Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy

 

Description:

Providing practical, visually oriented guidance on the benefits of botulinum toxin in a wide variety of disorders, some new and unexpected, this new edition of Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy is fully updated in scope and detail. Chapters discuss the pathophysiology of each condition, summarizing the rationale for botulinum toxin, and describing the injection approach. Clear illustrations of the injection sites are included, using a 'clinician's eye' perspective, which allows physicians to readily identify anatomical landmarks and approach angles for injection. Dosing tables for available toxin formulations are included. The Manual covers cosmetic treatment of the upper and lower face, as well as aesthetic smile correction. Extensive guidance on how to use ultrasound and how cadaveric dissections can assist localization and targeting of injections is provided. Designed for teaching and bedside guidance, the Manual is useful to a diverse range of clinicians looking to use botulinum toxin in their practice.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Chapter 1 The Pretherapeutic History of Botulinum Neurotoxin

Botulism in Ancient Times

Botulism Outbreaks in Germany in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Justinus Kerner’s Observations and Publications on Botulinum Toxin 1817–1822

Botulism Research after Kerner

The Discovery of “Bacillus botulinus” in Belgium

Botulinum Neurotoxin Research in the Early Twentieth Century

Swords to Ploughshares

Appendix 1.1: The Wanderer in the Sawmill (Justinus Kerner 1826)

References

Chapter 2 Botulinum Neurotoxin

References

Chapter 3 Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin Therapy

Introduction

Synthesis and Structure

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Pharmacology

Botulinum Neurotoxin Biologics

Onset and Duration of Action

Immunogenicity

Adverse Events

Future Developments

References

Chapter 4 Immunological Properties of Botulinum Neurotoxins

Introduction

Methods for the Detection and Quantification of Neutralizing BoNT-AB

Reactions of the Organism to Botulinum Neurotoxin

Product Specificity of Immune Responses

References

Chapter 5 Examination and Treatment of Complex Cervical Dystonia

Introduction

Clinical Studies and Additional Examinations

Observation of the Patient in a Sitting Position from the Front

Observation of the Patient in a Sitting Position from the Side

Investigation of the Rotation: Torticollis and Torticaput

Investigation of Lateral Flexion: Laterocollis and Laterocaput

Investigation of Sagittal Flexion: Retrocollis and Retrocaput, Antecollis and Antecaput

Treatment of Complex Cervical Dystonia with Botulinum Neurotoxin

Injection of the Small Muscles of the Neck under CT Guidance

Summary

References

Chapter 6 Visualization of Ultrasound-Guided Intramuscular Injections in Muscles Relevant for Cervical Dystonia

Why Use Ultrasound for Injections?

This Chapter

In-Plane Technique for Needle Guidance

Injection Site Preparation

Identification of Injections into Muscles Typically Affected in Patients with Cervical Dystonia

Trapezius Muscle

Spenius Capitis Muscle

Semispinalis Muscle

Longissimus Capitis Muscle

Obliquus Capitis Inferior Muscle

Levator Scapulae Muscle

Sternothyroid Muscle

Longus Colli Muscle

Scalene Muscles

Panoramic Images of the Neck

Topology of the Upper Neck

Topology of the Middle Neck

Topology of the Lower Neck / Upper Dorsum

Topology of the Anterior Neck Region

References

Chapter 7 Ultrasound Guidance for Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy

Introduction

Ultrasound and Other Imaging Guidance Techniques

Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections for Cervical Dystonia

Technical Requirements and Techniques

Transducers

Ultrasound Basics for Tissues

Imaging Techniques

Muscle Selection

Positioning of the Transducer

Commonly Targeted Muscles

Anterior Neck Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid

Longus Colli and Capitis

Anterolateral Neck Muscles

Scalene Complex

Posterior Neck Muscles

Levator Scapulae

Splenius Capitis

Trapezius

Splenius Capitis/Semispinalis Capitis/Obliquus Capitis Inferior

Longissimus Capitis

Summary

References

Chapter 8 Treatment of Cervical Dystonia

Introduction

Botulinum Neurotoxin Treatment of Cervical Dystonia

OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnaBoNT-A)

AbobotulinumtoxinA (AboBoNT-A)

IncobotulinumtoxinA (IncoBoNT-A)

RimabotulinumtoxinB (RimaBoNT-B)

