally Recurrent Disease

Selection Criteria

Selection for Implantation

Timing of Implant

Medical Operability

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Preprocedure

Types of Image Guidance to Potentially Use and Pros/Cons

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Guidelines for Implantation

Intraoperative CTV Delineation

Catheter Placement

Wound Closure

Immobilization

Evaluation of Implant

Treatment Planning Considerations

Imaging

CTV Delineation

Timing of Initiation of Radiation Treatment

Dose as Monotherapy or in Combination with EBRT

LDR

HDR

Toxicity

Toxicity Side Effect Review

Management of Brachytherapy Toxicity

References

Chapter 17: Image-Guided BrachyAblation (IGBA) for Liver Metastases and Primary Liver Cancers

Introduction

Liver Metastasis

HCC/Cholangiocarcinoma

Recurrent HCC/Cholangiocarcinoma

Nonsurgical Treatment Options

Thermophysical Therapy

Embolization

Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT)

External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)

Brachytherapy

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Potential Limitations of Other Nonsurgical Techniques

Potential Advantages of Brachytherapy

Timing of Brachytherapy

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Structural Anatomy

Blood Supply and Flow

Bile Production and Drainage

Procedural Anatomy

Pathology

Metastases

HCC

Cholangiocarcinoma

Clinical Outcomes with HDR Brachytherapy

Overall Summary of Data

Patient Selection Criteria

Use of Image Guidance

Guidelines for Implantation

Preoperative Considerations

Patient Setup and Analgesia

Determine Catheter Entrance Sites

Evaluation of Implantation

Treatment Planning Considerations

Contours

Prescription

Organs at Risk (OAR)

OAR Constraints

Toxicity

Follow-Up

References

Chapter 18: Central Nervous System Brachytherapy

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Goal of Brachytherapy: Definitive, Postoperative, Salvage

Pertinent Anatomy for Brachytherapy

Pathology

Typical Pathology

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Selection Criteria

Selection for Implantation and Clinical Guidelines to Judge Readiness for Implantation

When to Implant (Post EBRT, During EBRT)

Medical Operability: Anesthesia Consent, Guidelines for CBC, Anticoagulation

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Pre-procedure

Types of Image Guidance to Potentially Use and Pros/Cons

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Intraoperative Images

Guidelines for Implantation

Pre-procedure Advice: Exam Findings, Procedural Positioning, Exam Assessment

Procedure Tips

Verification of Brachytherapy with Visual and Imaging

Evaluation of Implantation

Distribution of Implant

Review Imaging Real Time or When a Change Is Needed

Treatment Planning Considerations

Optimal Brachytherapy Dose Rx (Table 18.3)

Use of Image Guidance for Target Volume Delineation

Optimization of Target Volume: Point Based, Volume Based

Dose Distributions

Toxicity

Toxicity Side Effect Review: Common, Rare

Management of Brachytherapy Toxicity According to Disease Site

References

Chapter 19: Lung Brachytherapy

Introduction

Rationale for Brachytherapy

Goal of Brachytherapy

Timing of Lung Brachytherapy

Pertinent Anatomy for Lung Brachytherapy

Dose Distribution of the Implanted Seeds in the Right Lung

Placement of Brachytherapy Catheter in RLL

Pathology

Rationale for Lung Brachytherapy

Selection Criteria

Selection Criteria for Endobronchial Brachytherapy

Selection Criteria for Interstitial Brachytherapy

Image Guidance Utilization

Use of Image Guidance Pre-procedure

Types of Image Guidance to Potentially Use and Pros/Cons

Use of Image Guidance During Procedure

Use of Image Guidance After Procedure

Guidelines for Implantation

Endobronchial Brachytherapy Guidelines for Implantation

Permanent Implant Interstitial Brachytherapy Guidelines for Implantation

Remote Afterloading Interstitial Brachytherapy

Treatment Planning Considerations

Endobronchial Brachytherapy Treatment Planning Considerations

Permanent Implant Interstitial Brachytherapy Treatment Planning Considerations

Remote Afterloading Interstitial Brachytherapy

Toxicity

References

Appendix A: Consent Forms

Index

 

An aparitie	30 Mar. 2017
Autor	Jyoti Mayadev , Stanley H. Benedict , Mitchell Kamrava
Dimensiuni	20.35 x 3.63 x 13.31 cm
Editura	Springer
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9783319448251
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	622