Stocker and Dehner’s Pediatric Pathology

 

Description:

 

Virtually all aspects of the pathology in children are unique in pathogenesis and histogenesis from the moment of conception to adolescence whose range includes developmental anomalies to dysembryonic neoplasms. Stocker and Dehner’s Pediatric Pathology provides encyclopedic but very usable coverage of this complex subspecialty, detailing all major aspects of the pathologic anatomy of childhood disorders ranging from chromosomal syndromes and infections to forensic pathology. Upholding the standard of excellence established in previous editions, this thoroughly updated Fifth Edition offers the in-depth, richly illustrated guidance you need to confidently evaluate and dependably report your findings.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Section I: General Pathology

Chapter 1A Pediatric Autopsy

THE STANDARD PEDIATRIC AUTOPSY

Autopsy Permit

Instrumentation

External Examination

Face, Eyes, Ears, Mouth (External and Internal)

Arms, Hands, Fingers

Chest: Front and Back

Abdomen: Front and Back Including Anus/Vagina, Urethra

Legs, Feet, Toes

Special Techniques and Studies

Photography

Radiography

Laboratory Techniques

Internal Examination

Chest and Abdomen

Thymus

Blood Culture

Lung Culture

Cardiac/Thoracic Ratio

Removing the Organs

Testes/Ovaries

Examination of the Body Cavity

Vertebral Column/Spinal Cord

Separation and Examination of Heart/Lung

Examination of the Thymus

Examination/Removal of Thyroid and Parathyroids

Removal/Examination of the Tongue

Examination of the Respiratory System

Examination of the Abdominal Organs

Central Nervous System

Examination of the Scalp

Opening the Scalp

Measuring the Calvarium

Opening the Calvarium

Removing the Brain

Examination of the Excised Brain

Sectioning the Brain and Spinal Cord

CNS Microscopic Sections

Examination of the Inside of the Cranium

Placenta

PREPARING THE REMAINS FOR DISPOSITION

PREPARING THE AUTOPSY REPORT

QUALITY CONTROL ISSUES IN AUTOPSY

TRENDS IN PEDIATRIC AUTOPSY

Chapter 1B Fine-Needle Aspiration

Chapter 1C Molecular Techniques in Pediatric Pathology

INTRODUCTION

Tissue Handling

Specific Molecular Techniques

FLOW CYTOMETRY

Background

Method

Applications

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

Background

Method

Applications

ANTIGENS

Cytoskeleton

Cell Surface Markers

Pathogens

Hormones

Embryonal and Cancer Markers

Protooncogenes

Cell Cycle and Apoptotic Markers

Other

Limitations

IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

Background

Method

Applications

FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION

Background

Methods

Applications

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Background

METHODS

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Applications

Detection of Fusion Gene Transcripts

Molecular Microbiology

Genetic Testing for Mutations

Methylation Analysis

Forensic Identification

Limitations

NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING

Applications

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR MOLECULAR METHODS IN PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY

Chapter 1D Electron Microscopy

THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LABORATORY

THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Chapter 2 First and Second Trimester Pregnancy Loss

CAUSES OF EARLY SPONTANEOUS ABORTION

CHROMOSOMAL CAUSES OF FIRST TRIMESTER LOSS

Molar Pregnancy

Triploidy

FIRST TRIMESTER MISCARRIAGE IN CHROMOSOMALLY NORMAL CONCEPTUSES

Maternal Obesity

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Endometrial Infection

Early Placental Failure

Examination

CONCLUSION REGARDING FIRST TRIMESTER LOSS

SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY LOSS

Uterine Anomalies

Infection

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Trisomy 21

Trisomy 18

Trisomy 13

Monosomy X

Hydrops Fetalis

Twinning

Fetal Vascular Malperfusion

Limb-Body Wall Complex

Postprocedure Pregnancy Loss

Chapter 3 Chromosomal Abnormalities

CYTOGENETIC TECHNIQUES

Conventional Cytogenetic Analysis (G-Banding)

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Chromosomal Microarray

Next-Generation Sequencing

CONSTITUTIONAL ABNORMALITIES

Autosomal Trisomies

Autosomal Monosomies

Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies

Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)

Sex Chromosome Polysomy

Mosaicism

Confined Placental Mosaicism

Polyploidy

Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities

Submicroscopic Abnormalities

22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Chromosomal Instability Disorders

Epigenetic Chromosomal Modifications and Associated Disorders

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 4 Congenital Anomalies and Malformation Syndromes

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

CONCEPTS AND TERMS OF MORPHOGENESIS

DEFORMATIONS

Amniotic Fluid Volume

Abnormalities of Uterus and Placental Implantation

Neurogenic, Skeletal, and Other Causes of Deformations

DISRUPTIONS

Ionizing Radiation

Teratogenic Disruptions

Thalidomide Embryopathy

Folic Acid Deficiency

Folic Acid Antagonists and Derivatives

Fetal Iodine Deficiency

Trimethadione Syndrome

Valproic Acid Embryopathy

Warfarin Embryopathy

Synthetic Progestin Embryopathy

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

Mercury Embryopathy

Isotretinoin Embryopathy

Alcohol Embryopathy

Nicotine

Diphenylhydantoin Embryopathy

Metabolic Disruptions

Phenylketonuria

Diabetes Mellitus

Infectious Disruptions

Amnion Rupture Disruption Sequence

Chorion and Yolk Sac Rupture Sequence

Ischemic and Vascular Disruptions

Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP Sequence)

Dysplastic Disruptions

Hyperthermia as a Disruption

NONMETABOLIC DYSPLASIA SYNDROMES

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Perlman Syndrome

METABOLIC DYSPLASIA SYNDROMES

Williams Syndrome

Zellweger Syndrome

SEQUENCES

Robin Sequence

Prune Belly Sequence

ASSOCIATIONS

VATER Association

MURCS Association

Schisis Association and Variants

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT CONDITIONS

CHARGE Syndrome

Nail-Patella Syndrome

Orofaciodigital Syndrome Type I

Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome

Townes-Brocks Syndrome

Holt-Oram Syndrome

Mandibulofacial Dysostosis

Opitz-Frias Syndrome

ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLY SYNDROMES

Apert Syndrome

Pfeiffer Syndrome

Other Related Conditions

Crouzon Craniofacial Dysostosis

Robinow Syndrome

Stickler Syndrome

Noonan Syndrome

Brachmann-de Lange Syndrome

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE CONDITIONS

Meckel Syndrome

Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome

Leprechaunism

Cockayne and Related Syndromes

Seckel Syndrome

Dubowitz Syndrome

Orofaciodigital Syndrome Type II (Mohr Syndrome)

Pena-Shokeir Phenotype

Pena-Shokeir Type I Sequence (Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence)

Pena-Shokeir Type II Sequence (Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome)

Roberts Syndrome

Familial Agnathia/Holoprosencephaly

Thrombocytopenia and Absent Radius Syndrome

Hydrolethalus Syndrome

HETEROGENEOUS AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE DYSPLASIAS

Osteochondrodysplasias and Other Skeletal Dysplasias

Chondrodysplasias

Other Osteochondrodysplasias

X-LINKED SYNDROMES

Lowe Syndrome

Menkes Syndrome

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Opitz-Kaveggia (FG or FG-1) Syndrome

