The Digital Echo Atlas: A Multimedia Reference

 

Description:

 

 

 The Digital Echo Atlas: A Multimedia Reference is a first-of-its-kind imaging resource made up of extensive and innovative digital content accompanied by a print book that provides a brief overview of topics and cases, with icons that quickly guide you to the digital material. The text, written by Dr. Stephen D. Clements of Emory University, provides expert clinical guidance and offers real-world cases throughout, ensuring that this unique resource package is a go-to learning and reference tool useful for cardiology fellows, practitioners, cardiac sonographers, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and residents. It can also be used as a mobile teaching tool on rounds or in the classroom.   In the companion book, you’ll find highly illustrated, full-color coverage which is enhanced by the digital material available through the eBook bundle. The print volume is both a quick clinical reference and a useful guide to the wealth of digital content, as well as a source of practical information such as transducer maneuvers, ASE guidelines, abbreviations, fundamentals of producing an echocardiogram, and case presentations.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Chapter 1 The Left Atrium and the Left Atrial Appendage

 

Section 1 The Left Atrial Appendage

Introduction

Anatomy of the Left Atrial Appendage

Transthoracic Imaging

Transesophageal Imaging

Normal Pulsed-Wave Doppler Velocities in the Left Atrial Appendage

Pulsed-Wave and Color Doppler

Abnormalities of the Left Atrial Appendage on Transesophageal Echocardiography

Images of the Left Atrial Appendage on TEE

Arrhythmias, Atrial Flutter, and Atrial Fibrillation

Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias on Echo Continued

Left Atrial Appendage and Atrial Fibrillation

Spontaneous Echo Contrast (SEC): “Smoke”

Smoke

Thrombus in the Left Atrial Appendage

Large Thrombus in the Left Atrial Appendage Noted on Transthoracic Echocardiogram

Thrombi in the Left Atrial Appendage and Transesophageal Echocardiogram, Six Different Patients

The Use of Echo Contrast in Assessment of the Left Atrial Appendage

Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis and Thrombus in the Left Atrial Appendage

Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis, Smoke, and Thrombus Filling the Left Atrial Appendage

Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis and Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus in Addition to the Mural Thrombus on TTE and Then TEE

Mitral Valve Repair and Thrombus Extending Into the Left Atrial Appendage

Coronary Embolus From a Thrombus of a Mitral Valve

Suture Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage at the Time of Mitral Valve Surgery

Left Atrial Appendage, Ligated and Visualized on 2-D and 3-D ECHO

Left Atrial Appendage, Partially Ligated

Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus Visualized on a CT Scan With Contrast

Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus on a CT Scan

Malignant Tumor Arising in the Left Atrial Appendage

Left Atrial Appendage Sarcoma, the Primary Tumor and the Microscopic

Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Atrial Appendage

Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Atrial Appendage and Closure With an Amplatzer Device

Thrombus Formation in the Pseudoaneurysm After Deployment of Amplatzer Device

Other Methods of Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Performed in the Cardiac Catheterization Lab

The LARIAT (TM) Suture Delivery Device, SentreHEART, Redwood City, California

The PLAATO Device

The Watchman LAAC Device

 

Section 2 The Left Atrium

 

Introduction

Quantification of the Left Atrium Size

Size and Function of the Left Atrium

Normal Left Atrium

Simpson Method of Disks and Left Atrial Volume Measurements

Abnormalities of the Left Atrium

The Apical Four-Chamber View

Interatrial Septal Aneurysm

Interatrial Septum Aneurysm and LVAD

Cor Triatriatum Sinister

Cor Triatriatum and the Associated Gradient on Continuous-Wave Doppler

Cor Triatriatum From Transesophageal Echocardiogram and the Associated Gradient

Cor Triatriatum on Transesophageal Echocardiogram: The Defect and the Jet

Cor Triatriatum, the Surgical Specimen and the Postoperative Echo

Patient With Cor Triatriatum/Cor Triatriatum and 3-D ECHO

Left Atrial Strain

Left Atrial Myxoma

Large Left Atrial Myxoma on 2-D and 3-D Echocardiography

Large Left Atrial Myxoma on 2-D and 3-D Images

A Large Bilobed Left Atrial Myxoma, the “Clear Zone” and the “Tumor Plop”

