Neinstein's Adolescent and Young Adult Health Care: A Practical Guide

 

Description:

 

The #1 choice for more than 35 years for those involved in the care of adolescents and young adults, Neinstein’s Adolescent and Young Adult Health: A Practical Guide, 7th Edition is your go-to resource for practical, authoritative guidance. The fully updated seventh edition, edited by Drs. Debra K. Katzman, Catherine M. Gordon, S. Todd Callahan, Richard J. Chung, Alain Joffe, Susan L. Rosenthal, and Maria E. Trent, offers a comprehensive view of the interdisciplinary nature of the field and is inclusive of the wide variety of health professionals who care for adolescents and young adults. This award-winning text features a full-color design, several new chapters, numerous algorithms, bulleted text throughout for quick reference at the point of care, and fresh perspectives from new editors—making it ideal for daily practice or certification examination preparation. 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part I: General Considerations in Adolescent and Young Adult Health

CHAPTER 1 Health of the World’s Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

Structural Determinants of Health

Proximal Social Factors

LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVE

Life-Course Transitions in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Health Correlates of Transitions to Adulthood

DEMOGRAPHICS OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Global Overview

Population Structure and Composition

MORTALITY IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Global Mortality

Mortality in the United States and Other High-Income Countries

MORBIDITY

Overview of Global Morbidity

Morbidity in the United States and Other High-Income Countries

Mental Health

Health Behaviors

HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION

Global Overview

Defining and Improving the Quality of Adolescents and Young Adult Health and Health Promotion Services

DATA SOURCES

SUMMARY: HEALTH OF THE WORLD’S ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

CHAPTER 2 Normal Physical Growth and Development

INTRODUCTION

ENDOCRINE AXES AFFECTING PUBERTAL MATURATION

Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis

Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis

MATURATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–GONADAL AXIS

Gonadal Steroids

The Origins of Puberty: The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator and the Influences of Genetics

PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PUBERTY

Sexual Maturity Rating Scales

Female Pubertal Changes

Menarche

Male Pubertal Changes

ADRENARCHE

Physical Manifestations

THE GROWTH HORMONE AXIS AND PUBERTAL GROWTH

Growth Hormone Axis

PHYSICAL GROWTH DURING PUBERTY

Growth Hormone during Puberty

Height Velocity

Prediction of Final Height

Weight Growth

Pubertal Changes in Body Composition and Skeletal Mass

Lean Body Mass

Skeletal Mass

Body Mass Index

Brain Maturation during Adolescence

CONCERNS ABOUT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 3 Psychosocial Development in Normal Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

THE PROCESS OF ADOLESCENCE

Phases and Tasks of Adolescence

EARLY ADOLESCENCE (APPROXIMATE AGES 10 TO 13)

Cognitive Development

Movement toward Independence

Body Image

Peer Group

Identity Development

MIDDLE ADOLESCENCE (APPROXIMATE AGES 14 TO 16)

Cognitive Development

Moving toward Independence

Body Image

Peer Group

Identity Development

LATE ADOLESCENCE (APPROXIMATE AGES 17 TO 21)

Cognitive Development

Moving toward Independence

Body Image

Peer Group

Identity Development

YOUNG OR “EMERGING” ADULTS (APPROXIMATE AGES 18 to 25)

Cognitive Development

Moving toward Independence

Body Image

Peer Group and Identity Development

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 4 Office Visit, Interview Techniques, and Recommendations to Parents

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE OFFICE VISIT

Comfort with Adolescents and Young Adults

Meeting the Adolescent and Family: Initial Visit

Office Setup

Interview Structure

PRINCIPLES TO APPROACHING THE ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT PATIENT

Welcoming, Nonjudgmental Approach

Avoid a Surrogate Parent Role

Avoid a Peer Role

Sidestep Power Struggles

Act as an Advocate

Active Listening

Instill Responsibility

Nonverbal Cues

Behavioral Context

Hidden Agenda

Developmental Orientation

Special Interview Challenges

Family Considerations and Social Determinants of Health

Internal Considerations

Optimize Adolescent and Young Adult–Clinicians Communication

RECOMMENDATIONS TO PARENTS OF ADOLESCENTS

Authoritative Parenting Style

General Suggestions

Challenges of Adolescence

Challenges of Young Adulthood

Establishing House Rules

Health Care Transitions

Telehealth

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 5 Preventive Health Care for Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

PREVENTIVE SERVICES FOR ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Clinical Guidelines for Preventive Services

Preventive Services and Insurance Coverage in the United States

Barriers to Providing Preventive Services

Improving Preventive Services Delivery

DIGITAL HEALTH

The Electronic Health Record and Preventive Services

Challenges Related to Confidential Care

Extending the Preventive Reach of the Clinician Through Technology

THE PREVENTIVE SERVICES VISIT

Setting the Stage for Preventive Care

Questionnaires and Screening Tools

History

Measurements

Physical Examination

Chest

Screening Tests

IMMUNIZATIONS

Recommended Vaccines

Catch-Up Vaccines

Consent for Vaccination

Improving Vaccine Delivery

PREVENTIVE HEALTH COUNSELING

Approaches to Preventive Health Counseling

HEALTH CARE TRANSITIONS

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 6 Nutrition

INTRODUCTION

POTENTIAL NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS

Risk Factors

NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT

Dietary Data

Clinical Signs of Nutritional Deficiencies

Anthropometric Measurements

Laboratory Tests

Nutritional Requirements

GUIDELINES FOR NUTRITIONAL THERAPY

General Recommendations

Special Conditions

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 7 Understanding Legal and Ethical Aspects of Care

INTRODUCTION

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Constitutional Rights

State and Federal Laws

CONSENT

The Mature Minor Doctrine and Informed Consent

Right to Refuse Treatment

Minors in State Custody and Consent

Young Adults and Capacity to Consent

PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY

Confidentiality Protections for Adolescent Minors

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule

Electronic Health Information, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Security Rule, and the 21st Century Cures Act

PAYMENT

SPECIALIZED MECHANISMS AND SETTINGS FOR ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT CARE

Providing Care through Telehealth

Providing Health Care in School Settings

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES

SUMMARY

DISCLAIMER

CHAPTER 8 Complementary and Integrative Medicine in Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

EDUCATION

RESEARCH

CLINICIAN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT COMPLEMENTARY AND INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE

HERBS/SUPPLEMENTS

Overview and Regulation

Drug Interactions and Toxicity

Dosing Issues and Active Compounds

Long-Term Use

Use in Pregnancy and Lactation

Commonly Used Herbs/Supplements

ST. JOHN’S WORT (HYPERICUM PERFORATUM)

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

VALERIAN ROOT (VALERIANA OFFICIANALIS)

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

CHAMOMILE (MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA)

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS)

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

ECHINACEA (E. ANGUSTIFOLIA, E. PALLIDA, E. PURPUREA)

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

FEVERFEW (TANACETUM PARTHENIUM)

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

BUTTERBUR (PETASITES HYBRIDUS)

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

MELATONIN

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

INOSITOL

Uses

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

Herb–Drug Interactions

ACUPUNCTURE

Mechanism of Action

Uses

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

YOGA

Mechanism of Action

Uses

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

BIOFEEDBACK

Mechanism of Action

Uses

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

HYPNOSIS

Mechanism of Action

Uses

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

MANUAL THERAPIES: CHIROPRACTIC, OSTEOPATHIC MANIPULATION, AND MASSAGE

Mechanism of Action

Uses

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

MASSAGE

Mechanism of Action

Uses

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

MINDFULNESS

Mechanism of Action

Uses

Clinical Studies

Adverse Effects

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 9 Technology and Social Media

INTRODUCTION

SOCIAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY USE RATES

SOCIAL MEDIA

What Is Social Media?

