Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System

Description:

Providing the ocular anatomy and physiology content needed for a thorough comprehension of this complex field, Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System, 4th Edition, offers a solid foundation for recognizing and understanding specific clinical situations and how they relate to anatomic structure. This concise, well-referenced resource covers the clinical anatomy of the eye, its adnexa and visual pathways, and histologic information—the information you need for success in coursework, certification exams, and clinical practice.

Table of Contents:

1 Introduction to the Visual System

Anatomic Features of the Eye

Anatomic Directions and Planes

Refractive Conditions

Ophthalmic Instrumentation

Basic Histological Features

Brief Review of Human Cellular Physiology

Intercellular Junctions

2 Ocular Adnexa and Lacrimal System

Eyebrow Features

External Features of the Eyelids

Gross Anatomy of the Eyelid

Histological Features of the Eyelid

Innervation of the Eyelids

Blood Supply of the Eyelids

Lacrimal System

Aging Changes in the Eyelids and Lacrimal System

References

3 Cornea

Corneal Dimensions

Corneal Anatomy and Histology

Corneal Innervation

Corneal Blood Supply

Corneal Function

Physiological Aging Changes in the Cornea

References

4 Sclera, Conjunctiva, and Limbus

Sclera

Episclera

Tenon Capsule

Conjunctiva

Limbus

References

5 Uvea

Iris

Ciliary Body

Choroid

Blood Supply to the Uveal Tract

Innervation to the Uveal Tract

Aging Changes in the Uvea

References

6 Aqueous and Vitreous Humors

Anterior Chamber

Aqueous Dynamics

Aging Changes in the Anterior Chamber

Posterior Chamber

Vitreous Chamber

References

7 Crystalline Lens

Lens Dimensions

Embryological Development

Lens Histology

Lens Capsule

Lens Epithelium

Lens Fibers

Epithelium-Fiber Interface

Divisions of the Lens

Lens Sutures

Zonules (of Zinn)

Accommodation

Lens Physiology

Lens Capsule

Lens Epithelium

Lens Fibers

Fiber Components

Formation of Lens Fibers

Fiber Junctions

Lens Metabolism

Ionic Current

Ultraviolet Radiation

Oxidative Stress

Aging Changes in the Crystalline Lens

The Physiology of Cataract Formation

Diabetes-Related Cataract

Age-Related Cortical Cataract

Age-Related Nuclear Cataract

Posterior Subcapsular Cataract

References

8 Retina

Retinal Histological Features

Ten Retinal Layers

Number and Distribution of Neural Cells

Retinal Function

Regions of the Retina

Retinal Blood Supply

Blood-Retinal Barrier

Aging Changes in the Retina

References

9 Ocular Embryology

Development of Ocular Structures

Development of the Globe

Development of Ocular Adnexa

Blood Vessel Permeability and Barriers

Genetic Implications

References

10 Bones of the Skull and Orbit

Bones of the Cranium

Bones of the Face

The Orbit

Paranasal Sinuses

Orbital Connective Tissue

Aging Changes in the Orbit

References

11 Extraocular Muscles

Microscopic Anatomy of Striated Muscle

Structure of the Extraocular Muscles

Orbital Connective Tissue Structures

Macroscopic Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles

Eye Movements

Innervation and Blood Supply

Aging Changes in the Extraocular Muscles

References

12 Orbital Blood Supply

Internal Carotid Artery

Physiology of Ocular Circulation

External Carotid Artery

Veins of the Orbit

Lymphatic Drainage

Effect of Aging on Ocular Circulation

References

13 Cranial Nerve Innervation of Ocular Structures

The Nervous System

Afferent Pathway: Orbital Sensory Innervation

Efferent Pathway: Motor Nerves

References

14 Autonomic Innervation of Ocular Structures

Autonomic Pathway

Pharmacological Responses of Intrinsic Muscles

Accommodation-Convergence Reaction (Near-Point Reaction)

Pupillary Light Pathway

References

15 Visual Pathway

Anatomy of Visual Pathway Structures

Blood Supply to the Visual Pathway

Fiber Orientation and Visual Fields

Aging Within the Visual Pathway

References

Index