Modern Critical Care Endocrinology, An Issue of Critical Care Clinics, Volume 35-2

Description:

This issue of Critical Care Clinics, Guest Edited by Dr. Rinaldo Bellomo, focuses on Modern Critical Care Endocrinology. Article topics include: Diabetes insipidus and SIADH in the ICU; Estrogen therapy in ICU patients; The angiotensin family, ACE and ACE 2; Angiotensin II in vasodilatory shock; Vasopressin in vasodilatory shock; Hydrocortisone in vasodilatory shock; Erythropoietin in trauma and critical illness; HbA1c and permissive hyperglycemia in diabetic ICU patients; Osteoporosis and the critically ill patient; New oral agents for the treatment of diabetes; Melatonin in critical care; The incretins in ICU patients; Hepcidin; Thyroid hormone therapy in the ICU; and Hormonal therapy in organ donors.

·  Diabetes Insipidus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone in Critically Ill Patients

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  Diabetes insipidus

·  Fluid resuscitation and hypernatremia correction

·  Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

·  The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

·  Summary

·  Hormone Therapy in Trauma Patients

·  Key points

·  Glucocorticoids therapy

·  Safety concerns

·  Other hormones therapies

·  Summary

·  Classic and Nonclassic Renin-Angiotensin Systems in the Critically Ill

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  The circulating classic renin-angiotensin system

·  Physiology of the circulating classic renin-angiotensin system

·  The nonclassic renin-angiotensin system

·  Renin-angiotensin systems and the immune system

·  Angiotensin II in vasodilatory shock and sepsis

·  Angiotensin-converting enzymes in acute respiratory distress syndrome

·  Place of renin-angiotensin systems in acute kidney injury

·  Integration of renin-angiotensin system physiology in critical illness

·  Summary

·  Angiotensin II in Vasodilatory Shock

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  Vasodilatory shock

·  Hemodynamic targets for management of vasodilatory shock

·  Angiotensin II physiology

·  Angiotensin II use in vasodilatory shock

·  Angiotensin II safety profile

·  Angiotensin II and special populations

·  Illustrative case and concepts on the practical application of angiotensin II

·  Summary

·  Vasopressin in Vasodilatory Shock

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  Mechanisms of vasodilatory shock and vasoplegia

·  Vasopressin

·  Vasopressin and Vasodilatory Shock

·  Summary

·  Hydrocortisone in Vasodilatory Shock

·  Key points

·  Regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and vasoplegia of sepsis

·  Clinical trials of hydrocortisone in septic shock

·  Practice recommendations

·  Summary and future questions

·  Erythropoietin in Critical Illness and Trauma

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  History of erythropoietin

·  Structure of erythropoietin and mechanism of enhanced erythropoiesis

·  Anemia in critical illness

·  Erythropoietin as a red blood cell transfusion-sparing agent in critical illness

·  Erythropoietin—more than just erythropoiesis

·  Endogenous erythropoietin has protective effects following tissue injury

·  Exogenous erythropoietin may improve survival and reduces severe disability in trauma patients

·  Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of erythropoietin in critically ill trauma patients

·  Erythropoietin—the most protective dose, route, and frequency of administration in the critically ill

·  Erythropoietin—is it safe in critically ill trauma patients?

·  Nonerythropoietin ligands of the innate repair receptor

·  Summary

·  Hemoglobin A1c and Permissive Hyperglycemia in Patients in the Intensive Care Unit with Diabetes

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  Assessing chronic glycemia in critically ill patients

·  Glycated hemoglobin A1c, acute hyperglycemia, and outcome

·  Glycated hemoglobin A1c, hypoglycemia, and outcome

·  Glycated hemoglobin A1c, glucose variability, and outcome

·  Permissive hyperglycemia

·  Summary

·  Osteoporosis and the Critically Ill Patient

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  Summary

·  New Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors

·  Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists

·  Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

·  Summary

·  Melatonin in Critical Care

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  Sleep disorders and delirium in critically ill patients

·  Sepsis

·  Sedation and analgesia

·  Neuroprotection

·  Treatment and prevention of stress-induced gastric ulcers

·  Summary

·  Incretin Physiology and Pharmacology in the Intensive Care Unit

·  Key points

·  Incretin physiology

·  Incretins in type 2 diabetes

·  Recommendations for incretin-based therapies in the critically ill

·  Incretins in intensive care unit

·  Summary

·  Therapeutic Opportunities for Hepcidin in Acute Care Medicine

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  History of discovery

·  Hepcidin mechanism of action

·  Catalytic free iron in acute illness

·  Hepcidin as an agent for siderotherapy

·  Use of hepcidin in acute illness

·  Summary

·  Thyroid Hormones in Critical Illness

·  Key points

·  Thyroid hormone physiology

·  Physiologic effects of thyroid hormone

·  Low triiodothyronine syndrome

·  Mechanism of the low triiodothyronine syndrome

·  Triiodothyronine treatment in critical illness

·  Summary

·  Hormonal Therapy in Organ Donors

·  Key points

·  Introduction

·  Brain death and sequelae

·  Hormonal therapy

·  Recommendations

·  Recommendations

·  Recommendations

·  Summary