Large Bilobed Myxoma and the Associated M-mode Tracings

Large and Long Left Atrial Myxoma With Very Irregular Edges

Broad-Based Small Myxoma on TEE and 3-D TEE

A Small Myxoma With a Satellite Lesion

Calcified Left Atrial Myxoma

Images of Myxoma Removed at Surgery

Myxomas From Four Different Individuals

Microscopic Views of Atrial Myxoma

Coronary Arteriogram in Left Atrial Myxoma

Left Atrial Myxoma on Pulmonary Artery Injection With Following Through to the Left Atrium

Malignant Tumors of the Left Atrium

Leiomyosarcoma Extending into the LA from the Pulmonary Veins

Lung Cancer Invading a Pulmonary Vein and Approaching the Left Atrium

Small Cell Lung Cancer Invading the Left Atrial Wall and the Interatrial Septum

Melanoma Metastatic to the Left Atrial Wall and Interatrial Septum

Metastatic Melanoma to the Left Atrium and Surrounding Tissues

Other Masses Adjacent to the Left Atrium

In the Catheterization Lab

Chapter 2 The Left Ventricle

Section 1 Anatomy of the Left Ventricle

Section 2 Chamber Quantification of the Left Ventricle

The Normal Dimensions of the Left Ventricle

Normal Values for 2D Echocardiographic Parameters of LV Size According to Gender

Left Ventricular Mass

 

Section 3 Function of the Left Ventricle

The Cardiac Cycle

 

Section 4 Systole

 

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Global Left Ventricular Systolic Function

Features of a Normal M-mode and 2D Echo

The Ejection Fraction and the Method of Summation of Disks (the Simpson Rule)

The Three-Dimensional Tomographic Technique for Volume Measurements

The Three-Dimensional Surface Rendering Technique for Obtaining Volumes

The Mitral Regurgitation Jet Profile and Left Ventricular Systolic Function

Strain

Normal Longitudinal Strain From the Apex

Abnormal Strain Imaging From Three Views and Global Strain

Analysis of the Left Ventricle From the Short-Axis Views and Using Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography

The Normal Left Ventricle in Cross-Section: The Starting Point for Deformation Analysis

Rotation of the Left Ventricle in Systole

Circumferential Strain, a Negative Number

Radial Strain, a Positive Number

Rotation, Twist, and Torsion

Two-dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiogram for Radial and Circumferential Measurements

Twist

 

Section 5 Diastole

Measurement of Parameters of Diastolic Function: The E Wave and the A Wave

Pressure Curves and Mitral Doppler Velocity Curves

The Apical Four-Chamber View at a Glance and Important Points for Sampling Tissue Doppler Velocities

Normal Mitral Doppler Inflow Velocity Pattern in a 17-Year-Old Woman

Tissue Doppler Imaging

Recording the Tissue Doppler Annular Velocity

Left Atrial End Systolic Volume Index (LVESV Index)

Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation Velocity

Assessment and Classification of Diastolic Function

Diastolic Function and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

Echocardiographic Assessment of Diastolic Function in Individuals With Reduced LVEF and Grading of Diastolic Function

Alternative Algorithm to ASE Guidelines

Mitral Valve Deceleration Time

Diagnosing and Grading of Diastolic Dysfunction Examples

Reversible Restrictive Grade III Diastolic Dysfunction

Irreversible Diastolic Dysfunction Grade IV

Other Parameters That Are Useful for Evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction

Pulmonary Vein Velocity Pattern

Flow Propagation Into the Left ventricle

Color M-mode Flow Propagation Velocity Using Color M-Mode

Isovolumetric Relaxation Time

Overview of Diastolic Dysfunction Grading

Examples of the Index of Myocardial Performance and the Tei Index

 

Section 6 The Cardiomyopathies

 

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Spontaneous Echo Contrast (SEC) or “Smoke” in the Left Ventricle, a Sign of Low-Flow Velocity

Mitral Inflow Patterns in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using Echo Contrast

Dilated Cardiomyopathy Quantitation

Color Doppler, Pulse Wave Doppler, Pulsus Alternans, and Mitral Flow Propagation in Severe Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Left Ventricular Noncompaction

Four Different Criteria for Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Noncompaction

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Pulsus Alternans and Cardiomyopathy

Indicator of Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Echo, Cath Lab, and Bedside Correlations

Pulsus Alternans and Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Total Pulsus Alternans, Ascending Aortic Pressure Tracing, and the Right Ventricular Pressure Tracing

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Clinical Situations

Comparison of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy With Apical Ballooning and Anterior Myocardial Infarction on Echocardiogram and in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

Summary Points About Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

 

Section 7 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

 

Cardiac Amyloidosis

Diagnostic Features of Cardiac Amyloidosis: the Electrogram, the Echocardiogram, the Cardiac Biopsy, and Special Stains

Cardiac Amyloidosis and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMRI)

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Amyloidosis

The Nulling Process

Loeffler Endocarditis: An Unusual Cause of Left Ventricular “Thrombus”

 

Section 8 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

 

Overview of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Making the Diagnosis

At the Bedside and Palpation of the Carotid Upstroke

Anatomic Variants of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

The Electrocardiogram in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Obstruction and the Valsalva Maneuver

Strain Imaging and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the Previous Individual

The Coronary Arteriogram and the Electrocardiogram in the Previous Patient

Apical Hypertrophy (Yamaguchi Syndrome)

Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Apical Aneurysm

The Electrocardiogram

Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Obstruction (HOCM)

Alcohol Septal Ablation

The “Morrow Procedure”

Surgical Treatment

Before and After the “Morrow Procedure” for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Obstruction

Gross and Microscopic Views of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy With Obstruction

 

Section 9 Left Ventricular Thrombus

 

Section 10 Left Ventricular Aneurysm

 

Definitions of True Aneurysm and Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Ventricle

True Ventricular Aneurysm

Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm

 

Section 11 Mechanical Complications of Myocardial Infarction

The Three Mechanical Complications of Myocardial Infarction

Ventricular Septal Rupture Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction

Large Interventricular Septal Defect at the Midportion of the Septum

Large Anteroseptal Myocardial Infarction With Thinning Aneurysmal Septum and at Least Two Defects

Anteroseptal Myocardial Infarction and Ruptured Interventricular Septum and a Large Defect

Ruptured Interventricular Septum Treated With an Amplatzer Device

Ruptured Interventricular Septum following Mitral Valve Replacement and Myomectomy

Ruptured Papillary Muscle Partial and Complete

Ruptured Papillary Muscle

Ruptured Papillary Muscle After Mitral Valve Replacement

Ruptured Heart

Ruptured Posterior Left Ventricular Wall

Cardiac Rupture and Resuscitation Attempts

 

Section 12 Cancer and the Left Ventricle

 

Cancer and the Heart

The Left Ventricle With Myocardial Metastasis

 

Section 13 Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVAD)

 

Assessment of the Function of Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Images of Functioning Left Ventricular Assist Devices

2D Images Aortic Valve in a Patient With a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD): Aortic Regurgitation and Left Ventricular Assist Device

3D Transthoracic Imaging and Left Ventricular Assist Device

Complications of a Left Ventricular Assist Device: Left Ventricular Thrombus

Chapter 3 The Mitral Valve Apparatus

Section 1 Classification of Mitral Valve Disorders

Classification of Mitral Valve Disorders

Section 2 Degenerative Mitral Valve Disorders

The Carpentier Classification

Barlow Syndrome and the Barlow Valve

Myxomatous Disease of the Mitral Valve, Mitral Valve Prolapse, and Flail Leaflet

Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders Associated With Mitral Valve Leaflet Thickening and Prolapse

