Arthroscopy and Sport Injuries

 

Description:

This book describes the current applications of arthroscopy in a very wide range of sports injuries involving, among other sites, the hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. For each condition, mechanisms of injury are explained and the role of arthroscopy in diagnosis and treatment is described. Relevant information is also provided on the epidemiology and mechanisms of injury in specific sports and on indications for treatment and rehabilitation. The book fully reflects the recent advances that have taken place in arthroscopy, permitting more accurate assessment and more successful management of post-traumatic pathologies. Furthermore, it acknowledges that as a result of the increasing use of new technologies and biomaterials, there is now particular interest in techniques that promote biological healing of articular lesions and permit complete functional recovery. The authors are leading specialists in the field who have aimed to provide practitioners with the clear guidance that they require on the evaluation and treatment of injuries incurred during sporting activity.

 

Table of Contents:

 

1: Future in Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Noninvasive Devices for Improved Diagnosis and Prognosis

1.3 Injury Prevention

1.4 Individualized Treatment

1.5 Computer-Assisted Navigation

1.6 Biologics in Sports Medicine

Conclusion

References

2: Injury Risk in the Olympic Games

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Implementation of Data Collection

2.2.2 Injury and Illness Report Form

2.2.3 Definition of Injury and Illness

2.3 Results

2.3.1 Response Rate and Coverage of the Athletes

2.3.2 Incidence of Injuries

2.3.3 Injury Risk in Different Sports

2.3.4 Injury Location and Type

2.3.5 Injury Mechanism and Circumstance

2.3.6 Injury Severity

2.3.7 Incidence and Distribution of Illnesses (Registered in Vancouver and London Only)

2.3.8 Affected System, Causes, Symptoms, and Severity of Illness

2.4 Discussion

2.4.1 Incidence and Distribution, Type, and Cause of Injuries

2.4.2 Incidence and Distribution, Type, and Cause of Illnesses (Registered in London and Vanco

2.5 Practical Implications and Further Research

Conclusion

References

3: Tennis: Epidemiology and Injury Mechanism

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Epidemiology and Mechanism of Upper Limb Injuries in Tennis Players

3.2.1 The Shoulder

3.2.2 The Elbow

3.3 The Spine

3.3.1 The Cervical Spine

3.3.2 The Lower Back

3.4 Epidemiology and Mechanism of Lower Limb Injuries in Tennis Players

3.4.1 The Ankle

3.4.2 The Knee

3.4.3 The Hip

References

4: Rugby Injuries: Epidemiology and Mechanism

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Definition and Characteristics of Injuries

4.3 Incidence and Severity of Injuries

4.4 Mechanism of Specific Site Injuries

4.4.1 Shoulder

4.4.2 Cervical Spine

4.4.3 Knee

Conclusion

Bibliography

5: Basketball: Epidemiology and Injury Mechanism

5.1 Acute Injuries

5.1.1 Ankle Sprains

5.1.2 Knee Ligament Acute Injuries

5.1.3 Hip and Pelvis Acute Injuries

5.1.4 Upper Extremity Acute Injuries

5.1.5 Wrist Acute Injuries

5.1.6 Back Acute Injuries

5.2 Overuse Injuries

5.2.1 Ankle, Foot, and Lower Leg Overuse Injuries

5.2.2 Knee Overuse Injuries

5.2.3 Hip and Pelvis Overuse Injuries

5.2.4 Back Overuse Injuries

References

6: Football: Epidemiology and Injury Mechanism

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Football Epidemiology

6.3 Methodological Considerations

6.4 Epidemiological Researches in Professional Football

6.5 Injury Incidence in Football

6.6 Risk Factors

References

7: Return to Sport (General Aspects)

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Physical Recovery

7.3 Psychological Recovery

7.4 Discussion

7.5 Summary

References

8: The Groin Pain Syndrome

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Etiology and Clinical Classification