Pallister Syndrome

SPORADIC ABNORMALITIES

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (Klippel-Trenaunay) Syndrome

Sturge-Weber Dysplasia

Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome

Hypomelanosis of Ito

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome

ABNORMALITIES OF UNCERTAIN ORIGIN

Short Cord Syndrome/Limb-body Wall Complex

Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis

Genetic Counseling

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 5 Inborn Errors of Metabolism

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM

DIAGNOSIS OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM

NEWBORN SCREENING

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH AND AUTOPSIES IN THE SETTING OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM

Sudden Death in Infants with Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Autopsy of Children With Suspected Inborn Errors of Metabolism

DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDE METABOLISM

Hyperammonemias/Urea Cycle Disorders

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I (CPS I) Deficiency

Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency

Citrullinemia Type 1

Argininosuccinic Aciduria

Argininemia (Hyperargininemia, Arginase Deficiency)

Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria (HHH) Syndrome

Organic Acidemias

Glutaric Acidemia Type I

Propionic Acidemia

Methylmalonic Acidemia

Isovaleric Acidemia

Aminoacidopathies

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD, Branched-Chain Ketoaciduria)

Phenylketonuria (PKU, Hyperphenylalaninemia)

Tyrosinemia Type I (Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia)

Tyrosinemia Type II (Oculocutaneous Tyrosinemia, Richner-Hanhart Syndrome)

Homocystinuria

Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (NKH, Glycine Encephalopathy)

Lysinuric Protein Intolerance (LPI)

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES

Galactosemia

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency

Glycogen Storage Diseases

FATTY ACID OXIDATION DEFECTS

Substrate Transport Defects

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) Deficiency

Carnitine Deficiency

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiencies

Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (VLCADD, VLCAD)

Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (LCHADD, LCHAD) and Trifunctional Protein Deficiency

Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCADD, MCAD)

Short-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SCADD, SCAD)

Glutaric Acidemia Type II (Glutaric Aciduria Type II, Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency, MADD)

DISORDERS OF ENERGY METABOLISM

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) Deficiency

Mitochondrial Disorders

Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Diseases

Therapy of Mitochondrial Diseases

LIPID METABOLISM DISORDERS

Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome

Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome (CDPX2)

CHILD Syndrome (Congenital Hemidysplasia With Ichthyosiform Erythroderma and Limb Defects)

CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF GLYCOSYLATION

LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES

Disease Phenotype

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis of Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Treatment

Lysosomal Storage Diseases Linked to Defects in Specific Enzymes

Sphingolipidoses

Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation (Oligosaccharidoses/Glycoproteinoses)

Alpha-Mannosidosis

Beta-Mannosidosis

Fucosidosis

Sialidosis

Aspartylglucosaminuria

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Lipidoses: Wolman Disease and Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease (CESD)

Glycogen Storage Disease: Pompe Disease (Glycogen Storage Disease Type II, GSD-II) and Adult Acid Maltase Deficiency

Lysosomal Storage Diseases Linked to Nonenzymatic Protein Deficiencies

Mucolipidoses

Cystinosis

Danon Disease, X-Linked Vacuolar Cardiomyopathy, and Myopathy

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL or CLN)

PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS

Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders

Single Peroxisomal Enzyme Deficiency

Chapter 6 Congenital and Acquired Systemic Infectious Diseases

INTRODUCTION

THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Host Factors

INFECTIONS AND TERATOGENESIS

MATERNAL-FETAL TRANSMISSION

Vertical Transmission

Breast Milk Transmission

VIRAL INFECTIONS

Cytomegalovirus

Herpes Simplex Virus

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Epstein-Barr Virus

Human Herpesvirus-6

Adenovirus (ADV)

Measles

Parvovirus B19 (B19V)

Enteroviruses

Rubella

Mumps

Arboviruses

Zika Virus

Coronavirus (CoV)

Human Parechovirus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Bacterial Sepsis

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Staphylococcal Infections

Streptococcal Infections

Enterococci

Listeria Monocytogenes

Actinomycetes

Pertussis

Clostridium

Gram-Negative Organisms

Neisseria

Haemophilus

HACEK Group

Enterobacterales

Nonfermentative Bacteria

Fastidious Bacteria

Bartonella

Spirochaetes

TUBERCULOSIS (TB) AND ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA

RICKETTSIAL-SPOTTED FEVER GROUP (R-SFG)

MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS

CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Candida and Other Yeasts

Endemic Mycoses

Blastomycosis

Histoplasmosis

Coccidioidomycosis

Opportunistic Fungi

Cryptococcosis

Aspergillosis

Zygomycosis

Phaeohyphomycosis

PARASITIC DISEASES

Blood-Borne Parasitic Infections

Toxoplasmosis

Malaria

Chagas Disease (Trypanosomiasis)

Leishmaniasis

Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Children

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

Chapter 7 Pediatric Forensic Pathology

FORENSIC AUTOPSY

External Examination

Radiology

Photography

Metabolic Analysis

Toxicology

Chemistry

Cultures

Odontology and Anthropology

SCENE INVESTIGATION

Issue of Organ Donation

SUDDEN DEATH

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sudden Unexplained Infant Death

Asphyxia

TRAUMA

Blunt Force Injuries

Shaken Baby Syndrome, Shaken Impact Syndrome, Abusive Head Trauma

Burns

MIMICS

NEGLECT

FETAL/NEONATAL DEATHS

FACTITIOUS DISORDER IMPOSED ON ANOTHER (MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY)

SHARP FORCE INJURIES

GUNSHOT WOUNDS

CONCLUSION

Chapter 8 Transplant Pathology

TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY

Overview

Antibody-Mediated Rejection

Acute Allograft Rejection

Chronic Allograft Rejection

Allograft Tolerance

TRANSPLANT PATHOLOGY OF THE INTESTINE

Overview

Preservation Injury and Hyperacute Rejection

Acute Rejection

Chronic Rejection

Complications of Transplantation

The Gastrointestinal Tract in Graft vs Host Disease

TRANSPLANT PATHOLOGY OF THE LIVER

Overview

Preservation Injury

Hepatic Artery Thrombosis

Biliary Complications

Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Rejection

Acute Cellular Rejection

Chronic Rejection

De Novo and Recurrent Autoimmune Hepatitis

Other Recurrent Diseases

Idiopathic Posttransplantation Chronic Hepatitis

Posttransplant Opportunistic Infections

The Liver in Bone Marrow Transplantation

TRANSPLANT PATHOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS

Overview and the Role of Histopathology

Histopathology of Acute and Chronic Rejection

RENAL TRANSPLANT PATHOLOGY

Overview

Hyperacute and Accelerated Acute Rejection and Delayed Graft Function

Acute Rejection

Acute T-Cell–Mediated Rejection

Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection

Chronic Rejection

Chronic T-Cell–Mediated Rejection

Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection

Polyomavirus Nephropathy

Immunosuppressive Drug Toxicity

Recurrent Disease

Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION

Overview

Volumes and Indications

Surgical Complications

Rejection

Antibody-Mediated Rejection

Infection

Other Complications

Other Biopsy Findings

Quilty Lesion

Adipose Tissue

Site of Previous Biopsy

Calcifications

Fibrosis

Outcome

PATHOLOGY OF LUNG TRANSPLANTATION

Volumes and Indications

Vascular Complications

Airway Anastomotic Complications

Primary Graft Dysfunction

Rejection

Antibody-Mediated Rejection

Acute Rejection

Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction

Infections

OTHER FORMS OF LUNG INJURY

Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

Outcome

Pulmonary Complications After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Section II: Organ System Pathology