Echocardiographic Features of Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease, Barlow Syndrome, and Fibroelastic Deficiency

Primary Mitral Valve Disorders With Myxomatous Degeneration, “Barlow Disease” or “Barlow Valve”

Redundant Thickened Leaflets With Late Systolic Mitral Valve Prolapse

Mitral Valve Prolapse With Moderate Late Systolic Mitral Regurgitation

Mitral Valve Prolapse With Severe Holosystolic Mitral Regurgitation

Myxomatous Examples

Primary Mitral Valve Disorder Due to Fibroelastic Deficiency and Mitral Regurgitation

Fibroelastic Deficiency of the Mitral Leaflets

Ruptured Chords to the P1 Segment of the Posterior Mitral Leaflet

Ruptured Chords to the P2 Segment of the Mitral Valve 2D and 3D Images

Ruptured Chords to the P3 Segment of the Mitral Valve With the Jet Radiating Toward the Left Atrial Appendage

Ruptured Chords to the P2 Segment of the Mitral Valve With 3D and Parametric Imaging

Ruptured Chords to the P3 Segment of the Mitral Valve With Jet Radiating Iinto the Left Atrial Appendage

Mitral Valve Prolapse With a Flail P3 Segment of the Mitral Valve

Fibroelastic Deficiency With Extremely Thin Leaflets and Chords of Variable Size

Evaluation of the Severity of Chronic Mitral Regurgitation by Echocardiography

Grading of Chronic Mitral Regurgitation, the 2017 Guidelines

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)

The PISA Method of Quantitation of Mitral Regurgitation

Calculation of the ERO and the Regurgitant Volume by the PISA Method

Pitfalls in Quantification of Mitral Regurgitation

Semiquantitative Methods

The MitraClip Procedure

The Echocardiogram at Baseline, TTE and TEE

The Diagnostic Catheterization in this Patient With Mitral Regurgitation

Positioning the MitraClip

The “v” Wave in the Catheterization Laboratory Before and After the Clip

P2 Prolapse with Ruptured Chords and Severe Mitral Disease Due to Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease

Target Area, P2 Segment, the Jet Direction, the Positioning of the Device, and “Dropping the Grippers”

Measurement of the Medial and Lateral Gradients of the “Double-Orifice Valve” and Establishment of a Tissue Bridge

Section 3 Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Tethered Mitral Valve and Severe Mitral Regurgitation

Echocardiographic Techniques Used in Defining Abnormalities in Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Dimensional Changes in Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Tethering of the Mitral Valve and the Sea Gull Sign

Inferior Myocardial Infarction and Mitral Regurgitation

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy and Mitral Regurgitation

Left Bundle-Branch Block, Dyssynchrony, Mitral Regurgitation, and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Section 4 Mitral Valve Endocarditis

Section 5 Mitral Prosthetic Valves

Complications of Bioprosthetic Valves

Mechanisms of Degeneration of Bioprosthetic Valves

Tissue Valve in the Mitral Position and a Paravalvular Leak

Tissue Valve in the Mitral Position With a Medial Paravalvular Leak

Layered Thrombus on a Mitral Bioprosthetic Valve

Mitral Annular Disruption With Pseudoaneurysm Formation

Stenotic Tissue Valve in the Mitral Position Treated With a “Valve-in-Valve” Procedure

The Valve-in-Valve Procedure in the Cath Lab

Calcific Degeneration of a Tissue Mitral Valve With Stenosis and Regurgitation

Complications of Mechanical Mitral Valves

Two Patients With Mechanical Mitral Valves, One With a Medial Leak and Another With a Lateral Leak

