Epilepsy Board Review

 

Description:

This concise text mirrors the content of the Epilepsy Board as distributed by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. Epilepsy diagnosis, classification and treatment are thoroughly covered, along with seizure classification, epidemiology, normal and abnormal EEG, and treatment with antiepileptic medications and other modalities. Formatted with multiple choice questions and explanations, this complete resource will prepare physicians and students for the Epilepsy Board examination and provide the latest clinical approaches.

 

 

Table of contents:

 

The Normal EEG

1 Physiologic Basis of EEG and Epilepsy

Organization of the Cerebral Cortex

Neuronal Resting Membrane Potential, Postsynaptic Potentials, and Action Potential

EEG Generator

Wave Generation and Baseline Shifts

Focal Activity

Generalized Tonic–Clonic Activity

Spreading Depression

Substrates of Brain Rhythms

Further Reading

2 EEG Instrumentation, Montage, Polarity, and Localization

The Source of EEG

Recording the EEG

Montages

Acquiring, Filtering, and Displaying the EEG Signal

Digital EEG Acquisition, Processing, and Display

EEG and Patient Safety

EEG Artifacts

References

3 Normal EEG Variants and Artifacts

Physiologic EEG Artifacts

Non-physiologic Artifacts

References

4 Neonatal EEG and Neonatal Seizures

Technical Information that is Unique in Neonatal EEG and that May Affect Interpretation

Neonatal Montage

Timing of the Neonatal EEG

Normal Developmental Landmarks

PCA  lessthan 30 Weeks of Gestation

Trace Discontinue

PCA Between 30 and 37 Weeks

Abnormalities in Voltage

Normal Graphoelements

Temporal Theta

PCA between 38 and 44 weeks.

Other Abnormal EEG Findings

Neonatal Seizures

Clinical Manifestations

Treatable Causes of Inborn Errors of Metabolism Presenting with Seizures and Encephalopathy

Pyridoxine-Dependent and Folinic Acid Responsive Seizures

Benign Neonatal Seizure Syndromes

Neonatal Non-epileptic Events

Special Features—Neonatal Ictal EEG Pattern

Neonatal Seizures Management

Long-term Outcome

References

Multiple Choice Questions for Part I

Sec3

Answers

The Abnormal EEG

5 Ictal and Interictal EEG

Interictal Epileptiform Discharges

Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges (PLEDs)

Temporal Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity (TIRDA)

Generalized IEDs

PhotoEpileptiform Discharges (Photoparoxysmal Response)

Ictal EEG

Ictal EEG in Focal Epilepsy

Ictal EEG in Generalized Epilepsy

Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy

Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsies

References

6 EEG and Semiology in Generalized Epilepsies

Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures [1–4]

Absence Seizures [1, 6]

Myoclonic Seizures [7]

Clonic Seizures [8]

Tonic Seizures [9]

Atonic Seizures [10]

References

7 EEG and Semiology in Focal Epilepsy

Temporal Lobe Seizures

Extratemporal Lobe Seizures

Frontal Lobe Seizures

Parietal Lobe Seizures

Occipital Lobe Seizures

Insular Lobe Seizures

References

8 Status Epilepticus

Definition

Epidemiology

Classification

SE Clinical Stages

Pathophysiology of SE

Metabolic Consequences of SE (Table 8.6)

Management

Evaluations

Treatment

Refractory Status Epilepticus (RSE, Stage 3 SE)

SE Treatment Outcome

References

9 EEG in Encephalopathy and Coma

Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity (IRDA)

Triphasic Waves

Continuous High-Voltage Polymorphic Delta (PDA)

Generalized Periodic Epileptiform Discharges

Burst Suppression Pattern

Low-Voltage Slow Non-reactive EEG

Electrocerebral Inactivity

Spindle Coma

Alpha-Theta Coma

Beta Coma

Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD)

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)

References

Multiple Choice Questions for Part II

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Answers

Specific Epilepsy Syndromes

10 Electro-Clinical Syndromes by Age of Onset—Childhood, Adolescence, and Adult

Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE)