Chapter 9 Placenta

EARLY PREGNANCY

Development

Multiple Pregnancies

Background

Pathology

Clinical Correlation

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Background

Pathology

Clinical Correlation

Missed Abortion/Anembryonic Pregnancy

Background

Pathology

Clinical Correlation

Miscarriages (Threatened, Incomplete, and Complete Abortions)

Background

Pathology

Clinical Correlation

Congenital Infections

Background

Pathology

Clinical Correlation

LATE PREGNANCY

Anatomy

Chronic Disease Processes

Maternal Vascular Malperfusion

Fetal Vascular Malperfusion

Villitis of Unknown Etiology

Villous Stromal-Vascular Maldevelopment

Chronic Marginal Abruption

Perivillous Fibrin/Fibrinoid Deposition

SUBACUTE DISEASE PROCESSES

Amniotic Fluid Infection/Chorioamnionitis

Background

Pathology

Clinical Correlation

Meconium-Related Changes

Increased Circulating Fetal Nucleated Red Blood Cells

Fetomaternal Hemorrhage

Acute Disease Processes

Maternal Arterial Hemorrhages

Umbilical Cord Accident

Fetal Hemorrhage

Chapter 10 Nervous System

GENERAL NEUROPATHOLOGIC PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES

Increased Intracranial Pressure, Edema, and Hydrocephalus

TRAUMA

Birth

Infancy and Childhood

Inflicted Injury in Infants

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME

STRUCTURAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE CNS

Neural Tube Defects, Axial Mesodermal Defects, and Tail Bud Defects

Neural Tube Defects

Herniation Through Axial Mesodermal Defects

Tail Bud Defects

Disorders of Forebrain Development

Holoprosencephaly and Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

Cell Migration and Specification Disorders

Lissencephaly, Types I and II

Polymicrogyria

Cerebral Heterotopia

“Malformations of Cortical Development,” Including Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Antenatal Disruptive Lesions

Microcephaly and Micrencephaly

Hindbrain Malformations

Chiari and Dandy-Walker Malformations

Cystic Lesions of the CNS

METABOLIC, NEURODEGENERATIVE, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS

Lysosomal Storage Disorders

Leukodystrophies

Peroxisomal Disorders

Mitochondrial Disorders

Amino Acid Disorders

Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation

Acquired Metabolic Disorders and Vitamin Deficiencies

Neurodegenerative and Miscellaneous Disorders

Autism

Epilepsy

Neoplasia

Clinical Considerations

General Pathologic Considerations

Gliomas

Pilocytic Astrocytomas

Diffusely Infiltrating Astrocytomas

Ependymomas

Less Common Gliomas

Embryonal Tumors

Medulloblastoma

Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor

Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes and Medulloepithelioma

Other CNS Embryonal Tumors

Tumors Related to the Third Ventricle/Suprasellar Space

Neuronal and Mixed Glioneuronal Tumors

Ganglioglioma

Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor

Other Neuronal/Glioneuronal Tumors

Choroid Plexus Tumors

Miscellaneous CNS Tumors

Cancer Predisposition Syndromes

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Bacterial Infections

Acute Meningitis

Cerebral Abscess

Chronic Bacterial Infections

Viral Infections

Fungal Infections

Parasitic Infections

VASCULAR DISORDERS

Chapter 11 Eye

THE EYELID

Structure of the Eyelid

Vascular Abnormalities of the Eyelid

Inflammatory Abnormalities of the Eyelid

Neoplastic Lesions of the Eyelid

Surgical Procedures of the Eyelid

THE EYE

Structure of the Eye

THE CONJUNCTIVA

Structure of the Conjunctiva

Developmental Abnormalities of the Conjunctiva

Inflammatory Conditions of the Conjunctiva

Melanocytic Abnormalities of the Conjunctiva

Surgical Procedures of the Conjunctiva

THE SCLERA AND EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

Structure of the Sclera and Extraocular Muscles

THE CORNEA

Structure of the Cornea

Developmental Abnormalities of the Cornea

Herpes Simplex Keratitis

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

Dystrophic Conditions of the Cornea

Degenerations of the Cornea

Surgical Procedures of the Cornea

THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT

Structure of the Anterior Segment

Glaucoma

Congenital Glaucoma

Surgical Treatment of Glaucoma

THE CRYSTALLINE LENS

Structure of the Crystalline Lens

Developmental Abnormalities of the Crystalline Lens

Congenital Lens Opacities

Lens Opacities in Genetic Diseases

Environmental Lens Opacities

Rubella

Toxic Cataract

Traumatic Cataract

The Zonular Apparatus and Lens Dislocation (Ectopia Lentis)

Surgical Procedures of the Crystalline Lens

THE VITREOUS

Structure of the Vitreous

Surgical Procedures of the Vitreous

THE RETINA AND UVEAL TRACT

Structure of the Retina and Uveal Tract

Tumors of the Retina and Uveal Tract

THE OPTIC NERVE

Structure of the Optic Nerve

Surgical Procedures of the Optic Nerve

THE ORBIT

Structure of the Orbit

Tumors and Surgical Procedures of the Orbit

OCULAR TRAUMA

Orbital and Ocular Surgery After Trauma

AUTOPSY SPECIMENS OF THE EYE

SUMMARY

Chapter 12 Respiratory Tract

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LUNG

NASOPHARYNX

Choanal Atresia

Cleft Lip and/or Palate

Laryngocele

Laryngomalacia

Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome

Laryngeal Stenosis and Laryngeal Atresia

Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft

TRACHEA

Tracheal Agenesis

Tracheal Bronchus

Tracheal Stenosis

Tracheomalacia

Tracheobronchomegaly

Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia

BRONCHUS

Bronchial Atresia Sequence and Congenital Lung Malformations

Bronchial Atresia

Congenital Lobar Emphysema

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations

Intralobar Sequestration

Extralobar Sequestration

Bronchogenic Cyst

Bronchomalacia

Bronchial Isomerism Syndromes (Bronchial Isomerism Heterotaxy)

Abnormal Bronchial Branching and Origin

Bronchobiliary and Bronchoesophageal Fistulae

LUNG

Pulmonary Agenesis

Abnormal Lobation, Location, and Shape

Pulmonary Hypoplasia

Peripheral Cysts of the Lung

Acute Lung Injury and Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease)

Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema

Aspiration

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Interstitial Lung Diseases

Acinar Dysplasia and Congenital Alveolar Dysplasia

Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia With Misalignment of the Pulmonary Veins