Ball in Cage Valve With Thrombosis and Abnormal Motion

Section 6 Mitral Annular Calcification

Calcifications

Mitral Annular Calcification and Stenosis of the Mitral Orifice

Calcified Mitral Valve Annulus on 3D Echo (Two Examples)

Dense Calcification Extending From the Aortic Annulus Down Upon the Anterior Leaflet of the Mitral Valve

Calcified Mitral Annulus and Mitral Regurgitation

Calculation of the ERO and the Regurgitant Volume by the PISA Method

Calcified Mitral Annulus With Mobile Components and Embolic Potential

Mitral Annular Calcification With Mobile Components

Cyst of the Mitral Valve Annulus: “Blood Cyst”

Section 7 Rheumatic Heart Disease

Section 8 Congenital Mitral Valve Disease

Section 9 Rupture of the Papillary Muscle, Partial and Complete

Chapter 4 The Aortic Valve, Ascending Aorta, Aortic Arch, Descending Thoracic and Abdominal Aortas

Section 1 The Aortic Valve Region

Anatomic and Echocardiographic Features

The Normal Aortic Valve on M-mode Echocardiogram

Section 2 Aortic Stenosis

Clinical Features and Natural History of Aortic Stenosis

Quantitation of Aortic Stenosis

The Concept of Flow Reserve

Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Severe Aortic Stenosis and Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function

Severe Aortic Stenosis with Low-Flow, Low-Gradient, Preserved LV Function

ACC/AHA Guidelines for AVR for Aortic Valve Replacement

Section 3 Aortic Regurgitation

Jet of Aortic Regurgitation Identification

The Stethoscope

Austin Flint Murmur

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Assessment of the Degree of Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

Systolic and Diastolic Dimensions of the Left Ventricle in the PLX View

Aortic Regurgitation Standard Views for Color Doppler and Measurements of Doppler Parameters

Calculation of the Effective Regurgitant Orifice Using the PISA Method

Calculation of the Effective Regurgitant Orifice from the PISA Information

Other Calculations in Aortic Regurgitation

Another Method of Calculating the Stroke Volume from Mitral Inflow

Other Doppler Parameters Suggesting the Severity of Aortic Regurgitation

Doppler Parameters of Severe Aortic Regurgitation

Examples of Aortic Regurgitation

Severe Aortic Regurgitation, Quantitation

Patient with Aortic Regurgitation

Estimation of the Severity of Aortic Regurgitation

Aortography in Aortic Regurgitation

Cath Laboratory Pressure Tracings

Effects of Aortic Regurgitation in the Carotid Artery Doppler Recordings

Chronic Aortic Regurgitation

The Timing of Surgery for Chronic Aortic Regurgitation

2014 ACC/AHA Guidelines for Chronic Aortic Regurgitation

Section 4 Congenital Abnormalities of the Aortic Valve

Unicuspid Aortic Valve

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Aortic Regurgitation and Stenosis and the Doppler Information

The Aortic Arch in the Previous Patient

The Ejection Fraction and the Method of Summation of Disks

The Left Atrium in This Individual with Aortic Regurgitation and Stenosis

Two Years out from Aortic Valve Replacement

Two Years Postoperative 3D Volume Measurements

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Quadricuspid Aortic Valve

Congenital Quadricuspid Aortic Valve

Section 5 Surgical Choices for Aortic Valve Replacement

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

View from the Control Room in the Cath Lab during Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

TAVR in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: The Fluoroscopic Images