Epilepsy with Myoclonic Absences

Epilepsy with Myoclonic-Atonic Seizures

Lennox-Gestaut Syndrome (LGS)

Epileptic Encephalopathy with Continuous Spike and Wave During Sleep (CSWS)

Juvenile Absence Epilepsy (JAE)

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)

Epilepsy with GTC Seizures Only

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy (PME)

Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE)

Familial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (Autosomal Dominant with Incomplete Penetrance)

Familial Focal Epilepsy with Variable Foci

Reflex Epilepsies

Gelastic Seizures—Hypothalamic Hamartoma (HH)

References

11 Seizures and Epilepsy in Early Life

Neonatal Period

Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures (BFNS) [1]

Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy: EIEE (Ohtahara Syndrome) [2]

Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy: EME [2]

Infancy

Migrating Partial Seizures of Infancy [3]

Infantile Spasms [2]

Myoclonic Epilepsy in Infancy (MEI) [2]

Benign Infantile Seizures [4]

Myoclonic Encephalopathy in Nonprogressive Disorders

Childhood

Febrile Seizures (FS): The Basics [6]

Genetic Epilepsy and Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+) [7]

Dravet Syndrome (also called Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy or SMEI)7

Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes BECTS (“Rolandic Epilepsy”) [8]

Panayiotopoulos Syndrome (Early Childhood Onset “Occipital” Epilepsy) [8]

Gastaut Syndrome (Late Childhood Onset “Occipital” Epilepsy) [8]

Rasmussen Syndrome

References

12 Imitators of Epilepsy

13 Genetic Analysis of Epilepsies

Background

Utility of Genetic Testing in Epilepsy

Clinical Application of Genetic Testing in Epilepsy

References

14 Epilepsy Secondary to Specific Mechanisms

Autoimmune Epilepsy

Brain Tumors and Epilepsy

Malformations of Cortical Development

Post-traumatic Epilepsy

Stroke and Epilepsy

Mesial Temporal Sclerosis

Vascular Malformations

References

Multiple Choice Questions for Part III

Sec1

Answers

Management of Epilepsy

15 Principles of Epilepsy Diagnosis and Management

Epidemiology

First Seizure

Other Factors Influencing AED Selection

Older (Classic) Versus Newer AEDs

FDA Indications

Reference Studies on AED Selection

Drug-Resistant Epilepsy and Polytherapy

Stopping AEDs When Seizure Freedom Achieved

References

16 Old Generation Antiepileptic Drugs

Phenobarbital

Primidone

Phenytoin

Fosphenytoin

Carbamazepine

Oxcarbazepine

Valproate/Divalproex

Ethosuximide

Benzodiazepines

References

17 New Generation Antiepileptic Drugs

Felbamate

Gabapentin

Lamotrigine

Topiramate

Tiagabine

Levetiracetam

Zonisamide

Pregabalin

Lacosamide

Vigabatrin

Rufinamide

Ezogabine (Known as Retigabine Outside the USA)

Perampanel

Eslicarbazepine

References

18 Dietary Therapies

History

Overview of Types of Dietary Therapies

Ketogenic Diet (“Classic”)

Medium-Chain Triglyceride (MCT) Diet

Modified Atkins Diet (MAD)

Low-Glycemic-Index Treatment (LGIT)

Patient Selection

Mechanisms

Duration

Complications

Outcomes

Modified Atkins Diet

Low-Glycemic-Index Treatment

Future Directions

Further Reading

References

19 Other Pharmacological Therapies: Investigational Antiepileptic Drugs, Animal Models of Epilepsy,

Investigational Antiepileptic Drugs

Animal Models of Epilepsy

Hormonal and Immunological Treatment

References

20 Epilepsy Management in Special Populations

Epilepsy in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disability

Epilepsy in the Elderly

Women with Epilepsy

References

Multiple Choice Questions for Part IV

Sec1

Answers

Presurgical Evaluation and Epilepsy Surgery

21 Neuroimaging in Epilepsy

Computed Axial Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Subtraction Ictal SPECT Co-registered to MRI (SISCOM)

Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

MR Spectroscopy (MRS)

Functional MRI (F-MRI)

References

22 Neuropsychological Evaluation in Epilepsy

Neuropsychology Principles

Purpose of a Neuropsychological Evaluation

Components of a Neuropsychological Evaluation

Neuropsychological Findings by Domain in Epilepsy

Overview

Intelligence

Language

Memory

Attention/Executive Functions

Visual/Spatial

Psychomotor/Reaction Time

Academic Functioning

Psychosocial

Mapping Cognition

References/Recommendations for Further Reading

23 Magnetoencephalography and Magnetic Source Modeling

Introduction

MEG History

MEG Equipment and Recording

Magnetic Source Modeling

Source Modeling of Epileptic Activity and Evoked Responses

The Role of MEG in Presurgical Evaluations

Some Limitations of Current Clinical MEG Methodologies

Summary

References

24 Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Other Neuromodulation

Approved Indications of VNS Therapy

Refractory Epilepsy—Definition

Clinical Indications of VNS

Vagus Nerve Anatomy and Lead Placement

Electrode Polarity and Pulse Stimulus

Initial Clinical Trials—Overview

Clinical Trials: Efficacy and Safety

Stimulation Parameters and Safety

Suggested Initial Dosing Settings

Adverse Effects

Precautions

Optimizing Parameters and Alleviating Side Effects

Optimizing Results

Managing Side Effects

VNS Warning with MRI

Mechanism(s) of Action of VNS

Investigational Neurostimulators

Responsive Cortical Stimulation

Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus (SANTE Trial)

References

25 Epilepsy Surgery Assessment and Testing

Refractory (Drug Resistant, Intractable, Pharmacoresistant) Epilepsy

Treatment Options for Refractory Partial Epilepsy

Presurgical Evaluation

Neuropsychology

Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure (Wada Test)

Case Presentation #1

Is Epilepsy Surgery Warranted?

Early Randomized Surgical Epilepsy Trial (ERSET)

Surgical Methods

Temporal lobe surgery

Temporal lobectomy

Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy (SAH)

Outcome Following Temporal Lobe Surgery

Long-term Surgery—MTLE and MTS

Standard Anterior Temporal Lobectomy

Temporal Lobectomy—Inferior Temporal Approach

Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy

Neurocognitive Deficits and Risk Factors Following ATL

Standard Versus Selective Temporal Lobe Surgery

Right Versus Left Temporal Lobectomy (RTL vs. LTL)

Case Presentation #2

Case Presentation #3

Outcome Following Nonlesional Partial Epilepsy Surgery

Outcome Following ATL in Nonlesional TLE Surgery

Case Presentation #4

Outcome Following Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) Seizures

Multiple Subpial Transection (MST)

Overall Seizure-Free Outcome

Epilepsy Surgery—Long-term Outcome (≥5 Years)

Failed Epilepsy Surgery and Reoperation

Parietal Lobe Epilepsy

Occipital Lobe Epilepsy

Insular-Opercular Seizures

Epilepsy Surgery in Children

Extra-temporal Epilepsy Surgery in Children

Ictal Onset High-Frequency Oscillations

References

26 Procedures and Outcomes in Epilepsy Surgery

Symptoms

Noninvasive Evaluations

Invasive Evaluations

Testing the Brain—Functional Localization

Temporal Lobe Surgical Resections

Seizure Control

Other Outcomes

Other Surgical Resections

References

27 Quality of Life in Epilepsy

References

Websites—Further Reading

Multiple Choice Questions for Part V

Sec15

Answers

Index

 

An aparitie	28-06-17
Autor	Mohamad Z. Koubeissi; Nabil J. Azar
Dimensiuni	17.81 x 2.24 x 25.4 cm
Editura	Springer
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781493967728
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	388