Ophthalmology, 5th Edition

Description:

Long considered one of ophthalmology’s premier texts, this award-winning title by Drs. Myron Yanoff and Jay S. Duker remains your go-to reference for virtually any topic in this fast-changing field. It offers detailed, superbly illustrated guidance on nearly every ophthalmic condition and procedure you may encounter, making it a must-have resource no matter what your level of experience. Extensive updates throughout keep you current with all that’s new in every subspecialty area of the field.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part 1 Genetics

1.1 Fundamentals of Human Genetics

Key Features

DNA and the Central Dogma of Human Genetics

Human Genome

Basic Mendelian Principles

Mutations

Genes and Phenotypes

Patterns of Human Inheritance

Molecular Mechanisms of Disease

Gene Therapy

Key References

References

1.2 Molecular Genetics of Selected Ocular Disorders

Key Features

Introduction

Dominant Corneal Dystrophies

Aniridia, Peter's Anomaly, Autosomal Dominant Keratitis

Rieger's Syndrome

Juvenile Glaucoma

Congenital Glaucoma

Nonsyndromic Congenital Cataract

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Stargardt Disease

X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis

Norrie's Disease

Sorsby's Macular Dystrophy

Gyrate Atrophy

Color Vision

Retinoblastoma

Albinism

Leber's Optic Neuropathy

Congenital Fibrosis Syndromes and Disorders of Axon Guidance

Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy

Complex Traits

Key References

References

1.3 Genetic Testing and Genetic Counseling

Key Features

Genetic Testing

Genetic Counseling

Key References

References

Part 2 Optics and Refraction

2.1 Light

Key Features

Introduction

Geometrical Optics

Basic Stigmatic Optics

Astigmatic Optics

Wave Properties of Light

Key References

References

2.2 Optics of the Human Eye

Key Features

Introduction

Cornea

Pupil

Lens

Accommodation

Scattering

Aberrations

Retina

Resolution and Focal Length

Refractive Errors

Key References

References

2.3 Clinical Refraction

Key Features

Introduction

History

Visual Acuity

Spherical Equivalent

Detecting Astigmatism

Refracting at Near

Additional Subjective Techniques

Retinoscopy

Key References

References

2.4 Correction of Refractive Errors

Key Features

Introduction

Spectacle Correction

Contact Lenses

Intraocular Lenses

Keratorefractive Surgery

Corneal Inlays

Key References

References

2.5 Ophthalmic Instruments

Key Features

Introduction

Direct Ophthalmoscope

Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope

Fundus Camera

Optical Coherence Tomography

Slit-Lamp Biomicroscope

Slit-Lamp Fundus Lenses

Goldmann Applanation Tonometer

Operating Microscope

Keratometer and Corneal Topographer

Lensmeter

Automated Refractor

Magnifying Devices

Key References

References

2.6 Wavefront Optics and Aberrations of the Eye

Key Features

Introduction

Ray Aberrations

The Wavefront Approach to Aberrations

Spherical Aberration

Coma

Distortion

Field Curvature (FC)

Oblique Astigmatism (OA)

Higher-Order Aberrations (HOA)

Chromatic Aberration

Measurement of Ocular Aberrations

An Overall Perspective on Aberration Theory

Key References

References

Part 3 Refractive Surgery

3.1 Current Concepts, Classification, and History of Refractive Surgery

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Excimer Laser and Ablation Profiles

Concepts in Development

Classification of Refractive Procedures

Summary

Key References

References

3.2 Preoperative Evaluation for Refractive Surgery

Key Features

Introduction

Ophthalmic Examination

Ancillary Testing

Key References

References

3.3 Excimer Laser Surface Ablation

Key Features

Introduction

Ablation Profiles

Indications

Preoperative Evaluation

PRK Surgical Technique

Results

Complications

Conclusions

Key References

References

3.4 LASIK

Key Features

Associated Features

Historical Review

LASIK

LASIK Enhancements

LASIK in Complex Cases

Summary

Key References

References

3.5 Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)