TAVR from the Control Room: The Hemodynamic Tracings

Prosthetic Valves

Normally Functioning Aortic Bioprosthetic Valve

Another Normally Functioning Prosthetic Aortic Valve

Mechanical Prosthetic Valves

Section 6 Endocarditis of the Aortic Valve

Marantic Endocarditis

Unusual Murmurs Associated with Endocarditis

Unusual Murmur Following Endocarditis of the Aortic Valve

Normal and Infected Bioprosthetic Valves

Valve-Sparing Root Replacement and Ascending Aortic Repair and a Complication

Endocarditis on Prosthetic Aortic Valves

Aortic Valve Ring Abscess with Valve Dehiscence

Section 7 Other Abnormalities of the Aortic Valve

Papillary Fibroelastoma on the Aortic Valve

Pathology Specimen

Papillary Fibroelastoma on the Aortic Valve

Papillary Fibroelastoma on the Mitral Valve

Lambl Excrescences

Microscopic View of a Lambl Excrescence

Section 8 Discrete Membranous Subaortic Stenosis

Section 9 Discrete Membranous Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis

Discrete Membranous Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Regurgitation

Early Closure of the Aortic Valve Leaflets in Discrete Membranous Subaortic Stenosis

Discrete Membranous Subaortic Stenosis: 2D and 3D Images

Discrete Membranous Subaortic Stenosis: Turbulence in the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract

MRI of Two Individuals with Discrete Membranous Subaortic Stenosis

Discrete Membranous Subaortic Stenosis in the Catheterization Laboratory

Ventriculogram in Discrete Subaortic Stenosis

Discrete Membranous Subaortic Stenosis: The Specimen Sent to Pathology

Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis Williams Syndrome

Section 10 Aortic Aneurysms

Aneurysm of the Aortic Root and the Ascending Aorta

Aortogram of Ascending Aortic Aneurysm

Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta

Aortic Regurgitation and Mitral Regurgitation at the Same Time

Stanford Type A Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta

Patient with Stanford Type A Dissection

Section 11 Atherosclerosis of the Aorta

Atherosclerosis of the Aortic Arch and the Descending Aorta as a Source of Embolus to the Brain or Structures Distal

Section 12 The Aortic Valve and Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)

Aortic Regurgitation and Left Ventricular Assist Device

Chapter 5 The Right Atrium

Section 1 Anatomy of the Right Atrium

Section 2 Function of the Right Atrium

Section 3 The Normal Right Atrium

Section 4 Abnormalities of the Right Atrium

Interatrial Septal Aneurysm

Valves in the Right Atrium

The Thebesian Valve

The Coronary Sinus

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

Chiari Network

Central Lines and Dialysis Catheters

Thrombus

Central Lines and Leads Misplaced

Pulmonary Embolus in Transit

Pulmonary Embolus in Transit, Right Ventricular Strain

Pulmonary Embolus in Transit Across a Patent Foramen Ovale and Posing a Threat for Systemic Embolism

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal Cell Carcinoma Extending to the Right Atrium

Right Atrial Mass Caused by Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Glomangiosarcoma of the Kidney Metastatic to the Right Atrium

MRI and Renal Cell Tumors

Right Atrial Myxoma

Right Atrial Myxoma Discovered on a CT Scan

Right Atrial Myxoma

Right Atrial Myxoma in the Catheterization Laboratory

Other Angiographic Demonstrations of Right Atrial Myxoma

Extrinsic Compression of the Right Atrium

Lymphoma Compressing the Right Atrium

Hiatal Hernia Compressing the Right Atrium

Chapter 6 The Tricuspid Valve

Section 1 The Tricuspid Valve at the Bedside, the Echocardiography, and Cardiac Catheterization Labs

Section 2 Anatomy of the Tricuspid Valve

Section 3 The Normal Tricuspid Valve

Section 4 Abnormalities of the Tricuspid Valve

Section 5 Flail Leaflet of the Tricuspid Valve

Section 6 Carcinoid Syndrome

Liver Masses Due to Carcinoid Tumors and Thickened Retracted Tricuspid Valve

Section 7 Tricuspid Regurgitation Associated With an ICD Lead

Tricuspid Regurgitation and ICD Leads

Section 8 The “Cutoff Sign” of Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation

Section 9 Myxomatous Degeneration of the Tricuspid Valve

Section 10 Tricuspid Regurgitation Due to Trauma

Section 11 Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis

Tricuspid Valve and Pacemaker Lead Endocarditis

Section 12 Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve

Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve

Section 13 Ventricular Septal Defects and the Tricuspid Confusing Jets

Ventricular Septal Defect and the Tricuspid Valve

Section 14 Tricuspid Valve Replacement With “Valve in Valve”

“Valve-in-Valve” Procedure for Stenotic Tricuspid Valve Tissue Prosthesis

Chapter 7 The Right Ventricle

Section 1 Anatomy of the Right Ventricle

Linear Measurements of the Normal Right Ventricle

Normal Valves for RV Chamber Size

Standard Views of the Right Ventricle, Inflow and Outflow

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract From Transgastric Views

Section 2 Right Ventricular Systolic Function

Systolic Function of the Right Ventricle

Additional Methods for Assessment of Right Ventricular Systolic Function

Tissue Doppler and Velocity Sampling of the Free Wall of the Right Ventricle

Tissue Doppler Imaging and Right Ventricular Function: The Index of Myocardial Performance

Section 3 Right Ventricular Diastolic Function

Section 4 Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Hypertension

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Sarcoidosis

Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension

Right Ventricular Enlargement, Pulmonary Hypertension, “D”-Shaped Interventricular Septum, and the “Flying W”

Section 5 Eisenmenger Physiology

Eisenmenger Syndrome Abnormalities

Section 6 Pulmonary Embolus and the Right Ventricle

Right Ventricle Pulmonary Embolus

Section 7 Right Ventricular Masses

Types of Masses

Section 8 Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction

Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction, ECHO, Cath, and EKG

Section 9 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Right Ventricular Involvement

Section 10 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

Chapter 8 The Pericardium

Section 1 Anatomy of the Pericardium

Section 2 Pericardial Effusion

Examples of Pericardial Effusion

Moderate Pericardial Effusion

Large Pericardial Effusion

Mitral and Tricuspid Inflow Velocities in Large Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade

The Hepatic Vein

The Hairy Heart

Large Clot in the Pericardium in a Postoperative Patient

Chronic Pericardial Effusion

Section 3 Constrictive Pericarditis

Examples of Constrictive Pericarditis

Constrictive Pericarditis and Tissue Doppler

Constrictive Pericarditis in the Operating Room

The MRI in Constrictive Pericarditis

Section 4 Pericarditis and Myopericarditis

Examples of Pericarditis and Myopericarditis

Section 5 Pleural Effusions

Examples of Pleural Effusions

Section 6 Adjacent Structures

Imaging

Mediastinal Tumors: Hodgkin Lymphoma

Chest X-ray and CT: Hodgkin Lymphoma

Section 7 Hiatal Hernia

Examples of Hiatal Hernias

Chapter 9 Neoplasms and the Heart

Section 1 Classification of Neoplasms of the Heart

Neoplasms of the Heart

Section 2 Benign Neoplasms of the Heart

Atrial Myxoma

Large Left Atrial Myxoma on 2D and 3D Echocardiography

A Large Bilobed Left Atrial Myxoma, the “Clear Zone” and the “Tumor Plop”

Large Bilobed Myxoma and the Associated M-mode Tracings

Large and Long Left Atrial Myxoma With Very Irregular Edges

Broad-Based Small Myxoma on the Wall of the Interatrial Septum

Small Atrial Myxoma With a Satellite Lesion

Images of Myxoma Removed at Surgery

Examples of Myxomas

Four Different Myxomas

Microscopic Views of Atrial Myxoma

Myxomas on Microscopic View

The Coronary Arteriogram in Left Atrial Myxoma

Left Atrial Myxoma on Pulmonary Artery Injection With Follow-Through to the Left Atrium