Growth Abnormalities Reflecting Deficient Alveolarization

Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy

Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis

Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Storage Diseases

Pulmonary Hemosiderosis

Sarcoidosis

Eosinophilic Pneumonia

Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis

PULMONARY VASCULAR DISORDERS

Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasis

AIRWAY DISEASES

Asthma

Plastic Bronchitis

Bronchiectasis

Obliterative/Constrictive Bronchiolitis

LUNG TUMORS

Metastatic Disease

Nonepithelial Mesenchymal Neoplasms

Pleuropulmonary Blastoma

Primary Sarcomas

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor

Fetal Lung Interstitial Tumor

Congenital Peribronchial Myofibroblastic Tumor

Solitary Fibrous Tumor

Myofibroma

Chondroid Neoplasms

Vascular Tumors

Lymphangiomyomatosis

Hematolymphoid and Histiocytic Disorders

Epithelial Neoplasms

Juvenile Laryngotracheal Papillomatosis

Carcinoid

Primary Carcinomas

Germ Cell Neoplasms

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Human Metapneumovirus

Adenovirus

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Legionella

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis)

Pulmonary Abscess

DIAPHRAGM

Congenital Diaphragmatic Eventration

Accessory Diaphragm

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Incidence

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Nomenclature and Classification of CHD

Cardiac Situs and Heterotaxy Syndromes

Dextrocardia

Juxtaposition of Atrial Appendages

Ectopia Cordis

Morphologic Assessment of the Chambers

Atrial Morphology

Ventricular Morphology

Malformations of the Venous System

Systemic Venous Anomalies

Pulmonary Venous Anomalies

Septal Malformations and Defects

Sinus Venosus Defects

Malformations of the Atrial Septum

Malformations of the Ventricular Septum

Ventricular Septal Defects

Malformations of the Atrioventricular Septum (AV Septum)

Malformations of the Conus and Truncus (Conotruncal Anomalies)

Transposition of the Great Vessels

Double-Outlet Ventricle

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

Aortopulmonary Window (AP Window)

Malformations of the Ventricular Inflow Tracts

Tricuspid Valve Malformations

Mitral Valve Malformations

Univentricular Atrioventricular Connection

Malformations of the Ventricular Outflow Tracts

Pulmonary Outflow Tract and Valve Malformations

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) and Aortic Valve Malformations

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Malformations of the Aortic Arch System

Ductus Arteriosus

Obstructive Anomalies of the Aortic Arch

Aortic Arch Branching Anomalies

Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries

Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery (AAOCA)

Anomalous Pulmonary Origin of Coronary Artery

HEREDITARY AND NONHEREDITARY FUNCTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Myocardial Disease

Cardiomyopathies

Endomyocardial Biopsy and Heart Transplant

Conduction System Abnormalities

Endocardial Diseases

Noninfective Endocarditis

Infective Endocarditis

Pericardial Diseases

Pericarditis

Developmental Abnormalities

Extracardiac Vascular Disease

Pulmonary Hypertension

Systemic Arterial Disease

CARDIAC TUMORS

Benign Tumors

Rhabdomyomas

Cardiac Fibroma

Teratomas

Myxomas

Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy

Other Benign Tumors

Malignant Tumors

Chapter 14 Gastrointestinal Tract

EMBRYOLOGY

DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS

Congenital Abnormalities

Persistent Embryonic Epithelium

Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa (Inlet Patch)

Esophageal Duplication

Neurenteric Cyst (Remnant) of the Mediastinum

Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Esophageal Stenosis

Acquired Diseases

Esophagitis Due to Gastroesophageal Reflux

Barrett Esophagus

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Infectious Esophagitis

Herpes Simplex Esophagitis

Candida Esophagitis

Cytomegalovirus Esophagitis

DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH

Congenital Anomalies

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Antral Web

Duplication

Pancreatic Heterotopia and Pancreatic Acinar Metaplasia

Acquired Diseases

Spontaneous Gastric Perforation in the Neonate

Gastritis

Hemorrhagic and Erosive Gastritis

Helicobacter pylori Gastritis

Helicobacter heilmannii (Gastrospirillum hominis) Gastritis

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Ménétrier Disease

Granulomatous Gastritis

Crohn Disease of the Stomach

Polyps and Tumors of the Stomach

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

DISORDERS OF THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE

Congenital Abnormalities

Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

Malrotation

Intestinal Atresia and Stenosis

Duplications of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Meckel Diverticulum and Other Vitelline Duct Anomalies

Meconium and Meconium Abnormalities

Meconium Ileus

Meconium Peritonitis

Meconium Plug

Gastrointestinal Involvement in Cystic Fibrosis

HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction

Acquired Diseases

Intussusception

GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS

Viral Diarrhea

Rotaviruses

Norovirus Virus

Enteric Adenovirus

Cytomegalovirus

Herpes Simplex Virus

Other Viruses

Bacterial Diarrhea

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO, Blind Loop Syndrome)

Salmonella

Shigella

Vibrio cholerae

Escherichia coli

Campylobacter jejuni

Yersinia

Clostridium difficile

Aeromonas

Protozoal Infections

Giardia lamblia (Intestinalis)

Cryptosporidium

Entamoeba histolytica

Other Protozoal Infections

Fungal Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract

MALABSORPTION

The Intestinal Biopsy in Children

Congenital Transport and Enzymatic Disorders

Lipid Transport Disorders

Congenital Enteropathies

Microvillus Inclusion Disease

Congenital Tufting Enteropathy (CTE, epithelial dysplasia)

Enteroendocrine Cell Dysgenesis (ECD, Enteric Anendocrinosis)

Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome

Autoimmune Enteropathy

Celiac Disease (CD, Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy, GSE)

Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis

Intestinal Lymphangiectasia

Gastroenteritis and Postenteritis Enteropathy

Short-Bowel Syndrome and Bacterial Overgrowth

Malnutrition

GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Gastrointestinal Involvement in Pediatric HIV Infection

Graft Versus Host Disease

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura and Other Systemic Vasculitis

COLITIS

Acute Self-Limited Colitis

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Very Early-Onset IBD

Ulcerative Colitis

Crohn Disease

Indeterminate Colitis

Lymphocytic Colitis

Collagenous Colitis

Pseudomembranous Colitis

Diversion Colitis

Typhlitis (Neutropenic Enterocolitis)

Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Spontaneous Perforation of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Allergic Colitis (Allergic Proctocolitis)

Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome

INTESTINAL NEOPLASMS

Juvenile Polyps and Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome

PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS)

Peutz-Jeghers Polyposis Syndrome

Adenomatous Polyps and Adenocarcinoma

Nonepithelial Gastrointestinal Tumors

Lymphoma

APPENDIX

Normal Anatomy and Histology

Congenital and Neuromuscular Disorders

Acute Appendicitis

Interval Appendectomy

Unusual Infections of the Appendix

Miscellaneous Conditions

Appendiceal Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumors

DISORDERS OF THE ANUS

Congenital Abnormalities

Acquired Diseases

Anogenital Warts

Perianal Abscess and Anal Fistula

Chapter 15 Liver, Gallbladder, and Biliary Tract

DEVELOPMENT

HISTOLOGY

LIVER BIOPSY AND TISSUE TRIAGE

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Agenesis

Heterotaxy

Herniation of Liver

Hepatic Ectopia or Heterotopia

NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA-CHOLESTASIS

Hereditary Hyperbilirubinemia

Disorders in Bilirubin Conjugation and Transport

CONGENITAL AND ACQUIRED CHOLESTATIC DISORDERS IN THE NEWBORN AND INFANT

Neonatal Giant Cell Hepatitis

Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia

Persistent Intrahepatic Cholestasis

Alagille Syndrome (ALGS, Syndromic Paucity of Interlobular Bile Ducts, Arteriohepatic Dysplasia)