Neck Muscles and Their Functions

Posterior Neck Muscles

Superficial Group

Deep Group

Anterior Neck Muscles

Lateral Neck Muscles

Muscles Involved in Different Subtypes of Cervical Dystonia

Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Techniques

Practical Considerations for Treatment of Cervical Dystonia with Botulinum Neurotoxin

References

Chapter 9 Treatment of Blepharospasm

Main Clinical and Pathophysiological Features

Topographical Anatomy and Function of Periocular Muscles

Treatment with Botulinum Neurotoxin

References

Chapter 10 Botulinum Neurotoxin in Oromandibular Dystonia

Introduction

Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Etiologies

Treatment Options of Oromandibular Dystonia

Patient Selection for Botulinum Toxin and Examination Techniques

Injection Techniques

Jaw-Closing Oromandibular Dystonia

Jaw-Opening Oromandibular Dystonia

Jaw-Deviating Oromandibular Dystonia

Lingual Oromandibular Dystonia

Perioral Oromandibular Dystonia

Pharyngeal Oromandibular Dystonia

Adverse Events

Summary

References

Chapter 11 Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy of Laryngeal Muscle Hyperactivity Syndromes

Introduction

Clinical Features

Botulinum Neurotoxin Treatment for Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

Muscles Injected with Botulinum Neurotoxin

Injection Techniques

Percutaneous Technique

Transoral Technique

Transnasal Technique

Point Touch Injections

Botulinum Neurotoxin Doses

Botulinum Neurotoxin Treatment for Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

Injection Technique and Muscles Injected

Spasmodic Laryngeal Dyspnea

Vocal Tremors

References

Chapter 12 The Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Otorhinolaryngology

Introduction

Dysphagia and Speech Problems Following Laryngectomy

Palatal Tremor

Hypersalivation (Sialorrhea)

Gustatory Sweating (Frey’s Syndrome)

Rhinorrhea, Intrinsic Rhinitis

Hyperlacrimation

References

Chapter 13 Treatment of Hemifacial Spasm with Botulinum Toxin

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Chapter 14 Botulinum Toxin in Treatment of Tics

Introduction

Clinical Features

Treatment Options

Use of Botulinum Toxin

Our Experience

Dosages and Muscles Injected

References

Chapter 15 The Use of Botulinum Toxin in Tremors

Introduction

Essential Tremor

Treatment for ET

Parkinson’s Disease Tremor

Treatment for PD Tremor

Botulinum Toxin in Tremor Conditions

Botulinum Toxin in ET

Botulinum Toxin in Head Tremor

Botulinum Toxin in Voice Tremor

Botulinum Toxin in PD Tremor

Botulinum Toxin in Dystonic Hand Tremor

Botulinum Toxin in Multiple Sclerosis Tremor

Our Experience in Treatment of Tremor Conditions with BoNT

Clinical Pearls

Techniques for Muscle for Injections in Hand Tremor

References

Chapter 16 The Role of Ultrasound for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection in childhood Spasticity

Introduction

Technical Prerequisites

Ultrasound Morphology of Muscles

Patient Preparation

Ultrasound-Guided Injection Technique

Needle Parallel to the Long Axis of the Probe

Needle Perpendicular to the Long Axis of the Probe

References

Chapter 17 The Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Spastic Infantile Cerebral Palsy

Introduction

Classification

Spasticity

Dystonia

Athetosis

Ataxia

Topographical Symptom Distribution and Anatomical Approach to Management

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: Spastic Hemiplegia

Upper Limb

Lower Limb

Bilateral Cerebral Palsy: Spastic Diplegia

Bilateral Cerebral Palsy: Spastic Quadriplegia

Treatment Techniques for Botulinum Neurotoxin

Treatment Guidelines

Adverse Effects

Treatment Planning and Considerations

References

Chapter 18 The Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Spasticity Using Ultrasound Guidance

Introduction

Skeletal Muscle Ultrasound

Ultrasound Guidance for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection in Spastic Muscles

Why Use Ultrasound Guidance?