How Social Media Sites Are Used

Influence of Social Media

Benefits of Social Media and Other Digital Technologies

Risks of Social Media

VIDEO GAMES AND ONLINE GAMING

TELEHEALTH

ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS

APPS

ROLE OF THE ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT CLINICIAN REGARDING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE

Prevention

Education

Screening

Intervention

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 10 Chronic Health Conditions in Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

HOW ARE CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS DEFINED?

HOW PREVALENT ARE CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS?

INTERACTION OF ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS AND STATES

QUALITY HEALTH SERVICES

THE ELEMENTS OF QUALITY HEALTH CARE FOR ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS

Adherence with Treatment

Sexual and Reproductive Health Care

Transition to Adult Health Care

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 11 Palliative Care and End of Life in Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS

PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH LIFE-LIMITING CONDITIONS

Psychological Needs

Social Needs

Spiritual and Cultural Needs

Needs of Close Others

Needs of Clinicians

INTRODUCTION OF PALLIATIVE CARE TO ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

How, When, Where, and by Whom

Service Provision and Resources

SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT

DECISION MAKING AND ADVANCE CARE PLANNING

Assessing Readiness

Tools

Conflict in Decision Making

TRANSITION TO THE ADULT HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

END-OF-LIFE CARE

BEREAVEMENT

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 12 Quality Improvement Concepts in Adolescent and Young Adult Health

INTRODUCTION

Quality in Health Care

CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT METHODS IN PRACTICE: IDENTIFYING AND PRIORITIZING QUALITY PROBLEMS

INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT MODEL FOR IMPROVEMENT

What Are We Trying to Accomplish?

How Will We Know That a Change Is an Improvement?

What Changes Can Result in Improvement?

STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION

Understanding Your Quality Improvement Problem Using Quality Improvement Tools

PLAN-DO-STUDY-ACT CYCLE

DISPLAYING DATA

KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESEARCH AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT HEALTH

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 13 Research with and about Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

ETHICS AND OVERSIGHT

Privacy and Safety for the Adolescent Study Participant

Balancing Privacy and Safety

Certificate of Confidentiality

ENGAGEMENT AND REPRESENTATION OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN RESEARCH

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data Collection and Analysis

METHODOLOGIC ISSUES FOR RESEARCH WITH ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

SUMMARY

Part II: Endocrine Disorders

CHAPTER 14 Abnormal Growth and Development

INTRODUCTION

SHORT STATURE WITHOUT DELAYED PUBERTY

Definition of Short Stature

Differential Diagnosis

Evaluation

Suggestions for Diagnosis

Treatment of Short Stature with Growth Hormone

DELAYED PUBERTY

Review of Normal Development

Definition and General Guidelines for Evaluating Puberty

Differential Diagnosis

WORKUP OF DELAYED PUBERTY

History

Physical Examination

Laboratory Tests

Clues to Other Diagnoses

MANAGEMENT OF DELAYED PUBERTY

Treatment for Females

Treatment for Boys

Treatment of Specific Conditions

PATIENT EDUCATION

PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

Definition

Causes

Incomplete Forms of Precocious Puberty

Evaluation of Precocious Puberty

Treatment of Precocious Puberty

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 15 Thyroid Function and Disease in Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

THYROID MIGRATION, GROWTH, AND FUNCTION DURING DEVELOPMENT

FOCUSED MEDICAL HISTORY

PHYSICAL EVALUATION OF THYROID STRUCTURE

LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THYROID FUNCTION

RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THYROID FUNCTION

ROLE OF GENETIC TESTING IN THYROID DISEASE

THYROID DISORDERS

Thyroid Structural Disorders

Functional Thyroid Disorders

PREGNANCY AND THYROID DISORDERS

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 16 Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION

CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

SCREENING

PREVENTION

EVALUATION AND TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS, ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS, AND FOLLOW-UP CARE

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PATIENT-CENTERED CARE WITH ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

TRANSITION TO ADULT CARE

SUMMARY

Part III: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Disorders

CHAPTER 17 Cardiovascular Health and Cholesterol Disorders

INTRODUCTION

CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

LIPID PHYSIOLOGY AND LIPID DISORDERS

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK SCREENING

TREATMENT OF LIPID DISORDERS

Pharmacologic Agents

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 18 Syncope, Vertigo, and Sudden Cardiac Arrest

INTRODUCTION

SYNCOPE

Etiology

Classification

History and Physical Examination

Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Cardiovascular Syncope

Noncardiovascular Syncope

VERTIGO

History

Physical Examination

SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Etiologies of Sudden Unexpected Cardiac Death in Adolescents and Young Adults

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 19 Heart Murmurs, Congenital Heart Disease, and Acquired Heart Disease

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC CLUES SUGGESTIVE OF INNOCENT (NORMAL) MURMURS

TYPES OF INNOCENT (NORMAL) MURMURS

Still’s Murmur

Pulmonary Flow Murmur

Cervical Venous Hum

Supraclavicular (Carotid) Bruit

DIAGNOSTIC CLUES SUGGESTIVE OF PATHOLOGIC MURMURS

MURMURS ASSOCIATED WITH STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASE

Atrial Septal Defect

Ventricular Septal Defect

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis

Valvular Aortic Stenosis

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (Fig. 19.1)

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

SYSTEMIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE AND THE HEART

Marfan Syndrome

Ehlers–Danlos Syndromes

Fragile X Syndrome

ACQUIRED INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY HEART DISEASE

Bacterial Endocarditis: Recognition and Prophylaxis

Inflammatory Heart Disease

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE EVALUATION OF HEART LESIONS

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Transition to Adult Care for Youth with Congenital Heart Disease

