Cognitive Screening Instruments

 

Description:

This revised and updated second edition provides a practical and structured overview of some of the most commonly used and easily available cognitive screening instruments applicable in the outpatient clinic and bedside setting. It now includes additional chapters on AD8 and also methodological aspects of systematic cognitive screening instrument assessment from the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group. Expert authors from around the world equip the reader with clear instructions on the usage of each screening instrument, its strengths and weaknesses, and the time required for administration. Rules on scoring are also provided, such as how to correct for variations in the patient’s age or education, and suggested cut-off scores. Cognitive Screening Instruments: A Practical Approach, Second Edition is aimed at both clinicians and professionals in disciplines allied to medicine who are called upon to assess patients with possible cognitive disorders, including neurologists, old age psychiatrists, neuropsychologists, primary care physicians, dementia support workers, and members of memory assessment teams.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part I: Introduction to Cognitive Screening Instruments

Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Screening Instruments: Rationale and Desiderata

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Rationale of Cognitive Screening

1.3 Desiderata for Cognitive Screening Instruments

1.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Assessment of the Utility of Cognitive Screening Instruments

2.1 Importance of Measuring the Diagnostic Accuracy of Dementia Assessments

2.2 Statistical Methods for Comparing Tests

2.3 Nomenclature of Test Accuracy

2.3.1 Index Test

2.3.2 Target Condition

2.3.3 Reference Standard

2.3.4 Target Population

2.4 Test Accuracy Metrics

2.4.1 Sensitivity and Specificity

2.4.2 Predictive Values

2.4.3 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Plots

2.5 Interpreting Test Accuracy Results

2.6 Issues in Cognitive Test Accuracy

2.6.1 Reference Standards for Dementia

2.6.2 Partial Completion of Assessment

2.6.3 Incorporation Bias

2.7 Assessing Study Design and Study Reporting

2.7.1 Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)

2.7.2 Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Statement (STARD)

2.8 Meta-analysis of Test Accuracy in Dementia

2.9 Conclusions

References

Part II: Patient Performance-Related Tests

Chapter 3: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): Update on Its Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinica

3.1 Background

3.2 Diagnostic Validity in Dementia of Any Severity

3.3 Diagnostic Validity in Early Dementia

3.4 Diagnostic Accuracy in the Detection of MCI

3.5 Diagnostic Validity in Delirium

3.6 Conclusion and Implementation

References

Chapter 4: MMSE Variants and Subscores

4.1 Introduction

4.2 MMSE Variants

4.2.1 Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (sMMSE)

4.2.2 Long Forms of the MMSE, Including 3MS

4.2.3 Short Forms of the MMSE

4.2.4 Severe MMSE

4.2.5 MMSE for the Hearing Impaired

4.2.6 MMSE for the Vision Impaired

4.2.7 Telephone Adaptations of the MMSE

4.2.8 Mini-Mental Parkinson (MMP)

4.3 MMSE Subscores

4.3.1 Vascular Dementia

4.3.2 Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Ala Score

4.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Clock Drawing Test

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Popularity of CDT

5.3 CDT Administration

5.4 CDT Scoring Systems

5.5 Comparing CDT Scoring Systems

5.6 Predictive Validity of CDT

5.6.1 Normal Aging

5.6.2 Mild Cognitive Impairment

5.7 CDT and Specific Neurologic Conditions

5.7.1 Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease

5.7.2 Delirium

5.7.3 Huntington’s Disease

5.7.4 Parkinson’s Disease

5.7.5 Stroke

5.7.6 Traumatic Brain Injury

5.7.7 Schizophrenia

5.7.8 Metabolic Syndrome

5.8 Longitudinal Monitoring Using the CDT

5.9 Cultural, Ethnic, and Educational Considerations

5.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examinations: ACE, ACE-R, ACE-III, ACEapp, and M-ACE

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Development and Index Studies

6.2.1 Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE)

6.2.2 Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R)

6.2.3 ACE-III, ACEapp

6.2.4 Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (M-ACE)