HNF1B Deficiency

Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis

Lymphedema-Cholestatic Syndrome

Total Parenteral Nutrition Hepatopathy (Parenteral Nutrition Associated Liver Disease)

Nonsyndromic Paucity of Intrahepatic Ducts

Anatomic Anomalies and Disorders of Biliary and Hepatic Ducts

Agenesis of the Common Bile or Hepatic Duct

Congenital Bronchobiliary Fistula

Ciliated Foregut Cyst

Congenital Dilatation of the Bile Ducts

Choledochal Cyst

Ductal Plate Malformation

Caroli Disease

Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis

METABOLIC DISORDERS

Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders

Galactosemia

Fructosemia

Glycogen Storage Diseases

Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders

Tyrosinemia

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Lipidoses

Mucolipidoses

Oligosaccharidoses (Glycoproteinoses)

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Farber Disease (Farber Lipogranulomatosis)

Fabry Disease

Gangliosidoses

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Sphingolipidoses

Bile Acid Metabolism Disorders

Primary Bile Acid Synthesis Defects

Zellweger Syndrome (Cerebrohepatorenal Syndrome)

Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

Cystic Fibrosis

Iron Storage Disease

Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease (Alloimmune Gestational Hepatitis)

Wilson Disease

Porphyrias

Urea Cycle Disorders

Hepatic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Reye Syndrome

Defects in Fatty Acid Oxidation

Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndromes

VIRAL HEPATITIS

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis G

Hepatitis of Unknown and Uncommon Etiology

Pathology of the Viral Hepatitides

Chronic Hepatitis

ACUTE LIVER FAILURE (FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE)

AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE

ABSCESS

PARASITIC DISEASES

GRANULOMATOUS HEPATITIS

PORTAL, HEPATIC VENOUS AND SINUSOIDAL OBSTRUCTION

Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension

Budd-Chiari Syndrome (Hepatic Venous Outflow Obstruction)

Venoocclusive Disease-Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (VOD-SOS)

Fontan-Associated Liver Disease

Peliosis Hepatis

Abernethy Malformation

Hepatic Hemorrhage

CIRRHOSIS

HEPATIC TUMORS

HEPATOCELLULAR NEOPLASMS AND OTHER EPITHELIAL TUMORS

Hepatoblastoma

Pathologic Features

Malignant Hepatocellular Neoplasm NOS (HCN-NOS)

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular Adenoma

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

Calcifying Nested Stromal Epithelial Tumor (Desmoplastic Nested Spindle Cell Tumor, Ossifying Stromal-Epithelial Tumor)

Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia

GERM CELL TUMORS

NONEPITHELIAL TUMORS

Mesenchymal Hamartoma-Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma

Mesenchymal Hamartoma

Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma

Vascular Anomalies and Neoplasms

Congenital Hemangioma

Infantile Hemangioma (Formerly Infantile Hemangioendothelioma of the Liver)

Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma

Angiosarcoma

Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Biliary Tract

Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor

GALLBLADDER

DEVELOPMENT

ANOMALIES AND MALFORMATIONS

Agenesis

Duplication

ACQUIRED DISEASE

Inflammatory Disease

Cholesterol Cholelithiasis

Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis

Tumor and Tumorlike Disorders

Chapter 16 Pancreas

ORGANOGENESIS AND EXOCRINE HISTOGENESIS

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND MALFORMATIONS

Agenesis and Hypoplasia

Pancreatic Enlargement

Abnormalities of Position

Annular Pancreas

Ectopic Pancreas

Pancreatic Cysts

Pancreatic Anomalies in Nonmotile Ciliopathies

Variations in the Pancreatic Ducts

Pancreatic Pathology in Trisomies and Triploidy

EXOCRINE PANCREAS

Functional Development

Abnormalities of the Exocrine Pancreas

Isolated Enzyme Deficiencies

Diseases That Result in Replacement of Exocrine Acini by Adipose Tissue

Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome

Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome

Pearson Marrow-Pancreas Syndrome

Neonatal Hemochromatosis

Cystic Fibrosis

Inspissation and Other Changes of Pancreatic Ducts

Pancreatitis in Childhood

Traumatic Pancreatitis

Infectious Pancreatitis

Inflammatory Pancreatitis

Biliary/Obstructive Pancreatitis

Medication-induced Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis With Genetic Associations

Exocrine Tumors

Pancreatoblastoma

Acinar Cell Carcinoma

Solid-Pseudopapillary Neoplasm

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS

Histogenesis, Maturation, and Morphology

Abnormalities of the Endocrine Pancreas

Islet Hypertrophy

Endocrine Aplasia and Hypoplasia

Infant of the Diabetic Mother

Hydrops Fetalis

Diabetes Mellitus

Hyperinsulinism

Syndromes/Diseases with Endocrine Pancreas Abnormalities

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Perlman Syndrome

von Hippel-Lindau Disease

Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome

Leprechaunism (Donohue Syndrome)

Cystic Fibrosis

Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type I

Ataxia-Telangiectasia

Pancreatic Endocrine Tumor in Childhood

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Chapter 17 Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract

INTRODUCTION

EMBRYOLOGY

Molecular Regulation of Kidney Development

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY

Classification of CAKUT

Defects in Normal Kidney Positioning

Renal Ectopia

Renal Fusion

DEFECTS IN NEPHRON INDUCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION

Renal Agenesis

Renal Hypoplasia

Renal Dysplasia

Renal Tubular Dysgenesis

Renal Duplication (Duplex Kidney)

Supernumerary Kidney

OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS, RENOMEGALY, AND HYDRONEPHROSIS

Renomegaly

Hydronephrosis

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

MEDULLARY CYSTS

Medullary Sponge Kidney

Nephronophthisis

Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease

CORTICAL CYSTS

Simple Cortical Cysts

Syndromic Associated Cysts

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

RENAL NEOPLASMS

Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

Multicystic Renal Neoplasms

Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney and Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor

Stromal and Metanephric Tumors

Mesoblastic Nephroma

Metanephric Adenoma

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Mesenchymal and Other Tumors

GLOMERULAR TUBULOINTERSTITIAL AND VASCULAR DISEASES

Glomerulopathies that Usually Present with Proteinuria or Nephrotic Syndrome

Minimal Change Disease, IgM and C1q Nephropathy

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Diabetic Nephropathy

Nephrotic Syndrome in the First Year of Life

Nail-Patella Syndrome and Pierson Syndrome

Glomerulopathies that Usually Present with Hematuria with or Without Proteinuria

IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)

IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura, IgAV)

Alport Syndrome

Thin Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease

Loin Pain Hematuria Syndrome

Glomerulopathies that Usually Present with Nephritic Syndrome

Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis/C3 Glomerulopathy

Lupus Nephritis

Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Interstitial Nephritis Caused by Infectious Agents

Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis

Rheumatic/Autoimmune Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

RENOVASCULAR DISEASES

Thrombotic Microangiopathy Syndrome

Renal Involvement in Systemic Vasculitides

Renal Vein Thrombosis

Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal Cortical Necrosis and Papillary Necrosis

Radiation Nephritis

DISEASES OF THE URETERS, BLADDER, AND URETHRA

Congenital Malformations of the Ureter

Ureteral Agenesis

Ureteral Duplication

Ureteral Ectopia

Ureterocele

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Reactive, Inflammatory, and Neoplastic Lesions

Neoplasms of the Ureter

Vesicoureteric Reflux

Bladder Development and Congenital Anomalies of Lower Urinary Tract

Bladder Exstrophy

Congenital Obstructive Uropathy

Prune Belly Syndrome

Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome

Urachal Anomalies

ACQUIRED DISEASES/CONDITIONS OF THE BLADDER AND URETHRA

Cystitis of Various Types

Tumors of Bladder and Urethra

Urothelial Neoplasia

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor

Other Tumor Types

Mesenchymal Tumors

Chapter 18 Female Reproductive System

ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

Primordial Germ Cells

Early Gonadal Development

Ovarian Differentiation

The Ductal System

Female External Genitalia

STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

The Ductal System

The External Genitalia

DISORDERS/DIFFERENCES OF SEX DEVELOPMENT

Gonadal Pathology in DSD

Tumors Associated with Gonadal Dysgenesis

NONNEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF THE LOWER GENITAL TRACT

Infections

Human Papillomaviruses

Herpes Simplex

Syphilis

Molluscum Contagiosum

Chlamydia trachomatis

Miscellaneous Infectious Diseases

Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases

Behçet Disease

Crohn Disease

Lichen Sclerosus

Bullous Diseases

Other Inflammatory Processes

CYSTIC LESIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

Benign Cystic Lesions of the Lower Genital Tract

Müllerian Cysts

Bartholin Cysts

Vulvar Mucous Cysts

Gartner Duct Cysts

Cysts of the Canal of Nuck (Peritoneal Lined Cysts)

Skene Duct Cysts

Nonneoplastic Ovarian Cysts

OTHER NONNEOPLASTIC OVARIAN LESIONS

Endometriosis

Massive Ovarian Edema

NEOPLASMS OF THE LOWER FEMALE GENITAL TRACT

Benign Tumors of the Lower Female Genital Tract

Hidradenoma Papilliferum

Childhood Labial Enlargement

Müllerian or Mesonephric Papilloma

Fibroepithelial Polyp (Mesodermal Stromal Polyp)

Miscellaneous Lesions

Malignant Tumors of the Lower Female Genital Tract

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Yolk Sac Tumor (Formerly Also Known as Endodermal Sinus Tumor)

OVARIAN NEOPLASMS

Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors

Mature Teratoma

Immature Teratoma

Gliomatosis Peritonei

Dysgerminoma

Yolk Sac Tumor

Other Histologic Types of Germ Cell Tumors

Gonadoblastoma

Serologic Markers

Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors

Rare Tumors

Epithelial Neoplasms

Chapter 19 Male Reproductive System, Including Intersex Disorders

THE TESTIS

Testicular Development and Disorders

Congenital and Developmental Anomalies

Disorders of Sex Development (Intersex Disorders)

Disorders of Genital Differentiation

End-Organ Defects

Disorders of Sexual Determination

XX MALE AND XY FEMALE SYNDROME (SEX REVERSAL)

Defects in the Wilms Tumor (WT1) Suppressor Gene

Acquired Abnormalities and Other Lesions

Neoplasms of the Testis

Germ Cell Tumors

Yolk Sac Tumor

Teratoma

Epidermoid Cyst

Germ cell neoplasia in situ

Embryonal Carcinoma

Seminoma

Mixed Germ Cell Tumor

Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors

Leydig Cell Tumor

Sertoli Cell Tumor

Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor

Gonadoblastoma

Miscellaneous Tumors of the Testis

EPIDIDYMIS, SPERMATIC CORD, AND PARATESTICULAR TISSUES

Congenital and Developmental Anomalies

Acquired Abnormalities and Other Lesions

Tumors of the Paratesticular Structures

THE PENIS

THE PROSTATE

Congenital and Developmental Anomalies

Acquired Abnormalities and Other Lesions

Chapter 20 Breast

INTRODUCTION

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Congenital Absence of the Breast

Poland Syndrome

Other Syndromes

Breast Displacement

Polythelia and Supernumerary Breast Tissue

ACQUIRED DISORDERS

Fibroepithelial Neoplasms

Fibroadenoma

Benign Phyllodes Tumor

Adenomas

Cysts and Ductal Papillary Lesions

Galactocele

Papillary Epithelial Proliferations

Gynecomastia and Juvenile Macromastia

Mastitis

Primary Malignant Neoplasms

Borderline and Malignant Phyllodes Tumor

Breast Carcinoma

Secretory (Juvenile) Carcinoma

Soft Tissue and Secondary Tumors

Neurofibroma

Granular Cell Tumor

Myxomas

Lipomatous Tumors

Vascular Tumors

Fibrous and Myofibroblastic Tumors

Sarcomas

Metastatic and Hematolymphoid Neoplasms

Chapter 21 Pineal, Pituitary, Parathyroid, Thyroid, and Adrenal Glands

PINEAL GLAND

Anatomy and Physiology

Developmental Disorders

Acquired Disorders

PITUITARY GLAND

Anatomy and Physiology

Imaging

Developmental Disorders

Acquired Disorders

PARATHYROID GLANDS

Anatomy/Physiology

Imaging

Developmental Disorders

Acquired Disorders

THYROID GLAND

Imaging

Developmental Disorders

Acquired Disorders

Neoplasms

ADRENAL GLANDS

Imaging

Developmental Disorders

Acquired Disorders

Peripheral Neuroblastoma (NB) Group Tumors

Chapter 22 Oral, Maxillofacial, Head and Neck Pathology in Pediatrics

INTRODUCTION

NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA (JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA)

NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA, TYPE IIB NONKERATINIZING UNDIFFERENTIATED, WHO GRADE

NASAL CHONDROMESENCHYMAL HAMARTOMA

NASAL-ASSOCIATED LESIONS

Sinonasal Inflammatory Polyps

Sinonasal Mycotic Sinusitis

NASAL GLIAL HETEROTOPIA (NASAL GLIOMA)

SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS, LARYNGOTRACHEAL TYPE (RESPIRATORY PAPILLOMATOSIS)

CONGENITAL EPULIS OF THE NEWBORN (GINGIVAL GRANULAR CELL TUMOR OF INFANCY, NEUMANN TUMOR)

GIANT CELL LESION OF JAW (CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMA)

CRANIOFACIAL OSTEOMA

JUVENILE OSSIFYING FIBROMA (JUVENILE ACTIVE/AGGRESSIVE OSSIFYING FIBROMA)

PERIPHERAL OSSIFYING FIBROMA (CEMENTO-OSSIFYING FIBROMA) OF THE ORAL CAVITY

DESMOPLASTIC FIBROMA

MELANOTIC NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR OF INFANCY (PIGMENTED EPULIS OF INFANCY; MELANOTIC PROGONOMA OF ORAL CAVITY; RETINAL ANLAGE TUMOR)