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 20 Systemic Hypertension

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF HYPERTENSION

Elevated BP

Staging

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BP

Height and Weight

Age

Sodium and Other Dietary Constituents

Stress and Adverse Childhood Experiences

Race/Ethnicity

Genetics

Birth Weight and Other Perinatal Factors

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

Blood Pressure Measurement

Confirmation of Hypertension Diagnosis

Diagnostic Evaluation

THERAPY

Prevention

Nonpharmacologic Interventions

Pharmacologic Treatment—Adolescents ≤18 Years

Pharmacologic Treatment—Young Adults ≥18 Years

Pharmacologic Treatment—Special Populations

HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 21 Pulmonary Problems

INTRODUCTION

ASTHMA

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS TRIGGERED BY EXERCISE

Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction

Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction

HABIT COUGH (TIC COUGH OR SOMATIC COUGH SYNDROME)

PECTUS EXACAVATUM

DISORDERS OF MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE

Cystic Fibrosis

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

E-CIGARETTE OR VAPING PRODUCT USE-ASSOCIATED LUNG INJURY

SUMMARY

Part IV: Musculoskeletal Problems and Sport Medicine

CHAPTER 22 Common Musculoskeletal Problems

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURY CARE

Elements of Musculoskeletal History

Elements of Musculoskeletal Physical Examination

General Indications for Imaging in Musculoskeletal Evaluations

General Indications for Referral to a Musculoskeletal Specialist for Patients with Acute Trauma of an Extremity

General Concepts in Treatment and Rehabilitation of Injuries

GROWTH PLATE DISORDERS

THE ANKLE

History of Ankle Symptoms

Physical Examination of the Ankle

Imaging of the Ankle

Treatment of the Ankle

Ankle Sprain

Ankle Fractures

THE KNEE

History of Knee Symptoms

Physical Examination of the Knee

Imaging of the Knee

Treatment of the Knee

Patellofemoral Pain

Osgood–Schlatter Disease

Osteochondritis Dissecans

THE HIP

History of Hip Symptoms

Physical Examination of the Hip

Imaging of the Hip

Treatment of the Hip

Femoroacetabular Impingement and Labral Tears

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

THE SHOULDER

History of Shoulder Symptoms

Physical Examination of the Shoulder

Imaging of the Shoulder

Treatment of the Shoulder

Acute Shoulder Injuries

Chronic Shoulder Injuries

THE SPINE

History of Spine Symptoms

Physical Examination of the Spine

Imaging of the Spine

Treatment of the Spine

Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis

Discogenic Back Pain

Nonspecific Low Back Pain

Scoliosis

Scheuermann Kyphosis

STRESS FRACTURES

Definition/Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

THE CORE

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 23 Guidelines for Promoting Physical Activity and Sports Participation

INTRODUCTION

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORTS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORTS PARTICIPATION

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Resistance Training and Flexibility

Additional Types of Activity

CLINICIANS’ ROLES IN PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Benefits of Physical Activity

Barriers and Predictors of Participation

How to Promote Safe Activity

Practical Guidance for Clinicians

WRITING AN EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION

Establishing a Baseline of Physical Activity

Motivational Interviewing

Creating an Action Plan for Physical Activity

Reaching Physical Activity Goals

Evaluating Physical Activity Goals

PREPARTICIPATION PHYSICAL EVALUATION

Goals and Context of the Preparticipation Physical Evaluation

The Preparticipation Physical Evaluation History

The Preparticipation Physical Evaluation Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests and Laboratory Evaluation

Determining Medical Eligibility for Physical Activity

Medical–Legal Issues in Exclusion from Sports Participation

Effectiveness of the Preparticipation Physical Evaluation

COMMON CONSIDERATIONS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION

Eating Disorders and Energy Deficiency

Cardiovascular Considerations in Exercise

Micronutrients, Supplements, and Fluids

Mental Health Considerations

Sport-Related Concussion

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Mononucleosis

Blood-Borne Pathogens and Sports Participation

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ALL POPULATIONS

Female Athlete

Transgender/Nonbinary Athletes

Athletes with a Disability and Special Health Care Needs

Physical Activity during Pregnancy

INJURY PREVENTION

Sports Injury Epidemiology

Sports Specialization

Burnout

Overuse Injuries

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention

Equipment

Guidelines and Rules

Athletic Organizations and Facilities

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 24 Concussion

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

On-Field Assessment

Sideline Assessment

Clinic Assessment

Advanced Diagnostics

MANAGEMENT

Return-to-Play

Return to Academics

Pharmacologic Therapy

Targeted Therapies

COMPLICATIONS AND CHRONIC EFFECTS

Second-Impact Syndrome

Mental Health and Wellness

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Disqualification and Retirement from Sport

PREVENTION

SUMMARY

Part V: Skin Disorders

CHAPTER 25 Acne

INTRODUCTION

ETIOLOGY

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Acne Lesions

Acne Variants

EVALUATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

MANAGEMENT

Patient Education

Topical Medications

Oral Medications

TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 26 Miscellaneous Skin Conditions

INTRODUCTION

DERMATITIS

Atopic Dermatitis

Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Seborrheic Dermatitis

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Tinea Versicolor

Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)

Onychomycosis

Tinea Cruris

VIRAL INFECTIONS

Warts

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Crusted (Nonbullous) Impetigo

Bullous Impetigo

Folliculitis

PAPULOSQUAMOUS DISEASES

Pityriasis Rosea

Psoriasis

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

Urticaria

Erythema Multiforme

Erythema Nodosum

Drug Eruptions

OTHER CONDITIONS

Hair Loss

Acanthosis Nigricans

Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Hyperhidrosis

Sun Exposure

Vitiligo

Body Modifications

SUMMARY

Part VI: Neurologic and Sleep Disorders

CHAPTER 27 Epilepsy

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

THE INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE AGAINST EPILEPSY CLASSIFICATIONS

ETIOLOGY

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FOR PAROXYSMAL EVENTS

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

MANAGEMENT OF EPILEPSY

Medications

Surgical Options

Dietary Therapy

CONSIDERATIONS FOR FEMALES WITH EPILEPSY

Contraception

Pregnancy

Breastfeeding

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Bone Health

Catamenial Epilepsy

EPILEPSY COMORBIDITIES

LIVING WITH EPILEPSY

Seizure Precautions

Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy

Seizure Action Plan

Employment

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 28 Headaches

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

HEADACHE CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES

COMMON PRIMARY HEADACHES

Migraine

Tension-Type Headache

Cluster Headache

New Daily Persistent Headache

COMMON SECONDARY HEADACHES

Posttraumatic Headache

Headaches Related to Substances, Including Medications

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Headache Related to Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

HEADACHE CLINIC VISIT AND EVALUATION

HEADACHE TREATMENT

The Multitiered Approach

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 29 Sleep Disorders

INTRODUCTION

SLEEP PHYSIOLOGY

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep

SLEEP PATTERN AND CHANGES DURING ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD

COMMON SLEEP DISTURBANCES AND DISORDERS

Sleep Deprivation and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Due to Insufficient Sleep

Insomnia

Delayed Sleep Phase

Sleep-Disordered Breathing/Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Narcolepsy