Technique for Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection

Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections for Common Patterns of Upper and Lower Limb Spasticity

Upper Limb Spasticity

Shoulder: Adduction and Internal Rotation

Arm: Elbow Flexion

Forearm

Pronated Forearm

Wrist Flexion

Hand: Clenched Fist

Hand: Thumb in Palm

Other Upper Limb Muscles

Elbow Extension

Wrist Extension

Lower Limb Spasticity

Ankle: Plantarflexion Spasm

Foot: Extension of the Large Toe

Flexion of the Large Toe and Other Toes

Other Lower Limb Muscles Sometimes Injected

Thigh: Hip Adduction Spasm

Leg: Flexion Spasm

Leg: Extension Spasm

Foot: Eversion Spasm

References

Chapter 19 The Use of Botulinum Toxin in Spasticity

Introduction

Summary of Previous Studies

Injection Techniques

Dilution

Maximum Doses

Individual Muscle Doses

Guidance Techniques

Injection Placement

Treatment Guide

The Upper Limb

Flexion at the Proximal Interphalangeal Joints

Flexion at distal interphalangeal joints

Thumb Curling

Wrist Flexion

Elbow Flexion

Adduction and Internal Rotation at the Shoulder

The Lower Limb

Plantarflexion Spasm

Adductor Spasms

Extensor Posturing at the Knee

Knee Flexion Spasm

Toe Extension

Practical Considerations

References

Chapter 20 Treatment of Stiff-Person Syndrome with Botulinum Toxin

Introduction

Treatment

Treatment Technique

Walter Reed–Yale Protocol for Typical Stiff-Person Syndrome

Treatment of Limb Muscles in Stiff-Limb Syndrome

Side Effects

References

Chapter 21 Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology

Introduction

Treatment of Strabismus with Botulinum Neurotoxin

Indications

Practical Procedure of Eye Muscle Injections

Convergence Spasm

Nystagmus

Graves’ Ophthalmopathy (Thyroid Eye Disease)

Strabismus in Graves’ Disease

Eyelid Retraction in Graves’ Disease

Botulinum Toxin Injection in the Lacrimal Gland

Protective Ptosis

BoNT in Facial Nerve Palsy

Entropion

BoNT in Facial Scars

References

Chapter 22 Cosmetic Uses of Botulinum Neurotoxins for the Upper Face

Introduction

Commercially Available Neurotoxins

Neurotoxin Preparation

Treatment Techniques

Approaching the Cosmetic Patient

Dynamic Rhytids

Glabella

Forehead

Peri-ocular

Brow Lift

Nose

Complications

References

Chapter 23 Botulinum Toxin for the Lower Face

Introduction

Nose

Elevation of the Nasal Tip

Injection Technique

Dose

Caution

Mouth and Lips

Upper Lip and Lower Lip

Injection Technique

Dose

Caution

Injection Technique

Dose

Caution

Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle

Injection Technique

Dose

Caution

Mentalis Muscle

Injection Technique

Dose

Caution

Mandibular Line and Facial Sculpting

Platysma Muscle

Platysma Bands

Injection Technique

Dose

Caution

Nefertiti Lift

Injection Technique

Dose

Caution

References

Chapter 24 Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Gummy Smile

Introduction

Different Types of Gummy Smile

Treatment Techniques

Doses

Injection Sites

Important Tips

Complications and Adverse Advents

Conclusions

References

Chapter 25 Botulinum Toxin for the Breast

Introduction

Anatomy

Breast Ptosis

Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Toxin A

Patient Selection

Clinical Pearls

Injection Technique

Site Injection: Pectoralis Major

Dose

Site Injection: Pectoralis Minor

Dose

Total Dose per Breast

Caution

Other Uses of Botulinum Toxin in the Breast

References

Chapter 26 Treatment of Depression with Botulinum Toxin

Introduction

Anatomy and Function

Mechanisms of Action

A Summary of Previous Studies

Injection Techniques

Practical Considerations

Outlook

References

Chapter 27 Hyperhidrosis

Introduction

Conventional Treatment Options

Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy

Technique in Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis

Technique in Primary Palmar Hyperhidrosis

References

Chapter 28 Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment for Ischemic Digits and Chronic Pain

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Botulinum Neurotoxin for Raynaud’s Disease

Technique for Injecting Botulinum Neurotoxin in Raynaud’s Phenomenon

References

Chapter 29 Botulinum Toxin in Wound Healing

Introduction

Clinical Wound Care

Tension

Anatomical Location

Mode of Action

Current Body of Evidence

Indications and Patient Selection

Technique and Duration of Treatment

Representative Case Study

Comment

References

Chapter 30 Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Neuropathic Pain

Introduction

Short Summary of Previous Studies

Botulinum Neurotoxin in Neuropathic Pain

Diabetic Neuropathic Pain

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Injection Techniques for Botulinum Neurotoxin in Neuropathic Pain