8.3 Injury Mechanisms and Predisposing Factors

8.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

8.4.1 Imaging

8.5 Rehabilitation and Treatment Strategy

8.5.1 Type of Exercise and the Progression of Work Plan

8.5.2 The Intensity, the Frequency, and the Duration of Exercise

8.5.3 Therapeutic Interventions

8.5.4 Surgical Treatment

8.5.5 Inguinal Hernia

8.5.6 Sports Hernia

8.5.7 Adductor Tendinopathy

8.5.8 Osteitis Pubis

8.5.9 Hockey Goalie–Baseball Pitcher Syndrome

8.5.10 Acetabular Labral Tear

8.5.11 Internal Snapping Hip

8.5.12 Osteoid Osteoma

8.5.13 Nerve Entrapment

8.6 Return to Play

Conclusions

References

9: Achilles Tendinopathies

9.1 Etiology

9.2 Injury Mechanism

9.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

9.4 Treatment Strategy

9.4.1 Non-insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

9.4.1.1 Nonoperative Treatment

9.4.1.2 Surgical Treatment

9.4.2 Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

9.4.2.1 Nonoperative Treatment

9.4.2.2 Operative Treatment

9.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

10: Achilles Tendon Rupture

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Etiopathogenesis and Injury Mechanism

10.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

10.4 Treatment Strategy

10.5 Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair: Surgical Technique

10.6 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

10.7 Discussion

Conclusion

References

11: Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Epidemiology and Predisposing Factors

11.3 Symptomatology and Classification

11.3.1 Jumper’s Knee Classification According to Symptoms

11.4 Radiological Findings

11.5 Anatomo-pathology

11.6 Treatment

11.7 Patellar Tendon Rupture

References

12: Patellar Tendon Rupture

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Etiology

12.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

12.4 Treatment Strategy

12.4.1 Acute Ruptures

12.4.2 Chronic Ruptures

12.5 Outcome

12.6 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

Conclusion

References

13: Hamstring Injuries

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Injury Mechanism

13.3 Diagnosis

13.4 Treatment Strategy

13.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Sport

13.5.1 Stage 1: Protection and Optimal Loading

13.5.2 Stage 2: Aerobic Threshold Workout and Running Recovery

13.5.3 Stage 3: Anaerobic Lactacid and Eccentric Strength Recovery

13.5.4 Stage 4: Return to the Team and Prevention Pro-education

Conclusions

References

14: Return to Sport After Muscle Tendon Lesions

14.1 Introduction

14.1.1 Pathological Processes

14.2 Evaluation

14.3 Managing Healing Process

References

15: Shoulder Imaging Evaluation

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Impingement and Rotator Cuff Tears