Parasomnias

PREVENTION, IDENTIFICATION, AND TREATMENT

Prevention and Screening

History Taking, Sleep Diary, and Physical Examination

Referral for Further Assessment

Treatment

Sleep Disorder Clinics

SUMMARY

Part VII: Genitourinary Disorders

CHAPTER 30 Renal and Genitourinary Tract Infections in Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

UNCOMPLICATED INFECTIONS

Cystitis

ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA

COMPLICATED INFECTIONS

Pyelonephritis

Epididymitis/Prostatitis

TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED AND COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

THE FUTURE OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 31 Enuresis in Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS

ETIOLOGY

Genetics

Central Nervous System Abnormalities

Nocturnal Polyuria

Bladder Dysfunction

PSYCHOSOCIAL BURDEN

DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF ENURESIS IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

TREATMENT

Lifestyle Changes

Specific Treatments

Medications

Neuromodulation

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 32 Asymptomatic Proteinuria and Hematuria

INTRODUCTION

ASYMPTOMATIC PROTEINURIA

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology

Causes of Asymptomatic Proteinuria

Diagnostic Approach

Prognosis

HEMATURIA

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Approach

Specific Conditions Presenting with Gross or Microscopic Hematuria in Adolescents and Young Adults

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Part VIII: Infectious Diseases

CHAPTER 33 Infectious Mononucleosis

INTRODUCTION

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Epidemiology

Laboratory Evaluation

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Epstein–Barr Virus–Associated Conditions

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 34 Infectious Respiratory Illnesses

INTRODUCTION

MYCOPLASMA AND COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Complications

Laboratory Evaluation

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Management

PERTUSSIS

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Evaluation

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Management

Control Measures

Immunization

INFLUENZA

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Complications

Laboratory Evaluation

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Management

Immunization

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Complications

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Management

Immunization

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 35 Viral Hepatitis

INTRODUCTION

HEPATITIS A

Epidemiology

Clinical Course

Viral Antigens and Antibodies

Treatment

Prevention and Prophylaxis

Considerations in Pregnancy

HEPATITIS B

Epidemiology

Clinical Course

Viral Antigens and Antibodies

Treatment

Prevention and Prophylaxis

Considerations in Pregnancy

HEPATITIS C

Epidemiology

Clinical Course

Viral Antigens and Antibodies

Treatment

Prevention and Prophylaxis

Considerations in Pregnancy

HEPATITIS D

Epidemiology

Clinical Course

Viral Antigens and Antibodies

Treatment

Prevention and Prophylaxis

Considerations in Pregnancy

HEPATITIS E

Epidemiology

Clinical Course

Viral Antigens and Antibodies

Treatment

Prevention and Prophylaxis

Considerations in Pregnancy

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 36 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

INTRODUCTION

ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND NATURAL HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Prevalence

Incidence

Age

Ethnicity

Gender

Global Epidemiology

TRANSMISSION

Transmission Routes

Injection Drug Use

Sex

Vertical Transmission

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TESTING AND COUNSELING

Consent and Confidentiality

To Whom Should Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Be Offered?

Who Should Have Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Deferred?

Youth-Specific Testing

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Tests

Pretest Counseling

Posttest Counseling

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVENTION

Primary Biomedical Prevention

Secondary Biomedical Prevention

Behavioral Prevention

MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Initial Assessment

Vaccinations

Follow-Up

Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Management of Family Planning

Sports Participation

Evaluation of Specific Syndromes

Prophylaxis

Antiretroviral Therapy

SUMMARY

Recommendations for Clinicians

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Part IX: Conditions Affecting Nutrition and Weight

CHAPTER 37 Obesity

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF OBESITY IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OBESITY IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY

Environmental and Behavioral Risk Factors

Genetic Risk Factors

Hormonal Abnormalities

Medications

HEALTH EFFECTS AND MEDICAL EVALUATION OF OBESITY

TREATMENT OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH OBESITY

Avoiding Bias in the Treatment of Obesity

Prevention of Obesity in Adolescents and Young Adults

Treatment in the Primary Care Setting

TERTIARY INTERVENTIONS WHEN LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY COUNSELING FAIL

Comprehensive Weight Management Programs

Medications

Bariatric Surgery

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 38 Feeding and Eating Disorders

INTRODUCTION

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

Etiology

Epidemiology

Risk Factors6

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Features

Medical Complications

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Evaluation

Nutritional Assessment

Treatment

Outcome

ATYPICAL ANOREXIA NERVOSA

BULIMIA NERVOSA

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Medical Complications

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Evaluation

Treatment

Outcome

BINGE-EATING DISORDER

AVOIDANT RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER

Epidemiology

Clinical Presentation

Medical Complications

Evaluation

Treatment

MALES AND EATING DISORDERS

Epidemiology

Clinical Presentation

Medical Management

RELATIVE ENERGY DEFICIENCY IN SPORT

Risk Factors

Physical Signs

Treatment

SUMMARY

Part X: Functional and Unexplained Medical Conditions

CHAPTER 39 Chronic Noninflammatory Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders

INTRODUCTION

PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSES WITH SIGNIFICANT SOMATIC MANIFESTATIONS

Adjustment Disorder

Physical Symptoms Associated with Psychological Distress

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

SYNDROMES OF CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN

Terminology

Clinical Presentations

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Differential Diagnosis

MANAGEMENT

OTHER PRIMARY PAIN SYNDROMES

CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 40 Fatigue and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

INTRODUCTION

CAUSES OF FATIGUE

MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

Definition

Epidemiology

Symptoms

Etiology

Orthostatic Intolerance

Allergic Inflammation

Mental Health

EVALUATION OF MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

History

Physical Examination

Laboratory Studies

MANAGEMENT OF MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

Nonpharmacologic Treatments

Pharmacologic Treatment

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 41 Chronic Abdominal Pain

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Organic and Other Causes of Chronic Abdominal Pain

DIAGNOSIS

History

Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests

Approach to the Evaluation of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

TREATMENT OR THERAPEUTIC APPROACH

Treatment Options for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

SUMMARY

Part XI: Sexuality and Contraception

CHAPTER 42 Adolescent and Young Adult Sexuality

INTRODUCTION

CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Types of Relationships and Meaning

Developmental Benefits in Relationships

SOLO AND PARTNERED SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Sexual “Abstinence”

Solo Masturbation

Partnered Masturbation

Oral Sex

Penile-Vaginal Sex

Penile-Anal Sex

Sexting

OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

CLINICIAN RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 43 Sexual Minority Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