OLFACTORY NEUROBLASTOMA (ESTHESIONEUROBLASTOMA)

MUCOCELE (MUCUS RETENTION PHENOMENON)

SJÖGREN SYNDROME SIALADENITIS (MIKULICZ DISEASE, SICCA SYNDROME)

SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS IN PEDIATRIC POPULATION

PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA (MIXED TUMOR)

MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA

ACINIC CELL CARCINOMA

SIALOBLASTOMA

DENTIGEROUS CYST (FOLLICULAR CYST)

ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST (KERATOCYSTIC ODONTOGENIC TUMOR)

PERIAPICAL CYST AND GRANULOMA

TUMORS DERIVED FROM ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIUM AND ECTOMESENCHYME

Odontoma

Ameloblastic Fibroma

Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma (Odontoameloblastoma, Ameloblastic Odontoma)

Molecular Features of Ameloblastic Fibroma (AF), Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma (AF), and Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma (AFS)

Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor

ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA: TUMOR OF ODONTOGENIC ECTOMESENCHYME

AMELOBLASTOMA: TUMOR OF ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIUM WITHOUT ODONTOGENIC MESENCHYME

Unicystic Ameloblastoma

Conventional Ameloblastoma

Extraosseous Ameloblastoma

Molecular Features in Ameloblastoma

Chapter 23 Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus

LYMPH NODES

Lymph Nodes (Normal Structure and Function)

Clinical Significance of Lymphadenopathy in Children

Approach to Diagnosis in Patients With Lymphadenopathy

Immunophenotypic Studies of Lymph Node Biopsy Specimens

Cytogenetic, FISH, and Molecular Studies of Lymph Node Biopsy Specimens

Reactive Lymphadenopathy

FOLLICULAR HYPERPLASIAS

Nonspecific Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia

HIV-Related Adenopathy

Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers

Toxoplasmosis

Castleman Disease

INTERFOLLICULAR/PARACORTICAL REACTIONS: IMMUNOBLASTIC

Epstein-Barr Virus Infection (Infectious Mononucleosis)

Non-EBV Viral Adenopathy

Hypersensitivity Reactions, Emphasizing Phenytoin (Dilantin) Reactions

Juvenile-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Emphasizing Still Disease

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis/Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease

Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome

Kawasaki Disease

INTERFOLLICULAR GRANULOMATOUS PROCESSES

Cat-Scratch Disease

Mycobacterial Infections

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

INTERFOLLICULAR PROCESSES WITH HISTIOCYTIC PROLIFERATION (NONGRANULOMATOUS)

Sinus Histiocytosis With Massive Lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman Disease)

Foreign Body Sinusoidal Histiocytic Reactions

Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

MALIGNANT LYMPHADENOPATHY

B Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Large B-Cell Lymphoma (LBCL) With IRF4 Rearrangement

Burkitt Lymphoma

Other Rare B-Cell Lymphoma in Children

Pediatric-Type Follicular Lymphoma

Pediatric Marginal Zone Lymphoma

T Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

ALK-Positive ALCL

Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin Lymphoma

Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma

Lymphocyte-Depleted Hodgkin Lymphoma

Lymphocyte-Rich Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma

Nodular Lymphocyte–Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma

Tumors of Monocyte/Macrophage Lineage

SPLEEN

Embryology

Normal Structure and Function

Examination of the Spleen

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Asplenia

Polysplenia

Accessory Spleen

Fusion

Cysts

ACQUIRED ABNORMALITIES

Congestion

Immune Thrombocytopenia

Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias

Infection

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Vascular Tumors

Follicular Hyperplasia

Localized Lymphoid Hyperplasia

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Primary Immunodeficiencies

THYMUS

Embryology

Anatomy and Histology

Thymic Atrophy

The Thymus in AIDS

Thymic Tumors

Neoplastic Proliferation of the Thymus

Lymphomas

Chapter 24 Bone Marrow

DEVELOPMENT

BONE MARROW STRUCTURE

STEM CELLS AND PROGENITOR CELLS

HEMATOPOIETIC LINEAGES

NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC PARAMETERS

HEMATOLOGIC PROFILE OF THE NEONATE

EXAMINATION OF THE BONE MARROW IN CHILDREN

APLASTIC ANEMIA IN CHILDREN

INHERITED BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROMES (IBMFS) AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS

Diagnostic Approach for IBMFS

Benign Erythroid Disorders in Children

Inherited and Congenital Hematopoietic Syndromes Affecting Granulocytes

Platelet and Megakaryocytic Disorders

INHERITED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS

General Considerations

Specific Inherited Immunodeficiency Disorders

Storage Disorders

NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS IN BONE MARROW

Myeloproliferative Disorders Associated With Down Syndrome

Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis

Acute Leukemia

Congenital Acute Leukemias

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA

Clinical Features

Morphologic Features

Immunophenotypic Features

ALL Classification

B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

B-ALL, NOS

B-ALL With Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities

T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Prognosis

ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA

Morphologic and Immunophenotypic Features

AML Classification

AML with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities

AML With t(8;21)(q22;q22.1): RUNX1–RUNX1T1

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia With t(15;17)(q22;q12): PML–RARα

AML With inv(16)(p13.1q22) or t(16;16)(p13.1;q22): CBFB-MYH11

AML With t(9;11)(p21.3;q23.3): KMT2A-MLLT3 or Other Balanced Translocations Involving 11q23

AML With t(6;9)(p23;q34.1): DEK-NUP214

AML With inv(3)(q21.3q26.2 or t(3;3)(q21.3;q26.2): GATA2; MECOM

AML (Megakaryoblastic) With t(1;22)(p13.3;q13.1): RBM15-MLK1

AML With Recurrent Gene Mutations

Therapy-Related AML/MDS (t-AML/t-MDS)

AML with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes

AML, NOS

ACUTE LEUKEMIAS OF AMBIGUOUS LINEAGE

MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

MYELOPROLIFERATIVE AND MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS

MYELOID NEOPLASMS WITH GERM-LINE PREDISPOSITION

NEOPLASTIC HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS IN BONE MARROW

Neoplastic Histiocytoses

Differential Diagnosis

Histiocytoses of Varied Biologic Behavior

METASTATIC DISORDERS IN BONE MARROW

BONE MARROW/HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Bone Marrow Findings in Post-BMT Samples

Chapter 25 Soft Tissue

INTRODUCTION

PATHOLOGIC EXAMINATION

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

GRADING OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS

VASCULAR TUMORS

Infantile and Congenital Hemangiomas

Other Vascular Tumors

VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

FIBROUS, PERICYTIC, FIBROBLASTIC, AND MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMORS

Scar and Keloid

Pericytic (Perivascular) Tumors

Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis

Nodular Fasciitis

Myositis Ossificans

Other Fibroblastic-Myofibroblastic Tumors

(SO-CALLED) FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS

HISTIOCYTIC AND DENDRITIC CELL NEOPLASMS

LIPOMATOUS TUMORS

Lipomatous Overgrowth/Hyperplasia Syndromes

ADIPOCYTIC NEOPLASMS

PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMORS

Neurofibroma

Schwannoma

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

Other Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Granular Cell Tumor

PERIVASCULAR EPITHELIOID CELL NEOPLASMS

GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR

MYOGENIC NEOPLASMS

Smooth Muscle Tumors

UNDIFFERENTIATED SARCOMAS AND TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN HISTOGENESIS

Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma

Undifferentiated Sarcoma

Pleomorphic Undifferentiated Sarcoma

Ewing Sarcoma

Ewing Sarcoma–like Tumors

Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor

Clear Cell Sarcoma

Malignant Gastrointestinal Neuroectodermal Tumor

NUT Carcinomas

Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma

Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

Myoepithelial Tumors (METs, Myoepithelioma, Mixed Tumor, and Myoepithelial Carcinoma)