15.2.1 Subacromial Impingement Syndrome (SIS)

15.2.1.1 Imaging of Impingement Syndrome: Imaging Modalities

Radiography

Ultrasound

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MR Arthrography

15.2.1.2 Imaging Findings in Impingement Syndrome and Rotator Cuff Tears

Subacromial Bursitis-Bursal Effusion

Tendinosis

Partial-Thickness Tears

Rotator Cuff Tears

Subscapularis Tears and Biceps Tendon Lesions

15.3 Instability

15.3.1 Shoulder Imaging Techniques

15.3.1.1 Radiography

15.3.1.2 CT and CT Arthrography

15.3.1.3 MRI and MR Arthrography

15.3.2 Imaging Findings in Instability

15.3.2.1 Anterior Instability

15.3.2.2 Bony Lesions: Humeral Head Defect

15.3.2.3 Anteroinferior Lesions of the Glenoid Rim

15.3.2.4 Capsulolabral Detachments

15.3.2.5 Posterior Instabilities

Radiographs

Multiplanar Imaging

15.3.2.6 Superior Labral Lesions

Imaging

References

16: Shoulder Management of the First Time Anterior Shoulder Dislocation

16.1 Aetiology

16.2 Diagnosis

16.3 Treatment

Conclusions

References

17: Shoulder Superior Labral Repair

17.1 The Superior Labrum: Anatomy, Role, and Pathology

17.2 Etiology

17.3 Injury Mechanism

17.3.1 Biceps Anchor Anatomy

17.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

17.5 Treatment Strategy

17.6 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

18: Shoulder Anterior Instability

18.1 Epidemiology

18.2 Joint

18.3 Injury Mechanism

18.4 Pathoanatomy

18.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

18.6 Treatment Strategy

18.6.1 Nonoperative Management

18.6.2 Operative Management

18.7 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

19: Shoulder Instability with Bony Lesions

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Mechanical and Clinical Correlations

19.3 Diagnosis

19.3.1 History

19.3.2 Physical Examination

19.3.3 Imaging

19.4 Instability with Bone Deficiency: Treatment

19.4.1 Hill-Sachs Defects

19.4.2 Glenoid Deficiency

19.5 Postoperative Care and Return to Sports

19.6 Discussion

19.6.1 Indication to the Latarjet as Procedure of Choice According to the Severity Index Scor

References

20: Shoulder Microtraumatic and Atraumatic Instability

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Mechanism of Injury: Overhead Movement

20.3 Pathogenesis

20.4 Role of the Scapulothoracic Joint

20.5 The Proprioceptive System

20.6 Pathological Anatomy

20.7 Clinical Presentation

20.8 Diagnosis

20.9 Imaging Investigations

20.10 Therapy and Return to Competitive Activity

References

21: Posterior Shoulder Instability

21.1 Etiology

21.1.1 Bony Abnormalities of the Glenoid

21.1.2 Bony Abnormalities of the Humeral Head

21.1.3 Soft Tissue Abnormalities

21.2 Mechanism of Injury

21.3 Clinical Examination

21.4 Diagnostic Imaging

21.5 Treatment Strategy

21.6 Operative Technique

21.7 Results of Surgical Management

21.8 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

22: Shoulder Rotator Cuff Repair

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Etiology and Injury Mechanism