Terminology

Prevalence of Sexual Minorities

SEXUAL IDENTITY AND DEVELOPMENT

HOMOPHOBIA AND HETEROSEXISM

MINORITY STRESS, INTERSECTIONALITY, AND THE HEALTH OF SEXUAL MINORITY YOUTH

HEALTH CONCERNS FOR SEXUAL MINORITY YOUTH

Mental Health and Suicidality

Substance Use Disorders

Eating Disorders

Sexual Health: HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections

Reproductive Health

Runaway, Homelessness, and Foster Involvement

Bullying and Victimization

Intimate Partner Violence

SUPPORTING SEXUAL MINORITY YOUTH: COMBATTING STIGMA AND PROMOTING RESILIENCE

CARING FOR SEXUAL MINORITY YOUTH

Creating an Inclusive Clinical Environment and Engaging Sexual Minority Youth in Care

Addressing Mental and Behavioral Health Needs

Addressing Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs

Supporting Parents/Caregivers of Sexual Minority Youth

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 44 Transgender Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

TERMINOLOGY

PREVALENCE

ETIOLOGY

COMING OUT PROCESS

EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH

Mood Disorders and Anxiety

Homelessness

Violence

Suicide

HEALTH CONCERNS

Substance Use

Eating Disorders

Obesity

Pregnancy

Sexually Transmitted Infections

MEDICAL INTERVENTION

Hormones

Hormone Therapy Risk

Surgery

Preintervention Assessment

OTHER ISSUES FOR TRANSGENDER ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULTS

Sex-Segregated Facilities

Electronic Records

APPROACH TO THE TRANSGENDER ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULTS AND FAMILY

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 45 Adolescent and Young Adult Pregnancy and Parenting

INTRODUCTION

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT PREGNANCY

REPEAT PREGNANCY

ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS

EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PREGNANT ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT

Role of the Clinician

Common Presentations of Pregnancy

Pregnancy Tests

Gestational Age

PREGNANCY COUNSELING

TERMINATING THE PREGNANCY

Choice of Medical Versus Surgical Early Abortion Methods

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PREGNANT ADOLESCENT

MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY

Adoption

OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY

Child Outcomes

Growth and Development

Education and Socioeconomic Issues

Subsequent Childbirth

MALE ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AS FATHERS

CARE OF YOUNG PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN

Family-Centered Care for the Mother and Newborn

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 46 Contraception

INTRODUCTION

Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Usage

CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS

LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS

Intrauterine Devices

Advantages

Current Availability in the United States

Implants (Etonogestrel Implant or Nexplanon)

Advantages

Current Availability in the United States

INJECTABLES (DEPOT MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE: DEPO-PROVERA OR DMPA)

Current Use

Advantages

Availability in the United States

COMBINATION METHODS: COMBINATION ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS, CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH, AND CONTRACEPTIVE RING

Combination Oral Contraceptive Pills

Contraceptive Ring and Patch

Progestin-Only Pills

STARTING CONTRACEPTION

HELPING AN ADOLESCENT OR YOUNG ADULT WOMAN SELECT THE CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD THAT IS RIGHT FOR HER

SPECIAL ISSUES IN PROVIDING CONTRACEPTION TO ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS

Psychiatric Disease and Intellectual Disabilities

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

Use of Emergency Contraception by Adolescents and Young Adults

Advance Prescription and Access

Relative Effectiveness

COPPER INTRAUTERINE DEVICE FOR EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION (PARAGARD)

Mechanism of Action

Advantages

Side Effects

LEVONORGESTREL INTRAUTERINE DEVICE FOR EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION (MIRENA AND LILETTA)

Mechanism of Action

Advantages

Side Effects

ULIPRISTAL ACETATE OR ULIPRISTAL ACETATE (ELLA) FOR EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

Mechanism of Action

Advantages

Side Effects

LEVONORGESTREL PILLS FOR EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

Types

Availability

Cost

Specific Advantages

Mechanism of Action

Side Effects

Emergency Contraception and Weight

Repeated Use

Ethical Considerations Around Mechanism of Action

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 47 Barrier Contraceptives and Spermicides

INTRODUCTION

EXTERNAL CONDOMS

Condoms for Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention

Uses of External Condoms

Types of External Condoms

Mechanism of Action

Effectiveness

Improving Condom Success

Advantages

Disadvantages

Side Effects of External Condoms

Future Developments

INTERNAL CONDOMS

Efficacy

Advantages

Disadvantages

Future Developments

CONTRACEPTIVE SPONGE

Mechanism of Action

Efficacy

Patient Education

Contraindications

Advantages

Disadvantages

Future Developments

CERVICAL SHIELD

Efficacy

Insertion of Lea’s Shield

Removal of Lea’s Shield

Advantages

Disadvantages

CERVICAL CAP AND DIAPHRAGM

Effectiveness

Contraindications to Use

Tips to Improve Success of Method

Correct Fitting of Diaphragm

Patient Education

Insertion and Removal of Diaphragm

Advantages

Disadvantages

Future Developments

VAGINAL SPERMICIDES

Types of Spermicides

Efficacy

Mechanism of Action

Contraindications

Advantages

Disadvantages

Future Developments

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 48 Contraceptive Pills, Patches, Rings, and Injections

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL PRACTICES TO ENHANCE CONTRACEPTIVE SUCCESS

OVERVIEW OF HORMONAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

Mechanisms of Action of Sex Steroids

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

Progestin-Only Pills

Combined Oral Contraceptives

VAGINAL CONTRACEPTIVE RINGS

TRANSDERMAL CONTRACEPTIVE PATCHES

NONCONTRACEPTIVE BENEFITS OF COMBINED HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES

Menstrually Related Benefits

Nonmenstrually Related Benefits

RISKS POSED BY COMBINED HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

Increased Risk of Thromboembolism

Breast Cancer: Temporarily Increased Risk

Increased Risk of Cervical Cancer and Dysplasia

SIDE EFFECTS WITH COMBINED HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES

Attributable Side Effects

Nocebo Effects at a Population Level

DRUG–DRUG INTERACTIONS

Anticonvulsants

Antituberculosis Drugs and Antibiotics

Antiretroviral Agents

Herbal Medicines

Drospirenone

Other Interactions

INJECTABLE HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION: DEPOT MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE

Overview of Formulations

Practice Considerations

Benefits of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Disadvantages of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 49 Long-Acting Reversible Contraception

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION

MECHANISM, EFFICACY, AND INSERTION

ISSUES AFFECTING EFFICACY—INITIATION

Initiation—Insertion Considerations and Quick-Start

Issues Affecting Efficacy—Continuation

ADVANTAGES OF LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIONS

Special Indications for Copper Intrauterine Device

Special Indications for Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device 52 mg (Mirena)

Special Indications for Etonogestrel

DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION

Contraindications

Insertion/Removal—Intrauterine Devices

Insertion/Removal—Etonogestrel

PREGNANCY PREVENTION DOES NOT EQUAL SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION PREVENTION

GUIDELINES FOR PATIENTS

Counseling and Consent

Common and Expected Side Effects—Irregular Uterine Bleeding

Etonogestrel Insertion

Etonogestrel Removal

Intrauterine Device Insertion

Intrauterine Device Removal

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

SUMMARY

Part XII: Other Reproductive System and Breast Disorders

CHAPTER 50 Gynecologic Examination of the Adolescent and Young Adult

INTRODUCTION

INDICATIONS FOR GYNECOLOGIC EXAMINATIONS

Indications

Cervical Cancer Screening

Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening

OBTAINING THE HISTORY

GYNECOLOGIC EXAMINATION

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 51 Normal Menstrual Physiology