Key Features

Introduction

Femtosecond Laser System

Treatment Range for SMILE

Patient Evaluation

Surgical Procedure

Complications

Higher-Order Aberrations

Biomechanical Stability

Refractive and Visual Outcome

Retreatments

Conclusions

Key References

References

3.6 Wavefront-Based Excimer Laser Refractive Surgery

Key Features

Introduction

Wavefront Optics

Higher-Order Aberrations

Ideal Corneal Shape

Measurements of Wavefront Aberrations

Quality of Vision and Measures of Optical Quality

Wavefront-Measuring Devices

Wavefront-Based Surgery

Results

Wavefront Platforms (Table 3.6.1)

Conclusions

Key References

References

3.7 Phakic Intraocular Lenses

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

History of Phakic Lenses

Indications of Phakic Lenses

Advantages and Disadvantages of Phakic Iols

Intraocular Lens Power Calculation

Visual Outcomes

Anterior Chamber Angle-Supported Phakic Intraocular Lenses

Iris-Fixated Phakic Intraocular Lenses

Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses

Bioptics

Conclusion

Key References

References

3.8 Astigmatic Keratotomy

Key Features

Historical Review

Surgical Techniques for Astigmatic and Radial Keratotomy

Outcome Comparison for Various Astigmatism Correction Methods

Complications and Management of Astigmatism Correction Methods

Conclusions

Key References

References

3.9 Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments and Corneal Cross-Linking

Key Features

Introduction

Intracorneal Ring Segments

Surgical Procedure: ICRS

Surgical Procedure: CXL

CXL Clinical Outcomes

Combining ICRS With CXL

Conclusions

Key References

References

3.10 Surgical Correction of Presbyopia

Key Features

Introduction

Presbyopia Correction at the Corneal Level

Key References

References

Part 4 Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases

Section 1 Basic Principles

4.1 Corneal Anatomy, Physiology, and Wound Healing

Key Features

Introduction

Corneal Wound Healing

Key References

References

4.2 Anterior Segment Imaging Modalities

Key Features

Introduction

Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

Specular Microscopy

Ultrasound Biomicroscopy

Meibography

In vivo Confocal Microscopy

Topography and Tomography

Wavefront Analysis

Summary

Key References

References

Section 2 Congenital Abnormalities

4.3 Congenital Corneal Anomalies

Key Features

Introduction

Size and Shape Anomalies

Anomalies of Corneal Clarity

Key References

References

Section 3 External Diseases

4.4 Blepharitis

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Treatment

Key References

References

4.5 Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

Key Features

Associated Features

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Diagnosis

Management

Prevention

Key References

References

Section 4 Conjunctival Diseases

4.6 Conjunctivitis

Key Features

Infectious Conjunctivitis

Noninfectious Conjunctivitis

Key References

References

4.7 Allergic Conjunctivitis

Key Features

Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis: Seasonal/Perennial

Chronic Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis

Vernal Conjunctivitis

Treatment of Allergic/Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis

Allergic Dermatoconjunctivitis

Microbial Allergic Conjunctivitis

Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis

Key References

References

4.8 Tumors of the Conjunctiva

Key Features

Conjunctival Malignant Neoplasms

Benign Conjunctival Neoplasms and Neoplasias

Nonneoplastic Lesions and Disorders Simulating Malignant Conjunctival Neoplasms and Neoplasias

Management of Conjunctival Tumors Suspected of Being Malignant Neoplasms or Neoplasias

Key References

References

4.9 Pterygium and Conjunctival Degenerations

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Pinguecula

Pterygium

Senile Scleral Plaques

Conjunctival Amyloid

Conjunctival Melanosis

Key References

References

4.10 Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid/Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Pathogenesis

Clinical Findings

Diagnosis

Treatment

Conclusions

Key References

References

Section 5 Scleral and Episcleral Diseases

4.11 Episcleritis and Scleritis

Key Features

Associated Feature

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Inflammatory Diseases

Key References

References

Section 6 Corneal Diseases

4.12 Bacterial Keratitis

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Outcome

Key References

References

4.13 Fungal Keratitis

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Outcome

Key References

References

4.14 Parasitic Keratitis

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

Microsporidiosis

Onchocerciasis

Key References

References

4.15 Herpes Simplex Keratitis

Key Features

Associated Features

Epidemiology

Herpes Simplex Virus

Primary HSV Infection

Recurrent HSV Infections

Diagnosis

Herpetic Eye Disease Study

Treatment

Future Directions

Key References

References

4.16 Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Anatomy and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Systemic Associations