22.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

22.3.1 Clinical Examination

22.3.2 Radiography

22.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

22.4 Treatment Strategy

22.4.1 Nonoperative Management

22.4.2 Surgical Treatment

22.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

23: Treatment of Acute Traumatic Acromioclavicular Dislocations

23.1 Etiology

23.2 Injury Mechanism

23.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

23.4 Treatment Strategy

23.4.1 Treatment Modalities

23.4.1.1 Nonoperative Treatment

23.4.1.2 Surgical Treatment

Open Techniques

Arthroscopic Techniques

23.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

24: Return to Sport After Shoulder Arthroscopy

24.1 Instability

24.1.1 Anatomy of the Shoulder

24.1.2 Dislocation Mechanism/Incidence

24.1.3 Surgery

24.1.4 Return to Sport After Arthroscopic Surgery for Instability

24.2 Multidirectional Shoulder Instability

24.3 Acute Traumatic Posterior Shoulder Dislocation

24.4 Posterior Instability of the Shoulder

24.4.1 Postoperative Rehabilitation and Return to Sport

24.5 SLAP Lesion

24.6 Rotator Cuff

24.7 Discussion

References

25: Thrower’s Elbow

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Functional Anatomy

25.3 Pathophysiology and Biomechanics

25.4 History and Physical Examination

25.5 Diagnostic Imaging

25.6 Prevention

25.7 Valgus Instability/Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries

25.8 Ulnar Neuritis

25.9 Flexor-Pronator Injuries

25.10 Medial Epicondyle Apophyseal Injuries

25.11 Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum

25.12 Posteromedial Impingement

25.13 Olecranon Stress Fractures

25.14 Summary

Resources

26: Biceps and Triceps Tendon Lesions

26.1 Distal Biceps Lesions

26.1.1 Epidemiology

26.1.2 Etiology

26.1.3 Clinical Presentation

26.1.4 Diagnostic Examinations

26.1.4.1 X-Ray

26.1.4.2 MRI

26.1.4.3 Echography

26.1.5 Treatment

26.1.5.1 Conservative

26.1.5.2 Anatomical or Non-anatomical Repair

26.1.5.3 Partial Ruptures

26.1.5.4 Chronic Ruptures

26.1.5.5 Surgical Technique

Tendon Identification and Evaluation of the Lesion

Tendon Repair at the Radial Tuberosity

Single Anterior Approach Technique

Double Anterior and Posterior Approach Technique

26.1.5.6 Rehabilitation Treatment

Conservative Treatment of the Acute Lesion

Post-surgical Treatment After Tendon Repair

26.1.6 Results

26.2 Triceps Lesions

26.2.1 Mechanism of Lesion

26.2.2 Clinical Picture

26.2.3 Diagnosis

26.2.4 Anatomy

26.2.5 Treatment

26.2.6 Surgical Technique

26.2.7 Results

26.2.8 Rehabilitation

References

27: Medial Epicondylitis

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Etiology and Injury Mechanism

27.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

27.4 Treatment Strategy

27.4.1 Non-operative Treatment

27.4.2 Surgical Treatment

27.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

28: Lateral Epicondylitis of the Elbow

28.1 Etiology

28.2 Injury Mechanism

28.3 Pathology

28.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

28.5 Differential Diagnosis

28.6 Treatment

28.6.1 Nonsurgical Treatment

28.6.2 Promotion of Healing

28.6.3 Surgical Treatment

28.6.4 Arthroscopy

28.6.5 Open Surgery

28.7 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

29: Elbow Instability

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Etiology

29.3 Injury Mechanism

29.3.1 PLRI

29.3.2 Valgus Injuries

29.3.3 Varus Injuries: Posteromedial Dislocation

29.3.4 Complex Injuries

29.4 Clinical Evaluation

29.4.1 Valgus Instability

29.4.2 PLRI

29.5 Diagnostic Imaging

29.6 Treatment Strategy

29.7 Treatment of UCL Lesions

29.8 Treatment of LCL Lesions

Conclusions

References

30: Wrist Ligament Injuries

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Carpal Instabilities

30.2.1 Aetiology

30.2.1.1 Direct Mechanism

30.2.1.2 Indirect Mechanism

30.2.2 Injury Mechanism

30.2.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examinations

30.2.3.1 Clinical Examination

30.2.3.2 Imaging

Radiography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Contrast-Enhanced Imaging (MRI Arthrography and CT Arthrography)

Diagnostic Wrist Arthroscopy

30.2.4 Treatment Strategy

30.3 Instability of the Distal Radioulnar Joint

30.3.1 Aetiology

30.3.2 Injury Mechanism

30.3.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

30.3.3.1 Clinical Examination

30.3.3.2 Imaging

Radiography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Contrast-Enhanced Imaging (MRI Arthrography and CT Arthrography)

30.3.4 Treatment Strategy

30.3.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

31: Wrist Tendon Lesions

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Etiology and Injury Mechanisms

31.2.1 Types of Injuries in Golf Players

31.2.2 Types of Injuries in Tennis Players

31.3 Pathology

31.3.1 De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis

31.3.2 Intersection Syndrome

31.3.3 Extensor Insertional Tenosynovitis

31.3.4 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU) Lesions

31.3.5 Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) Tenosynovitis

31.3.6 Others Tendons

References

32: Distal Radius Fractures

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Distal Radius Fractures and Sports