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Follicular Phase

Ovulatory Phase

Luteal Phase

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 52 Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Disorders

INTRODUCTION

DYSMENORRHEA

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Therapy

PREMENSTRUAL DISORDERS

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Therapy

Approach to Treatment of Premenstrual Disorders

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 53 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

INTRODUCTION

EVALUATION

THERAPY

Acute Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Chronic Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Special Situations

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 54 Amenorrhea, the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and Hirsutism

INTRODUCTION

AMENORRHEA

Definition

Amenorrhea

Etiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND HIRSUTISM

Definition

Etiology

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Therapy

HIRSUTISM

Differential Diagnosis

Indications for Further Evaluation

Evaluation

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 55 Cervical Cancer Screening and Management of Abnormal Tests

INTRODUCTION

PREVALENCE OF ABNORMAL CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING TESTS

Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination on Abnormal Cytology Rates

VULNERABILITY OF THE CERVIX TO HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS

In Utero and Prepuberty

Pubertal Metaplastic Changes

Metaplasia and Human Papillomavirus Infections

CERVICAL DYSPLASIA

Impact of Cofactors

Cervical Screening Tests

Management of Abnormal Screening Tests

Recommendations for Young Adults

Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance and Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions on Cytology

Atypical Squamous Cells Suggestive of High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions

Primary Human Papillomavirus Testing with Reflex Testing

Management of Histologic Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 1)

Management of Histologic High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2, 3)

Therapy for Cervical Dysplasia

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 56 Vaginitis and Vaginosis

INTRODUCTION

VAGINA: NORMAL STATE

Vaginal Flora

Vaginal Secretions

VULVOVAGINITIS IN PREPUBERTAL FEMALES

VULVOVAGINITIS AND VAGINOSIS IN PUBERTAL FEMALES: GENERAL APPROACH

Etiology

Evaluation

Treatment

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Therapy

VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Therapy

TRICHOMONIASIS

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Therapy

OTHER CAUSES OF VAGINAL DISCHARGE

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 57 Pelvic Masses

INTRODUCTION

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Uterine Defects: Incomplete Lateral Fusion

Uterovaginal Agenesis

Müllerian Duct Remnants

Urachal Cysts and Pelvic Kidneys

PREGNANCY PRESENTING AS PELVIC MASS

INFECTION AS A CAUSE OF A PELVIC MASS

ADNEXAL TORSION

Diagnosis

Treatment

UTERINE NEOPLASMS

OVARIAN MASSES

Physiologic (Functional) Ovarian Cysts

Endometriomas and Endometriosis

Benign Ovarian Neoplasms

MALIGNANT OVARIAN MASSES

Malignant Germ Cell Tumors

Malignant Epithelial Tumors

Genetic Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancers

Other Carcinomas

Minimizing the Risks of Ovarian Masses and Malignancies

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 58 Ectopic Pregnancy

INTRODUCTION

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

Incidence and Prevalence

Etiology and Risk Factors

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation

Management

Follow-Up

FERTILITY AFTER TREATMENT OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 59 Male Genitourinary Health and Disorders

INTRODUCTION

MALE GENITAL EXAMINATION

Inspection

Palpation

CRYPTORCHIDISM

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Complications

Therapy

SCROTAL SWELLING AND MASSES

Evaluation

History

Physical Examination

Laboratory Evaluation

Differential Diagnosis

TORSION

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Therapy

URETHRITIS IN MALES

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Therapy

EPIDIDYMITIS

Etiology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Therapy

TESTICULAR TUMORS

Etiology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Therapy

TESTICULAR EXAMINATION AND SELF-EXAMINATION

HYDROCELE

Etiology

Diagnosis

Therapy

VARICOCELE

Etiology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Therapy

SPERMATOCELE

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 60 Breast Disorders and Gynecomastia

INTRODUCTION

NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Accessory Nipples or Breasts

Absence of Breast Tissue

DISORDERS OF BREAST DEVELOPMENT

Breast Asymmetry

Macromastia

Tuberous Breast Deformity

BENIGN BREAST DISEASE

Mastalgia

Mastitis

Nipple Discharge

GALACTORRHEA

Etiology

Medication-Induced Hyperprolactinemia

Diagnosis

Classification of Prolactinomas

Treatment of Prolactinomas

Monitoring of Prolactinomas

BREAST MASSES IN FEMALES

Evaluation of a Breast Mass

Fibroadenomas

Breast Cysts

Fibrocystic Breast Changes

Juvenile Papillomatosis

Phyllodes Tumors

BREAST MALIGNANCY

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BREAST

Breast Self-Examination

BREAST IMAGING AND BIOPSY

Breast Imaging

Breast Biopsy

GYNECOMASTIA

Epidemiology

Etiology

Clinical Manifestations

Physical Examination

Diagnosis

Management

SUMMARY

Part XIII: Sexually Transmitted Infections

CHAPTER 61 Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

BURDEN OF DISEASE AND ESTIMATES OF INCIDENCE IN ADOLESCENTS

TRANSMISSION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

ACQUISITION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Vaccines

Behavioral Interventions

Antimicrobial-Based Interventions

Asymptomatic Screening and Treatment

DIAGNOSIS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

TREATMENT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

EMERGING ISSUES

Mycoplasma Genitalium

Testing and Treatment in Nontraditional Settings

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 62 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia Trachomatis

INTRODUCTION

ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Factors Contributing to Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia Trachomatis

Screening for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia Trachomatis

Clinical Manifestations of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia Trachomatis

Clinical Syndromes of the Male Genital Urinary Tract

Other Clinical Syndromes

Treatment

Expedited Partner Therapy

Retesting

Antibiotic Resistance

Special Circumstances

Prevention

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 63 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

INTRODUCTION

ETIOLOGY

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Microbiology

Pathogenesis

PRESENTATION

EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

SEQUELAE

PREVENTION

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 64 Syphilis

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Primary Syphilis

Secondary Syphilis

Latent Syphilis

Neurosyphilis

Congenital Syphilis

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Primary Syphilis

Secondary Syphilis

DIAGNOSIS

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis by Stage19

THERAPY19

Primary and Secondary Syphilis

Latent Syphilis

Neurosyphilis

Syphilis in Pregnancy19

Management of Sex Partners19

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals19

Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 65 Herpes Genitalis

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Prevalence and Incidence

Transmission

PATHOGENESIS

Infections by Serologic Type

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Definition of Terms

Primary Infection

First Clinical Episode

Recurrent Episodes

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

DIAGNOSIS

Laboratory Evaluation

THERAPY

Principles of Genital Herpes Management

First Clinical Episode of Genital Herpes

Suppressive Therapy for Recurrent Genital Herpes

Episodic Therapy for Recurrent Genital Herpes

Management of Sex Partners

COUNSELING

COMPLICATIONS

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 66 Human Papillomavirus Infection and Anogenital Warts