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic and Ancillary Testing

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

4.17 Noninfectious Keratitis

Key Feature

Associated Feature

Introduction

Thygeson's Superficial Punctate Keratitis

Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis of Theodore

Mooren's Ulcer

Neurotrophic Keratitis

Terrien's Marginal Degeneration

Lax Eyelid Condition, Lax Eyelid Syndrome, and Floppy Eyelid Syndrome

Treatment

Key References

References

4.18 Keratoconus and Other Ectasias

Key Features

Associated Features

Keratoconus

Pellucid Corneal Degeneration

Keratoglobus

Posterior Keratoconus

Post–Refractive Surgery Corneal Ectasia

Key References

References

4.19 Anterior Corneal Dystrophies

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Anterior Basement Membrane Dystrophy

Meesmann's Epithelial Dystrophy

Reis–Bückler Dystrophy

Thiel–Behnke Dystrophy

Key References

References

4.20 Stromal Corneal Dystrophies

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Gelatinous Drop-Like Dystrophy

Lattice Dystrophy Type I

Systemic Amyloidosis With Corneal Lattice

Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type I

Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2

Macular Corneal Dystrophy

Pathology

Schnyder's Corneal Dystrophy

Central Cloudy Dystrophy

Fleck Dystrophy

Posterior Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy

Congenital Stromal Corneal Dystrophy

Key References

References

4.21 Diseases of the Corneal Endothelium

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Fuchs' Dystrophy

Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy

Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy

Key References

References

4.22 Corneal Degenerations

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Corneal Arcus (Arcus Senilis)

Lipid Keratopathy

Vogt's White Limbal Girdle

Senile Corneal Furrow Degeneration

Terrien's Marginal Corneal Degeneration

Peripheral Corneal Guttae

Calcific Band Keratopathy

Spheroidal Degeneration

Iron Deposition

Crocodile Shagreen

Cornea Farinata

Salzmann's Corneal Degeneration

Corneal Keloids

Corneal Amyloid Degeneration

Key References

References

4.23 Dry Eye Disease

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Treatment

Key References

References

Section 7 Miscellaneous Conditions

4.24 Complications of Contact Lens Wear

Key Features

Introduction

Toxic, Allergic and Mechanical Reactions

Conditions Reflecting Metabolic Challenge

Corneal Inflammatory Events and Microbial Keratitis

Unsupervised Lens Wear

FDA and CDC Recommendations

Conclusions

Key References

References

4.25 Corneal and External Eye Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Key Feature

Associated Feature

Introduction

Congenital Disorders

Chromosomal Disorders

Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders

Metabolic Disorders

Other Oculosystemic Disorders

Conclusions

Key References

References

Section 8 Trauma

4.26 Acid and Alkali Burns

Key Features

Associated Feature

Introduction

Alkali Injuries

Acid Injuries

Pathophysiology

Clinical Course

Therapy

Key References

References

Section 9 Surgery

4.27 Corneal Surgery

Key Features

Associated Feature

Keratoplasty

Superficial Corneal Procedures

Phototherapeutic Keratectomy

Key References

References

4.28 Conjunctival Surgery

Key Features

Associated Feature

Historical Review

Anesthesia

Specific Techniques

Key References

References

4.29 Endothelial Keratoplasty

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Evolution of EKP Techniques

Indications

Surgical Technique

Combined Procedures

Outcomes

Outlook

Key References

References

4.30 Surgical Ocular Surface Reconstruction

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Historical Perspectives

Preoperative Considerations

Operative Procedures

Special Considerations in Ocular Surface Reconstruction

Conclusions

Key References

References

4.31 Management of Corneal Thinning, Melting, and Perforation

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Corneal Thinning From Noninflammatory Disorders

Corneal Thinning and Melting From Inflammatory Disorders

Surgical Treatment of Corneal Perforations

Conclusions

Key References

References

Part 5 The Lens

5.1 Basic Science of the Lens

Key Features

Introduction

Anatomy of the Lens

Physiology of the Lens

Biophysics

Biochemistry

Lens Crystallins

Age Changes

Secondary Cataract

Key References

References

5.2 Evolution of Intraocular Lens Implantation

Key features

Introduction

Lens Design and Fixation

Recent Advances

Key References

References

5.3 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Causes, Morphology, and Visual Effects of Cataract