32.3 Pertinent Anatomy

32.4 Classification

32.4.1 Frykman’s Classification [8]

32.4.2 Mayo Clinic Classification [9]

32.4.3 Columnar Classification [10]

32.4.4 Fernandez Classification [11]

32.4.5 AO Classification [12]

32.5 Diagnosis

32.6 Treatment

32.6.1 Treatment Strategy

32.6.2 The Role of Conservative Treatment

32.6.3 The Role of Percutaneous Pin Fixation

32.6.4 The Role of External Fixation

32.6.5 The Role of Arthroscopy

32.6.6 The Role of Internal Fixation

32.6.6.1 Dorsal Approach

32.6.6.2 Volar Approach

References

33: Hip Imaging Evaluation

33.1 Plain Radiography

33.2 Computed Tomography

33.3 CT Arthrography

33.4 Ultrasound

33.5 Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

33.6 Magnetic Resonance Arthrography

33.7 Nuclear Scintigraphy

33.8 Hip Arthrography, Injection, Aspiration, and Bursography

33.9 Summary

References

34: Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) and Sport

34.1 CAM and PINCER: What Are They?

34.2 CAM and PINCER Physiopathology

34.3 CAM and PINCER Anatomopathology

34.4 Surgical Technique

34.5 Technical Notes

34.6 Rehabilitation

34.7 Outcome and Return to Play

References

35: Hip Tears of the Acetabular Labrum

35.1 Introduction and Etiology

35.2 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

35.3 Treatment Strategy

35.3.1 Labral Debridement

35.3.2 Surgical Technique for Arthroscopic Repair/Refixation

35.3.3 Primary Labral Repair

35.3.4 Traumatic Posterior Bankart-�Type Labral Tear

35.4 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

36: Return to Sport After Hip Arthroscopy

36.1 Premise

36.2 Directions of Rehabilitation

36.3 Objectives to Be Achieved Through the Field Rehabilitation

36.3.1 Recovery of Functional Movement

36.3.2 Recovery Sport-Specific Movements

36.3.3 Recovery of Fitness

36.3.4 Prevention of Reinjury

36.4 Return to Sport and Competition

36.5 Rehabilitation Field

36.5.1 First Phase

36.5.2 Second Phase

36.5.3 Third Phase

36.5.4 Fourth Phase

36.5.5 Fifth Phase

Conclusions

References

37: Medial Meniscus

37.1 Anatomy

37.2 Aetiology and Mechanism of Injury

37.3 Classification of Meniscal Injuries

37.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

37.4.1 Tests

37.4.1.1 McMurray Test [60]

37.4.1.2 Apley Test [61]

37.4.1.3 Finocchietto Sign [62]

37.4.1.4 Childress Test [63]

37.4.2 Imaging Investigations

37.5 Treatment Strategy

37.5.1 Total Meniscectomy

37.5.2 Partial Meniscectomy

37.5.2.1 Complications

37.5.3 Meniscal Repair

37.5.4 Biological Repair

37.6 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

38: Lateral Meniscus

38.1 Anatomy

38.1.1 Lateral Meniscal Variants: The Discoid Meniscus

38.2 Injury Epidemiology

38.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

38.3.1 Injury Mechanism in Meniscus Pathology

38.3.2 History

38.3.3 Physical Examination

38.3.4 Imaging

38.4 Therapeutic Approach

Conclusions

References

39: Cartilage Injury Treatment

39.1 Aetiology

39.1.1 Cartilage Layers and Injury Mechanism

39.2 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

39.2.1 Imaging

39.2.1.1 Plain x-rays

39.2.1.2 CT Arthrography

39.2.1.3 MRI

39.2.1.4 Technetium Scintigraphy

39.3 Operative Interventions

39.3.1 Arthroscopy

39.3.2 Cartilage Defects with Concomitant Joint Injuries

39.4 Treatment Strategy

39.4.1 The Operative Alternatives

39.4.1.1 Microfracture and Other Bone Marrow Stimulation Techniques

39.4.1.2 Osteochondral Grafts

39.4.1.3 ACI

39.4.2 Non-biological Local Repairs

39.4.3 General Comments

39.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

39.5.1 The Rehabilitation Process

References

40: Management of Collateral Ligament Injuries (Medial and Lateral) in Competitive Athletes

