Geometrical and Visual Optics, Third Edition

Description:

The acclaimed introductory text to geometrical and visual optics --- now in full color Doody's Core Titles for 2021! Geometrical and Visual Optics, Third Edition is a rigorous, yet approachable text that expertly combines basic optics with clinical application in a way that brings key optometry topics to life. It is meant to be a concise and user-friendly resource for clinicians as they begin their study of optics, and as they eventually prepare for licensing examinations. The book emphasizes optical concepts and problem-solving skills that underlie contemporary clinical eye care, and because of its clinical utility, a vergence approach is stressed. FEATURES: 3 complete practice exams, totaling 122 questions 200 end-of-chapter self-assessment problems with detailed worked-out solutions Full-color figures and clinical highlights Learning Objectives appear at the beginning of each chapter Color highlighted summaries, sample problems, and tables Summary and list of formulas appear at the end of each chapter NEW CHAPTER on lens thickness; and prism coverage has been expanded to include vertical imbalance In-depth coverage of geometrical and visual optics spans the full spectrum of topics, from refraction at spherical surfaces, to thin and thick lenses, to depth of field, ametropia, magnification, retinal image size, and reflection Primary emphasis is on core concepts, with a minimum of formulas and superfluous mathematics

Table of Contents:

1. Basic Terms and Concepts

Sources, Light Rays, and Pencils

Vergence

Refraction and Snell’s Law

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

2. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

Converging and Diverging Spherical Surfaces

A Word on Sign Conventions

Primary and Secondary Focal Points

A Very Handy Formula

Image Formation By Spherical Surfaces

Real Images

Virtual Images

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

3. The Vergence Relationship

More on Vergence

Linear Sign Convention

Vergence Relationship

Sample Problems

Sample Problem 1: Converging Surface

Sample Problem 2: Diverging Surface

Sample Problem 3: Locating the Object

Sample Problem 4: A Flat (Plane) Refracting Surface

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

4. Thin Lenses

Ray Tracing

Vergence Relationship

Newton’s Relation

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

5. Optical Systems with Multiple Surfaces

Multiple Thin Lens Systems

Virtual Objects

Thick Lenses

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

6. Optical Properties of Thick Lenses

Definitions

Back and Front Vertex Power

Equivalent Lenses

Equivalent Power

Locating the Principal Planes

Sample Problem

Nodal Points

Cardinal Points

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

7. Spherical Ametropia

Myopia

Hyperopia

Lens Effectivity

Correction of Ametropia with Laser and Surgical Procedures

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

8. Accommodation

Vergence Relationship for Accommodation

Accommodation in Ametropia

Near Point of Accommodation

Accommodation when Ametropia is Corrected with Spectacles

Correction of Presbyopia

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

9. Cylindrical Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism

Lens Crosses

Lens Formulas/Prescriptions

Image Formation: Point Sources

Image Formation: Extended Sources

Power in an Oblique Meridian of a Cylindrical Lens

Astigmatism: Definitions and Classifications

Jackson Crossed-Cylinder Test

Spherical Equivalency

What Does a Person with Astigmatism See?

Summary

References

Self-Assessment Problems

10. Prisms

Thick and Thin Prisms

Prism Diopters

Prismatic Effects of Lenses

Vertical Imbalance

Bifocal Jump

Hand Neutralization of Lenses

Additional Clinical Applications

Summary

Reference

Self-Assessment Problems

11. Lens Thickness

Lens Sag

Plus Lenses

Minus Lenses

Spherocylindrical Lenses

Effect of Lens Size, Shape, and Decentration

The Lens Clock

Base Curve

Summary

Reference

Self-Assessment Problems

12. Depth of Field

Blur Circles, Visual Acuity, and Pinholes

Depth of Field and Depth of Focus

Hyperfocal Distance

Diffraction Caused by Apertures

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

13. Magnifying Lenses and Electronic Magnification

Angular Magnification Produced by Plus Lenses

Use of Plus Lenses for Low Vision

Magnifying Lens and Bifocal Add in Combination

Fixed-Focus Stand Magnifiers

Effective Magnification

Electronic Magnifiers for Near

Summary

Further Reading

Self-Assessment Problems

14. Telescopes

Galilean Telescopes

Keplerian Telescopes

How to Use Tube Length to Determine Angular Magnification

Telescope Apertures, Stops, Pupils, and Ports

Telescope Use in Ametropia

Telemicroscopes

Lens Caps

Adjusting Tube Length

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

15. Retinal Image Size

Spectacle Magnification

Retinal Image Size in Uncorrected Ametropia

Retinal Image Size in Corrected Ametropia

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

16. Reflection

Ray Tracing: Concave, Convex, and Plane Mirrors

Concave Mirrors

Convex Mirrors

Plane Mirrors

Power of Mirrors

The Vergence Relationship

Reflections and Antireflection Coatings

Purkinje Images

Corneal Topography

Summary

Self-Assessment Problems

17. Aberrations

The Paraxial Assumption and Seidel Aberrations

Longitudinal Spherical Aberration

Coma

Oblique Astigmatism

Curvature of Field

Distortion

Wavefront Sensing and Adaptive Optics

Measurement of the Eye’s Monochromatic Aberrations

Supernormal Vision

Imaging the Fundus

Chromatic Aberration

Dispersive Power and Constringence

Lateral (Transverse) Chromatic Aberration

Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration

Chromatic Aberration in the Human Eye

The Red–Green Refraction Technique

Summary

References

Self-Assessment Problems

Answers to Self-Assessment Problems

Chapter 1: Basic Terms and Concepts

Chapter 2: Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

Chapter 3: The Vergence Relationship

Chapter 4: Thin Lenses

Chapter 5: Optical Systems with Multiple Surfaces

Chapter 6: Optical Properties of Thick Lenses

Chapter 7: Spherical Ametropia

Chapter 8: Accommodation

Chapter 9: Cylindrical Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism

Chapter 10: Prisms

Chapter 11: Lens Thickness

Chapter 12: Depth of Field

Chapter 13: Magnifying Lenses and Electronic Magnification

Chapter 14: Telescopes

Chapter 15: Retinal Image Size

Chapter 16: Reflection

Chapter 17: Aberrations

Appendix A: Location of Purkinje Image III

Appendix B: Fluid Lenses

Appendix C: Javal’s Rule

Appendix D: Derivation of the Paraxial (Vergence) Relationship

Appendix E: Correction of Chromatic Aberration

Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration

Lateral (Transverse) Chromatic Aberration

Practice Examinations

Practice Examination 1

Practice Examination 2

Practice Examination 3

Answers to Practice Examinations

Practice Examination 1

Practice Examination 2

Practice Examination 3

Index