6.3 ACE Translations

6.4 Systematic Reviews, Meta-analysis, and Independent Cohort Studies

6.4.1 ACE

6.4.2 ACE-R

6.4.3 ACE-III

6.4.4 M-ACE

6.5 Diagnostic Utility

6.5.1 Normative Studies

6.5.2 Dementia and Cognitive Impairment

6.5.3 Depression

6.5.4 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

6.5.5 Frontotemporal Lobar Degenerations

6.5.6 Parkinsonian Syndromes

6.5.7 Stroke and Vascular Dementia

6.5.8 Brain Injury

6.5.9 Other Uses

6.6 Comparison and Combination with Other Screening Instruments

6.6.1 Comparing ACE, ACE-R and ACE-III with MMSE

6.6.2 Comparing ACE-R with Other Instruments: MoCA, TYM

6.6.3 Comparing M-ACE with MMSE and MoCA

6.6.4 Combining ACE-R with an Informant Scale: IQCODE

6.6.5 Combining ACE-R with a Functional Scale: IADL Scale

6.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Concept and Clinical Review

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Cognitive Domains Assessed by the MoCA

7.2.1 Visuospatial/Executive

7.2.1.1 Modified Trail Making Test

7.2.1.2 Copy of the Cube

7.2.1.3 The Clock Drawing Test

7.2.2 Naming

7.2.3 Attention

7.2.3.1 The Digit Span

7.2.3.2 Concentration and Calculation: Letter A Tapping Test

7.2.3.3 Concentration and Calculation: Serial 7 Subtractions

7.2.4 Language

7.2.4.1 Sentence Repetition

7.2.4.2 Letter F Fluency

7.2.5 Abstraction

7.2.6 Delayed Recall

7.2.7 The Memory Index Score [112]

7.2.8 Orientation

7.3 MoCA Development and Validation

7.3.1 Optimal Cut-Off Scores

7.3.2 Recommendations

7.3.3 Practical Approach

7.4 Demographic Effect on MoCA Performance

7.4.1 Age and Gender Effect

7.4.2 Education and Literacy Effect

7.5 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

7.6 The MoCA and the Memory Index Score (MIS)

7.7 Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI)

7.7.1 Asymptomatic Cerebrovascular Disease Patients with Vascular Risk Factors

7.7.2 Symptomatic Cerebrovascular Disease

7.7.2.1 Cognitive Impairment Post-Stroke or TIA

7.7.2.2 Heart Failure

7.7.2.3 Chronic Atrial Fibrillation

7.7.2.4 Sub-optimal Self-Care and Functional Dependency

7.7.2.5 Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia (SIVD)

7.7.2.6 Monitoring of Treatment

7.8 Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

7.9 Huntington’s Disease

7.10 Brain Tumors

7.11 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

7.12 Substance Use Disorders

7.13 Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (Idiopathic RBD)

7.14 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

7.15 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

7.16 Risk of Falls

7.17 Rehabilitation Outcome

7.18 MoCA in Epilepsy

7.19 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection

7.20 Miscellaneous Conditions

7.21 Normative Data in Multiple Languages, Cultures, Age and Education Levels

7.22 MoCA for the Blind

7.23 A 5 min MoCA

7.24 The Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B) Development and Validation for Illiterate an

7.25 Future Research

7.25.1 Electronic MoCA (e-MoCA)

7.25.2 Alternate/Parallel MoCA Versions

7.25.3 MoCA Training and Certification Program

7.26 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: DemTect

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Description of the Test

8.2.1 Subtests: Construction and Administration

8.2.2 Scoring

8.2.3 Interpretation of the Total Transformed Score

8.2.4 Administration Time

8.2.5 Avoiding Retest Effects with the Parallel Version of the DemTect: DemTect B

8.2.6 Psychometric Criteria

8.3 Neural Correlates of the DemTect Subtests

8.4 The DemTect in Clinical Practice and Scientific Contexts

8.5 The “SIMARD: A Modification of the DemTect” – A Tool for the Identification of Cog

8.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: TYM (Test Your Memory) Testing