INTRODUCTION

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology and Natural History of Human Papillomaviruses Infection

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 67 Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Including Genital Ulcers, Pediculosis, 
Scabies, and Molluscum

INTRODUCTION

CHANCROID

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Other Management Considerations

LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

GRANULOMA INGUINALE

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

PEDICULOSIS AND SCABIES

Pediculosis Pubis

Scabies

MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection/Immunosuppressed Patients

FOLLOW-UP

EMERGING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Part XIV: Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders

CHAPTER 68 Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Use

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Middle and High School Youth

Young Adults

LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF DRUG USE

ADOLESCENT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DRUG USE AND DRUG-ASSOCIATED BRAIN DAMAGE

PROGRESSION OF SUBSTANCE USE

No Substance Use

First Opportunity to Use (Median Age of Onset, 16 Years)

Initiation of Use (Median Age of Onset, 17 Years)

Problematic Substance Use (Median Age of Onset, 18 Years)

Substance Use Disorder (Median Age of Onset, 19 Years)

Remission from Problematic Substance Use (Median Age of Onset, 26 Years) and Remission from Substance Use Disorder (Median Age of Onset, Young Adult)

PREVENTION

Factors Influencing Substance Use in Adolescents and Young Adults

Prevention Interventions

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 69 Alcohol

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ALCOHOL USE AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Adolescents

Young Adults and College Students

Global Epidemiology of Alcohol Use

Sociodemographic Trends of Alcohol Use among Youth

Risk Factors for Alcohol Use among Adolescents and Young Adults

CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL USE AMONG YOUTH

Drinking and Driving

Drinking and High-Risk Behaviors

Drinking and Disordered Eating/Energy Drinks

Neurotoxicity of Alcohol Use among Youth

ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS AMONG YOUTH

Screening for Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorder

Brief Interventions and Referrals to Treatment

Diagnosis of Alcohol Use Disorder

Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 70 Tobacco

INTRODUCTION

PREVALENCE

Tobacco Use among America’s Youth

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH YOUTH TOBACCO USE

Tobacco Industry Marketing

Psychosocial Factors

NICOTINE ADDICTION AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES

Addiction

Effects of Early Exposure to Nicotine

Modes of Action

Nicotine Pharmacology

Effects of Other Compounds in Cigarettes

Systemic Effects of Tobacco

Smokeless Oral Tobacco

Secondhand Smoke

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Clinical Interventions for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment

OFFICE PRACTICES

Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Standards and Billing Issues

Educational Materials

ADVOCACY ISSUES

AREAS OF RESEARCH

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 71 Marijuana

INTRODUCTION

PHARMACOLOGY AND THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM

Synthetic Cannabinoids

TRENDS IN PREPARATIONS, POTENCY, AND USE

CHANGING RISK PERCEPTIONS

BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS

Acute Effects

Impact on driving

Chronic Effects

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome

Cannabis-Induced Psychosis

Marijuana-Related Lung Injuries

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CANNABIS USE DISORDER

MEDICAL MARIJUANA

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 72 Psychoactive Substance Use

INTRODUCTION

COCAINE

Medical Use

Preparation and Dose

Physiology and Metabolism

Effects of Intoxication

Adverse Effects

Acute Overdose and Treatment

Chronic Use

Tolerance and Withdrawal

Cocaethylene

AMPHETAMINE (AMPHETAMINE, METHAMPHETAMINE, METHYLPHENIDATE, KHAT)

Medical Use

Preparation and Dose

Physiology and Metabolism

Effects of Intoxication

Adverse Effects

Overdose and Emergency Treatment

Chronic Use

Tolerance and Withdrawal

Cathinone (Khat) and Cathine, “Bath Salts,” “Plant Food”

ECSTASY/MDMA/MOLLY (METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE)

Medical Use/Current State of Research

Preparation and Dose

Physiology and Metabolism

Effects of Intoxication

Adverse Effects

Overdose and Emergency Treatment

Chronic Use

Withdrawal Syndrome

OPIOIDS (OPIUM, HEROIN, MEPERIDINE, OXYCONTIN, OXYCODONE, FENTANYL, SUFENTANIL, DESOMORPHINE)

Medical Use

Preparation and Dose

Routes of Administration

Physiology and Metabolism

Effects of Intoxication

Adverse Effects

Overdose and Emergency Treatment

Chronic Use

Tolerance and Withdrawal

NONNARCOTIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS

Barbiturates

Benzodiazepines

Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (Precursors: 1,4 Butanediol, Gamma-Butyrolactone, Gamma-Valerolactone)

Baclofen and Muscle Relaxants

INHALANTS

Preparation and Routes of Administration

Identifying Inhalant Use

Physiology and Metabolism

Effects of Intoxication

Adverse Effects

Chronic Use

Diagnosis

Treatment

Nitrous Oxide

Nitrites

HALLUCINOGENS

Types of Hallucinogens

Phencyclidine

Ketamine

D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Dextromethorphan

Psilocybin

Jimson Weed

Peyote and Mescaline

Dimethyltryptamine

Morning Glory Seeds

Nutmeg

Salvia

ANABOLIC–ANDROGENIC STEROIDS

Adverse Effects

Treatment of Withdrawal or Dependence

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 73 Approaches to Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Use

INTRODUCTION

THE ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER

CONFIDENTIALITY

SCREENING

BRIEF INTERVENTION

No Past-Year Substance Use

Lower Risk for Substance Use Disorders

High Risk for Substance Use Disorders

SCREENING AND TREATING ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS

Referral to Treatment for Severe Substance Use–Related Problems and Addiction

Pharmacologic Treatment

BEYOND SCREENING: EVALUATING ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WHO PRESENT WITH BEHAVIORAL OR MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS

Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders

Medical Conditions Associated with Substance Use

Physical Examination

Drug Testing

THE ROLE OF PARENTS/CAREGIVERS

TELEHEALTH

EQUITY, DIVERSITY, INCLUSION

SUMMARY

Part XV: Mental Health

CHAPTER 74 Depression and Anxiety Disorders

INTRODUCTION

DEPRESSION IN YOUTH

Epidemiology

Course of Illness

Risk Factors

Causality

ASSESSMENT

Important Elements in the Assessment of Depression

Screening Tools for Depression

DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS AND THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, FIFTH EDITION