40.1 Medial Collateral Ligament and Posteromedial Corner

40.1.1 Introduction

40.1.2 Epidemiology

40.1.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

40.1.4 Treatment Strategy

40.1.4.1 Conservative Treatment

40.1.4.2 Surgical Treatment

40.1.4.3 Treatment of Chronic Lesions

40.1.5 Postoperative Management and Rehabilitation

40.2 Lateral Collateral Ligament

40.2.1 Introduction

40.2.2 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

40.2.3 Treatment of Acute Lesions

40.2.4 Treatment of Chronic Lesions

40.2.5 Postoperative Management and Rehabilitation

References

41: Anterior Cruciate Ligament

41.1 Etiology

41.2 Injury Mechanism

41.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

41.4 Treatment Strategy

41.4.1 Indications

41.4.2 Timing

41.4.3 Graft

41.4.4 Surgical Procedure

41.5 Rehabilitation After ACL Reconstruction

41.6 Return to Play

41.7 Outcome

References

42: Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament

42.1 Introduction

42.2 Complications and Failures in ACL Reconstruction

42.3 Recurrence of Knee Joint Instability

42.4 Clinical and Instrumental Diagnosis

42.5 Graft Selection

42.6 Treatment Strategy

42.7 Rehabilitation and Return to Sports

References

43: Posterior Cruciate Ligament

43.1 Anatomy

43.2 Biomechanic

43.3 Epidemiology

43.4 Injury Mechanism

43.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

43.6 Conservative Management

43.7 Surgical Indications

43.8 Surgical Timing

43.9 Graft Selection

43.10 Surgical Treatment

43.10.1 Avulsion Fragments

43.10.2 The Transtibial Single-Bundle PCL Technique

43.10.3 The Double-Bundle Technique

43.10.4 The Posterior Inlay Technique

43.10.5 Innovations

43.11 Postoperative Management

43.12 Return to Sport

43.13 Clinical Outcomes

References

44: Posterolateral Instability

44.1 Introduction

44.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics

44.3 Injury Mechanism

44.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

44.5 Treatment Strategies

44.5.1 Surgical Technique

44.5.1.1 The Modified Larson Technique

44.5.1.2 The LaPrade Technique [35]

44.6 Rehabilitation and Return to Sports Activity

References

45: Patellar Instability

45.1 Etiology

45.2 Injury Mechanism

45.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

45.3.1 Clinical Examination

45.3.2 Diagnostic Examination

45.4 Treatment Strategy

45.4.1 Lateral Release

45.4.2 Medial Reefing

45.4.3 Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction

45.4.4 Distal Realignment

45.4.5 Trochleoplasty

45.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

46: Anterior Knee Pain

46.1 Aetiology

46.2 Clinical Presentation

46.3 Clinical Examination

46.4 Diagnostic Examination

46.5 Treatment

46.6 Physical Rehabilitation

46.7 Tape

46.8 Patella Braces

46.9 Foot Orthosis

46.10 Pharmacological Therapy

46.11 Surgical Treatment

Conclusion

References

47: Knee Arthritis in Athletes

47.1 Etiology

47.2 Injury Mechanism

47.2.1 Malalignment

47.2.2 Loss of Meniscal Tissue

47.2.3 Meniscectomy

47.2.4 Meniscal Transplantation

47.2.5 Cartilage Defects

47.2.6 Joint Instability or Laxity

47.3 Treatment Strategy

47.4 Surgical Treatment

Conclusion

References

48: Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Lesion in Adolescents

48.1 Risk Factors

48.2 ACL Tear

48.3 Management of ACL Tear

48.3.1 Physeal Sparing Technique (Both Tibia and Femur)

48.3.2 Transphyseal and “All-Inside” Technique

48.4 Conclusions and Guideline for Physician (From the American Academy of Pediatrics) [30]

References

49: Management of the First Patellar Dislocation

49.1 Etiology

49.2 Injury Mechanism

49.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

49.4 Treatment Strategy

49.4.1 Nonoperative Treatment

49.4.2 Surgical Options

49.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

50: Chronic Ankle Instability

50.1 Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Ankle Ligamentous Complex