References

Chapter 31 The Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Management of Headache Disorders

Summary of Clinical Aspects of Headache Disorders

Pathophysiology of Headache Disorders

Treatment of Headache

Botulinum Toxin in Headache Disorders

Formulations

Mechanism of Action of OnabotulinumtoxinA in Headache

Treatment Guidelines

OnabotA Treatment Techniques

Clinical Review of the Efficacy of OnabotulinumtoxinA in Headache Disorders

Adverse Events Reported with OnabotA Use in Headache Treatment

Clinical Practice with OnabotA

Summary

References

Chapter 32 Use of Botulinum Toxin in Musculoskeletal Pain and Arthritis

Prevalence and the Impact of Arthritis

Available Treatments for Arthritis and Challenges

Neurobiology of Joints and Current Understanding of Origin of Chronic Joint Pain

Clinical Evidence of Anti-Nociceptive Effect of Botulinum Toxin in Refractory Joint and Musculoskeletal Pain

Tennis Elbow

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Pain and Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMDs)

Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 33 Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis/Plantar Fasciopathy with Botulinum Neurotoxins

Introduction

Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia

Rational for Using Botulinum Neurotoxin for Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis

Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Studies of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Plantar Fasciitis

Comparator Studies

Proposed Technique for Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis with BoNT

WRAMC – Yale Technique

References

Chapter 34 Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Low Back Pain

Introduction

Quadratus Lumborum Muscle

Review of Anatomy

Symptoms

Examination

Treatment

Iliopsoas Muscle

Review of Anatomy

Symptoms

Examination

Treatment

Lumbar Paravertebral Muscles

Review of Anatomy

Symptoms

Examination

Treatment

References

Chapter 35 Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in the Treatment of Piriformis Syndrome

Introduction

Anatomy and Function

Diagnosis of Piriformis Syndrome

Treatment Options

Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy

Summary of Previous Studies

Injection Technique

Guidance

Practical Considerations

Adverse Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy

Relapse

Summary

References

Chapter 36 Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum Toxin Injections for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Introduction

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Classification of Thoracic Outlet Syndromes

Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet

Sites of Entrapment of Nerves

Epidemiology

Work-Up and Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy under US Guidance

Techniques

Out-of-Plane

In-Plane

Patient Positioning

Anterior Scalene Injections

Pectoralis Minor Injections

Subclavius Muscle Injections

Summary

References

Chapter 37 Botulinum Neurotoxin in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Cricopharyngeal Dysphagia

Achalasia

Spastic Esophageal Disorders

Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction

Prevention of Pancreatic Fistula

Obesity

Gastroparesis

Puborectalis Syndrome

Proctalgia Fugax

Chronic Anal Fissure

Dyssynergic Defecation

Functional Anorectal Pain

Obstructive Symptoms in Hirschsprung Disease

Incisional Hernia (IH)

References

Chapter 38 Botulinum Neurotoxin Applications in Urological Disorders

Introduction

Overactive Bladder

Conclusions

Vulvodynia and Chronic Pelvic Pain

Vulvodynia

Chronic Pelvic Pain

Conclusions

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Conclusions

Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia

Conclusions

References

Chapter 39 Treatment of Focal Hand Dystonia

Introduction

Pathogenesis

Writer’s Cramp

Clinical Subtypes

Disability in Writer’s Cramp

Musician’s Dystonia

Treatment of Writer’s Cramp

Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy

Commonly Injected Muscles and Patterns

Focal Flexor Pattern

Flexor Pollicis Longus

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

Generalized Flexor Pattern

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Palmaris Longus

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Pronator Teres

Pronator Quadratus

Focal Extensor Pattern

Extensor Indicis Proprius

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Generalized Extensor Pattern

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Extensor Digitorum Communis

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Abductor Pollicis Longus

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Proximal Arm Dystonia

Verification of Needle Position for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection

Adverse Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection

Treatment of Musician’s Dystonia

Other Focal Hand Dystonias

References

Index

 

An aparitie	30 noi 2023
Autor	Daniel Truong, Dirk Dressler, Mark Hallett, Christopher Zachary, Mayank Pathak
Editura	Cambridge University Press
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781009098663
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	439