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Origins

9.3 Administering the TYM Test

9.4 Requirements of a New Test

9.5 Help Provided

9.6 Scoring the TYM Test

9.7 Validation of the TYM Test

9.7.1 Index Study

9.7.2 TYM Test Validations

9.8 Why Use the TYM Test?

9.9 TYM Test in Specific Situations

9.9.1 Amnestic MCI

9.9.2 TYM Test in Non-Alzheimer Dementias

9.9.3 TYM Testing of Hospital Inpatients and the Dementia CQUIN

9.9.4 TYM Testing in General Neurology Clinics

9.10 Comparison of TYM with the ACE-R and MMSE

9.11 Limitations of the TYM and Possible Solutions

9.11.1 Patients with Visual or Physical Problems

9.11.2 Self-Testing

9.11.3 Cultural Bias

9.11.4 Safety

9.12 The Hard TYM (H-TYM)

9.13 Tymtest.com

9.14 Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: The General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG)

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Test Instructions

10.3 Development of the GPCOG

10.4 Patient Cognitive Assessment

10.5 Informant Interview

10.6 Diagnostic Utility

10.7 Demographic and Other Biases

10.8 Patient and GP Acceptability of the GPCOG

10.9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT)

11.1 Introduction

11.2 6CIT: Item Contents

11.3 Diagnostic Utility

11.4 Advantages and Disadvantages

11.4.1 Time

11.4.2 Content

11.4.3 Scoring

11.4.4 Diagnosis of Dementia Subtypes

11.4.5 Visual Impairment

11.5 Other Reported Uses

11.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: The Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen (Qmci)

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Qmci Screen Scoring and Administration Guidelines

12.2.1 Orientation

12.2.2 Registration

12.2.3 Clock Drawing

12.2.4 Delayed Recall

12.2.5 Verbal Fluency

12.2.6 Logical Memory

12.3 Validation of the Qmci Screen

12.3.1 Content Validity

12.3.2 Concurrent Validity

12.3.3 Construct Validity

12.3.4 Cut-off Scores

12.4 Clinical Utility of the Qmci Screen: Use in Different Settings

12.5 Translations of the Qmci Screen

12.6 The Quick Memory Check

12.7 Conclusions and Future Research

References

Part III: Informant-Related Scales

Chapter 13: The IQCODE: Using Informant Reports to Assess Cognitive Change in the Clinic and in

13.1 Introduction

13.2 IQCODE History and Development

13.3 Administration and Scoring

13.4 Psychometric Characteristics

13.5 Validation Against Clinical Diagnosis

13.6 Systematic Reviews

13.7 Neuropsychological Correlates

13.8 Neuroimaging Correlates

13.9 Alternative Applications

13.9.1 Retrospective Estimate of Cognitive Change

13.9.1.1 Post Surgery

13.9.1.2 Post Pharmacological Treatment

13.9.1.3 Post Stroke or Trauma

13.9.2 Prospective Risk Assessment

13.9.3 Self-Assessment with the IQCODE

13.10 Bias and Limitations

13.11 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Brief Informant Interviews to Screen for Dementia: The AD8 and Quick Dementia Rating

14.1 Introduction

14.2 The AD8

14.3 Studies of the AD8

14.3.1 In the Acute Care Setting

14.3.2 Combining the AD8 with Performance-Based Instruments

14.3.3 As a Patient-Based Assessment of Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Insight

14.3.4 As a Predictor of Recovery of Function

14.3.5 Use in Population Dementia Screening

14.3.6 Spanish

14.3.7 Portuguese

14.3.8 Chinese

14.3.9 Korean

14.3.10 Japanese

14.4 Limitations of the AD8 and Other Informant Assessments

14.5 Quick Dementia Rating Scale (QDRS)

14.6 Conclusion

References

Part IV: Conclusion

Chapter 15: The Usage of Cognitive Screening Instruments: Test Characteristics and Suspected Diagn

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Test Characteristics

15.2.1 Primary Versus Secondary Care Settings

15.2.2 Test Duration

15.2.3 General Versus Specific Cognitive Functions

15.2.4 Patient Versus Informant Scales

15.2.5 Quantitative Versus Qualitative Scales

15.3 Suspected Diagnosis

15.3.1 Tests for Suspected AD and MCI

15.3.2 Tests for Suspected Vascular Dementia and Vascular Cognitive Impairment

15.3.3 Tests for Suspected Parkinson’s Disease Dementia (PDD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DL

15.3.4 Tests for Suspected Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration

15.4 Conclusion

References

Index

 

An aparitie	2017
Autor	Larner
Dimensiuni	15.75 x 2.29 x 23.37 cm
Editura	Springer
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9783319447742
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	361