50.2 Etiology and Injury Mechanism

50.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

50.3.1 History and Physical Examination

50.3.2 Imaging

50.4 Treatment Strategies

50.4.1 Conservative Treatment

50.4.2 Anatomical Direct Repair

50.4.3 Tenodesis

50.4.4 Arthroscopy

50.4.5 Combined Procedures

50.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

51: Ankle Impingement (Anterior and Posterior)

51.1 Anterior Ankle Impingement (AAI)

51.1.1 Etiology and Classification

51.1.2 Injury Mechanism

51.1.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

51.1.4 Treatment Strategy

51.2 Posterior Ankle Impingement

51.2.1 Etiology and Classification

51.2.2 Injury Mechanism

51.2.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

51.2.4 Treatment Strategy

51.2.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

References

52: Ankle Osteochondral Lesions

52.1 Definition

52.1.1 Etiology

52.1.2 Injury Mechanism and Natural History

52.2 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination

52.3 Treatment Strategy

52.3.1 Acute Lesions

52.3.2 Chronic Lesions

52.3.2.1 Conservative Treatment

52.3.2.2 Retrograde Drilling

52.3.2.3 Microfractures

52.3.2.4 Mosaicplasty

52.3.2.5 Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation

52.3.2.6 Bone Marrow-Derived Cell Transplantation

52.3.2.7 Allograft

52.4 Rehabilitation and Return to Play

52.4.1 Fragment Fixation

52.4.2 Drilling

52.4.3 Microfractures

52.4.4 Mosaicplasty

52.4.5 ACI and BMDCT

Conclusions

References

53: Ankle Arthritis in Athletes

53.1 Background

53.2 Epidemiology

53.3 Physical Examination

53.4 Diagnostics

53.5 Surgical Arthroscopic Procedure

Conclusions

References

54: Return to Sport After Ankle Lesions

54.1 Introduction

54.2 Ankle Instability Rehabilitation After Surgical Treatment

54.3 Degenerative Diseases Rehabilitation After Surgical Treatment

54.4 Tecar and Laser Therapy

54.5 Proprioception

54.6 Discharge and Brace

54.7 Rehabilitation in Water

54.8 NEURAC Rehabilitation

54.9 Computerized Proprioception

54.10 Recovery of Athletic Movement and Return to Sport

References

55: Viscosupplementation in Athletes

55.1 Introduction

55.2 Rationale

55.3 Therapeutic Activities of HA

55.4 HA Preparations

55.5 Clinical Trials

55.5.1 Knee

55.5.2 Hip

55.5.3 Ankle

55.5.4 First Metatarsophalangeal Joint

55.5.5 Shoulder

55.5.6 Elbow

Conclusions

References

56: Use of PRP in Sports Medicine

56.1 Introduction

56.2 Tendinopathy

56.2.1 Elbow Tendinopathy

56.2.2 Achilles Tendinopathy

56.2.3 Patellar Tendinopathy

56.3 Rotator Cuff Tears

56.4 Ligament Injuries

56.4.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament

56.5 Muscle Injuries

56.6 PRP and Doping

Conclusion

References

57: Use of Scaffolds in Sports Medicine

57.1 Introduction

57.2 Articular Cartilage Scaffolds

57.3 Clinical Evidence in Scaffold Application

Conclusions

References

58: Arthroscopy and Sports Topics in Top Level Athletes: Use of a Brace

58.1 Introduction

58.2 Shoulder

58.3 Elbow

58.4 Wrist

58.5 Knee Braces

58.6 Ankle Braces

Conclusion

References

Bibliography

 

An aparitie	12-12-15
Autor	Piero Volpi
Dimensiuni	21.29 x 3.12 x 29.16 cm
Editura	Springer
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9783319148144
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	457