Papillary Fibroelastoma

Papillary Fibroelastoma Aortic Valve Pathology Specimen

Papillary Fibroelastoma on the Aortic Valve

Papillary Fibroelastoma on the Mitral Valve

Section 3 Malignant Neoplasms

Histiocytoma and Lung Cancer

Hematogenous Spread of Cancer to the Heart

Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Myocardium and Pericardium

Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastatic to the Left Ventricle and Pericardium Myocardial and Pericardial Metastasis

Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder

Sarcoma

Melanoma

Left Atrial Wall and Interatrial Septum, Hematogenous and Lymphatic Spread

Left Atrium and Surrounding Tissues

Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma

Pericardial Metastasis Beginning to Invade the Myocardium

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Inferior Vena Cava

Examples of Renal Cell Carcinoma Tumors

Renal Cell Carcinoma Extending to the Right Atrium With Microscopic Showing “Clear Cells”

Right Atrial Mass Caused by Inferior Vena Cava Extension of a Renal Nephroblastoma

CMRI and Renal Cell Tumors

Malignant Tumors Extending via Pulmonary Veins Into the Left Atrium

Leiomyosarcoma Extending to the Left Atrium Through Pulmonary Veins

Section 4 Hematologic Malignancies

Examples of Hematologic Malignancies

Section 5 Electrocardiogram and Metastatic Malignancy to the Heart

Examples of Metastatic Malignancy to the Heart

Cancer of the Heart and the Electrocardiogram

Masses That Are Not Tumors

Concerning Echo Images

Chapter 10 Congenital Heart Disease

Section 1 Echocardiography and Congenital Heart Disease

Section 2 Patent Foramen Ovale

Examples of PFO

Small Patent Foramen Ovale

Large Patent Foramen Ovale

Section 3 Atrial Septal Defect

Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Complications of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect With Pulmonary Hypertension

Device Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defects

Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect

Example of Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect

Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defect

Example of Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defect

Atrioventricular Canal Defect

Example of Atrioventricular Canal Defect

Section 4 Ventricular Septal Defect

Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect

Shunting to the Right Atrium

Partial Closure by the Tricuspid Septal Leaflet

Supracristal Ventricular Septal Defect

Supracristal VSD and Aortic Regurgitation

Supracristal Ventricular Septal Defect and Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

Section 5 Tetralogy of Fallot

Examples of Unrepaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Unrepaired Tetralogy of Fallot in the Adult

The Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

Expanded into the Right Atrium

Section 6 Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Example of Patent Ductus Arterioles

Eisenmenger Physiology and Right Ventricular Hypertrophy on Electrocardiogram

Section 7 Pulmonary Atresia

Pulmonary Valve Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect

Section 8 Severe Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation

Example of Severe Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation

Section 9 Ebstein Anomaly

Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve

Section 10 Anomalous Left Coronary Artery Arising From the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)

Section 11 Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Emptying Into the Coronary Sinus

Chapter 11 Multimodality Imaging and Structural Heart Interventions

Section 1 Echocardiography and Structural Heart Interventions

Section 2 The CMRI and the Echo

The Austin Flint Murmur

Section 3 Specific Structural Heart Procedures

Paravalvular Leaks

Aortic Paravalvular Leaks

Aortic Paravalvular Leak

Aortic Valve Paravalvular Leak

Mitral Paravalvular Leak

Mitral Valve Prosthetic Paravalvular Leak

Transcaval Transaortic Valve Replacement

The Aorta and the Vena Cava

Section 4 Assessment of the Size of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract

Section 5 CMRI and Quantitation of Mitral Regurgitation

Principles of CMRI and Quantification of Regurgitant Lesions

Imaging

Quantification of Valve Regurgitation

Computerized Tomography and Dimensional Assessment for TAVR

Cross-sectional Area of the Aortic Annulus on CT, Location of Coronary Arteries, and Calcium Score

The Aortic Annulus, the Coronary Arteries, and the Aortic Annulus Measurement

 

An aparitie	21 Sept. 2018
Autor	Stephen D. Clements
Dimensiuni	17.53 x 1.27 x 25.15 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781496356307
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	448
Versiune digitala	DA