Synovial Sarcoma

Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor

Epithelioid Sarcoma

Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma

Malignant Ectomesenchymoma

GERM CELL NEOPLASMS

Chapter 26 Skin

INTRODUCTION

EMBRYOLOGY

Special Processing

GENETIC DISORDERS (GENODERMATOSES)

Keratin Disorders

Restrictive Dermopathy

Ectodermal Dysplasia

Incontinentia Pigmenti

Focal Dermal Hypoplasia ([FDH], Goltz-Gorlin Syndrome)

TP63-Related Disorders

Structure Group

Epidermolysis Bullosa

Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases

Metabolic Diseases

INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES (DERMATITIS)

Spongiotic Dermatitis

Psoriasiform Dermatitis and Psoriasis

Psoriasis Vulgaris (PSV)

Lichen Simplex Chronicus and Prurigo Nodularis

Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris

Pityriasis Rosea

Lichenoid/Interface Dermatitis

Erythema Multiforme

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Graft Versus Host Disease

Hypersensitivity, Urticaria, Vasculitis, Neutrophils, Dermatosis, and Panniculitis

Vasculitis

BACTERIAL, VIRAL, AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Viral Infections

Human Papillomavirus

Molluscum Contagiosum

Herpes Virus Infection

Fungal Infections

Infestations

NONINFECTIOUS NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSES

Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Sweet Syndrome

Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis

Palmoplantar Eccrine Hidradenitis

Autoinflammatory-Associated Neutrophilic Dermatosis

Eosinophilic Cellulitis (EC, Wells Syndrome)

Annular Figurate Erythema

GRANULOMATOUS DERMATITIS AND PANNICULITIS

Panniculitis and Fat Necrosis

KELOID, SCAR, AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS

Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissues

PUSTULES, VESICLES, AND BLISTERS (BULLAE)

Neonatal Pustular Dermatoses

Immunobullous Diseases (Autoimmune Blistering Diseases)

ALOPECIA

MUCINOSES AND CALCIFICATION

Mucinoses

Calcifications

CYSTS, EPIDERMAL NEVUS, AND NEOPLASMS

Cysts

Epidermal Nevus

Neoplasms

Hematolymphoid Neoplasms

Adnexal Neoplasms

Follicular Neoplasms

Sweat Gland Neoplasms

MELANOCYTIC-NEVOCELLULAR LESIONS

Congenital Melanocytic Nevus

Acquired Melanocytic Nevus

Spitz Nevus and Spindle Cell Nevus of Reed

METASTATIC TUMOR

Chapter 27 Neuromuscular Diseases

NORMAL MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT

MUSCLE APLASIA AND HYPOPLASIA

ARTHROGRYPOSIS

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

Muscle Biopsy

Muscle Histochemistry

MUSCLE ATROPHY

DISTURBANCES OF MUSCLE MATURATION

CENTRAL HYPOTONIA

ROLE OF MUSCLE BIOPSY

DISORDERS OF INNERVATION

Spinal Cord Diseases

Motor Neuron Disease

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

COMBINED CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS

DISORDERS OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION

CONGENITAL MYOPATHY

Centronuclear Myopathies

Nemaline Myopathy

Core Myopathy

Congenital Myopathy With Small Type I Fibers

Other Congenital Myopathies

METABOLIC MYOPATHY

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Glycogen Storage Diseases

Triglyceride Storage Diseases

Mitochondrial Myopathy

OTHER METABOLIC MYOPATHIES

EPISODIC MYOGLOBINURIA

MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA

SKELETAL MYOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOMYOPATHY

DRUG-INDUCED MYOPATHY

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

Duchenne and Becker Dystrophinopathies

Other Muscular Dystrophies

CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY

Infectious Myositis

Local Myositis

IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY

Chapter 28 Skeletal System

INTRODUCTION

CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND MALFORMATIONS

Limb Reduction Defects

Amniotic Band Rupture-Constriction Sequence

Radial Longitudinal Deficiency

Caudal Dysgenesis

Polydactyly and Syndactyly

Arthrogryposis

Genetic Disorders of Skeletal Development

FGFR3 Chondrodysplasias (Group 1)

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) and Decreased Bone Density Group (Group 25)

Abnormal Mineralization Group (AMG, Group 26)

Type 2 Collagen Group (Group 2)

Ciliopathies With Major Skeletal Involvement (Group 9)

Severe Spondylodysplasias (SSD, Group 14)

Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasias (SEMD, Group 13)

TRPV4-Associated Disorders (Group 8)

Sulfation Disorders (SDs, Group 4)

Filamin Group and Related Disorders (Group 7)

Chondrodysplasia (CDP) Group (Group 21)

Bent Bone Dysplasia (BBD, Group 18)

Neonatal Osteosclerotic Dysplasias (NODs, Group 22)

Osteopetrosis (OSP) and Related Disorders (Group 23)

Lysosomal Storage Disease (LSD) With Skeletal Involvement (Group 27, Dysostosis Multiplex Congenital)

Other Sclerosing Bone Disorders (Group 23)

Metaphyseal Dysplasias (Group 11)

Genetic Inflammatory/Rheumatoid-Like Osteoarthropathies (Group 31)

Disorganized Development of Skeletal Components Group (Group 29)

ACQUIRED DISORDERS

Nutritional Conditions and Metabolic Disorders

TUMOR AND TUMORLIKE CONDITIONS

MATRIX-PRODUCING AND MATRIX-ASSOCIATED TUMORS

Osteosarcoma

Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma

Osteoma

Fibro-osseous Tumors

Cartilaginous Tumors

NON–MATRIX-PRODUCING TUMORS AND CYSTS

FIBROUS SPINDLE CELL TUMORS

Nonossifying Fibroma

Desmoplastic Fibroma

Myofibroma

Cranial Fasciitis

Osteofibrous Dysplasia, Congenital Pseudarthrosis (CP), and Adamantinoma

ROUND CELL AND EPITHELIOID CELL NEOPLASMS

Ewing Sarcoma

Other Fusion-Rearranged Sarcomas With Round and/or Spindle Cell Features

Skeletal Metastasis

HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS

CHORDOMA

INFECTION AND NONINFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF BONES AND JOINTS AND OSTEONECROSIS

OSTEONECROSIS

Synovium

Synovitis

Tumor and Tumorlike Lesions

List of Appendices

Index

 

An aparitie	16 Jun. 2021
Autor	Aliya N. Husain MD, Louis P. Dehner MD
Dimensiuni	21.29 x 27.64 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781975144814
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	1608