Major Depressive Episode7

Adjustment Disorder

Persistent Depression (Dysthymia)7

Bipolar Depression7

TREATMENT

General Considerations

Mild Depression

Moderate to Severe Depression

Psychotherapy

Medication

ANXIETY DISORDERS IN YOUTH

Epidemiology

Course of Illness

Risk and Prognostic Factors

Causality

ASSESSMENT

Important Elements in the Assessment of Anxiety Disorders

Screening Tools for Anxiety Disorders

ANXIETY DISORDERS AND THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, FIFTH EDITION

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Specific Phobias

Social Anxiety Disorder

Selective Mutism

Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia

Separation Anxiety Disorder

TREATMENT

General Considerations

Mild Anxiety Disorders

Moderate to Severe Anxiety Disorders

Psychotherapy

Medication

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 75 Suicide and Suicidal Behaviors in Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Suicide

Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors

RISK FACTORS, WARNING SIGNS AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Risk Factors

Warning Signs

Protective Factors

SCREENING

ASSESSMENT

TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

CLINICAL APPROACH

Development of a Treatment Plan

Safety Planning and Lethal Means Safety Counseling

Case Example

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER 76 Neurodevelopmental Differences and Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

TERMINOLOGY

EVALUATION

Clinical Interview

Past and Current Essential Information

Physical Examination

Psychosocial Assessment

Further Diagnostic Information

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY

The Medical Home

Integrated Behavioral Health

Reproductive Health

CAREGIVER, FAMILY, AND COMMUNITY SUPPORT

Parents/Caregivers and Family

EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT

Section 504

Special Education

Comprehensive Educational Evaluation

LEGAL SUPPORT AND PLANNING

Disability Benefits and Financial Planning

Guardianship and Alternatives

PREVALENT CONDITIONS

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Communication and Language Disorders

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Intellectual Disability

Learning Disabilities

ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Fragile X Syndrome

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 77 Youth Violence

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Physical Assault and Other Violent Crime

RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH VIOLENCE

Risk Factors

Protective Factors

ASSESSMENT OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Prevention and Intervention

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 78 Evaluating and Supporting Adolescents and Young Adults Who Have Experienced 
Sexual Violence

INTRODUCTION

Definitions

Epidemiology

Incidence

Sequelae

SEX TRAFFICKING

INCREASED RISK OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AMONG POPULATIONS EXPERIENCING MARGINALIZATION

Homeless/Street Adolescents and Young Adults

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Gender Diverse, and Gender Nonconforming Adolescents and Young Adults

Adolescents and Young Adults with Disabilities

SCREENING AND REPORTING

Healing-Centered Approaches to Sexual Violence Assessment and Support

Reporting

LEGAL ISSUES RELATED TO REPORTING OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE

EVALUATION OF SEXUAL ABUSE AND ASSAULT: MEDICAL AND FORENSIC ASPECTS18

Medical Evaluation

Physical Examination

Collection of Specimens—Rape Kit27

Management

The Legal Investigative Process and Outcomes32

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Part XVI: Special Populations

CHAPTER 79 College Health

INTRODUCTION

DATA SOURCES ON COLLEGE STUDENTS AND COLLEGE HEALTH

American College Health Association Institutional Profile

Morbidity Data

KEY ASPECTS OF STUDENT HEALTH SERVICES

COLLEGE STUDENT DEMOGRAPHICS

Trends

HEALTH CARE SERVICES

Medical Care

Mental Health Care

Health Promotion, Wellness, Prevention

Public Health and Communicable Disease Control

BEHAVIORAL AND OTHER RISK FACTORS

Alcohol

Marijuana

Tobacco

Other Drugs

Sexual Assault, Dating Violence, and Stalking

Nutrition and Physical Activity

Injury Prevention

Sexual and Reproductive Health

Sexual and Gender Minority Students

Sleep

Vocational Health Risks

International Study

FUNDING AND STUDENT HEALTH INSURANCE

Student Health Insurance

OTHER ON-CAMPUS STUDENT SERVICES

DISEASE-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS

ONGOING ENGAGEMENT WITH THE COLLEGE STUDENT

Prematriculation

Matriculated Students

Leave of Absence

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 80 Youth and Young Adults in the Military

INTRODUCTION

THE NEW RECRUIT

Anticipatory Guidance for Military Service

Requirements for Service Entry

Recommendations for Clinicians Working with New Recruits

RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING CORPS STUDENTS

Recommendations for Clinicians Working with Reserve Officer Training Corps Students

THE YOUNG ADULT SERVICE MEMBER

Health Considerations for Young Adult Service Members

Screening Considerations

Recommendations for Clinician Working with Young Adult Service Members

ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN MILITARY FAMILIES

Health Considerations for Adolescents and Young Adults in Military Families

Screening Considerations

Recommendations for Clinicians Working with Adolescents and Young Adults in Military Families

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 81 Youth Experiencing Homelessness

INTRODUCTION

The Path to the Street

Definitions and Terms

Population Size and Demographics

RISKY BEHAVIORS, MORBIDITY, AND MORTALITY

Risky Behaviors and the Health of Youth Experiencing Homelessness

Violence and Abuse

Substance Use and Mental Health Concerns

Infectious Diseases, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections

Reproductive Health

Sexual Assault

Other Medical Problems

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACH TO CARE

Guidelines for Clinicians

Guidelines for Clinics and Other Programs

Guidelines for Communities

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 82 Youth in and Emancipated from Out-of-Home Care

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

General Out-of-Home Care Statistics

Emancipating Youth

Health and Associated Problems

ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 83 Juvenile Detention and Incarcerated Youth and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF JUSTICE SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT

Recidivism

Disproportionate Minority Contact

Mortality

Summary

HEALTH ISSUES OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

Detention Conditions

Mental Health and Substance Use

Physical Health

Summary

ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT ISSUES

Detention Care Guidelines

Insurance Coverage

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 84 Immigrant Adolescents and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

Legal Status

Cultural Competency

Interpretation

Health Screenings

Specific Health Issues

NONIMMIGRANT FOREIGN-BORN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Guidelines for Nonimmigrant Foreign-born Adolescents and Young Adults

SECOND-GENERATION IMMIGRANTS

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 85 Health Care for Minoritized, Disenfranchised, and Marginalized Adolescent 
and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Definitions and Terms

Prevalence and Demographics

Poverty

Disenfranchisement

Racism and Discrimination

Risk Behaviors and Morbidity

PRINCIPLES AND APPROACH TO CARE

Screening Considerations

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Insurance Issues

Nutrition Support

Neighborhood Safety

Transportation Barriers

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations to Clinicians

Recommendations to Health Care Settings That Provide Care to Adolescents and Young Adults

Recommendations to Communities and Policy Makers

SUMMARY

Index

 

An aparitie	25 Mar. 2023
Autor	Debra K Katzman, Catherine Gordon, Todd Callahan MD, MPH, Alain Joffe MD, MPH, FAAP, Susan Rosenthal Ph.D, Maria Trent MD, MPH, Richard Chung MD
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781975160296
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	816
Versiune digitala	DA