Morphology and Visual Effects of Cataract

Key References

References

5.4 Patient Workup for Cataract Surgery

Assessment of Lens Opacities,

Investigations for Further Surgical Refinement

Good Clinical Practice (Social and Legal Aspects)

Key References

References

5.5 Intraocular Lens Power Calculations

Key Features

Introduction

Ocular Biometry

IOL Power Formulas

IOL Calculations in Special Eyes

Toric IOL Calculation

Intraoperative Wavefront Aberrometry

Postoperative IOL Adjustment

Conclusion

Key References

References

5.6 Indications for Lens Surgery/Indications for Application of Different Lens Surgery Techniques

Key Features

Introduction

Medical Indications for Lens Surgery

Refractive Indications for Lens Surgery

Indications for Different Lens Surgery Techniques

Key References

References

5.7 The Pharmacotherapy of Cataract Surgery

Key Features

Introduction

Preoperative Medications

Anesthetics

Intraoperative Medications

Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices

Postoperative Medications

Late Postoperative Medications

Key References

References

5.8 Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery

Key Features

Introduction

Medical Aspects of Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery

Local Anesthesia

Sedative Agents

General Anesthesia

Postoperative Care

Key References

References

5.9 Phacoemulsification

Key Features

Introduction

Handpieces and Tips

Power Modulation

Pumps and Fluidics

Postocclusion Surge

Key References

References

5.10 Refractive Aspects of Cataract Surgery

Key Features

Introduction

Value of Corneal Topography

Intraoperative Management of Preoperative Corneal Astigmatism to Prevent Induction of Corneal Astigmatism

To Treat Preoperative Corneal Astigmatism

Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation

Postoperative Management of Residual or Induced Corneal Astigmatism

Post–Cataract Surgery Piggyback IOLs

Light-Adjustable Intraocular Lens Implant

Key References

References

5.11 Small Incision and Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery

Key Features

Associated Feature

Introduction

Incision Construction and Architecture

Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorrhexis

Hydrodissection and Hydrodelineation

Nucleofractis Techniques

Power Modulations

Biaxial Microincision Cataract Surgery

B-MICS Vertical Chop Technique

Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery

Conclusions

Key References

References

5.12 Manual Cataract Extraction

Key Features

Introduction

Manual (Large-Incision) Cataract Surgery

Intracapsular Cataract Extraction

Extracapsular Cataract Extraction

Complications

Discussion

Key References

References

5.13 Combined Procedures

Key Features

Introduction

Combined Glaucoma Surgery

Lens Surgery Combined With Keratoplasty

Combined Phacovitrectomy

Key References

References

5.14 Cataract Surgery in Complex Eyes

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Zonular Instability

Uveitis

Compromised Endothelium

Key References

References

5.15 Pediatric Cataract Surgery

Key Features

Introduction

Historical Review

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Alternatives to Surgery

Anesthesia

General Techniques

Specific Techniques

Choices for Correction of Aphakia in Children

Complications

Outcome

Key References

References

5.16 Complications of Cataract Surgery

Key Features

Associated Feature

Introduction

Intraoperative Complications

Postoperative Complications

Key References

References

5.17 Secondary Cataract

Key Features

Introduction

Pathogenesis

Intraocular Lenses Maintaining the Capsular Bag Open or Expanded

Key References

References

5.18 Outcomes of Cataract Surgery

Key Features

Introduction

Evaluation of Outcomes

Five Parameters That Describe Visual Function

Objective Findings of Cataract Surgery Outcomes

Subjective Findings of Cataract Surgery Outcomes

Cataract Surgery of One or Both Eyes

Cataract Surgery in Eyes With Ocular Comorbidity

Summary

Key References

References

Part 6 Retina and Vitreous

Section 1 Anatomy

6.1 Structure of the Neural Retina

Key Feature

Introduction

Center of the Macula: Umbo

Foveola

Fovea

Parafovea

Perifovea

Macula, or Central Area

Extra-Areal Periphery

Layers of the Neural Retina

Key References

References

6.2 Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Key Features

Introduction

Structure and Metabolism

Membrane Properties and Fluid Transport

Photoreceptor–Retinal Pigment Epithelium Interactions

Repair, Regeneration, and Therapy

References

6.3 Retinal and Choroidal Circulation

Key Features

Introduction

Posterior Segment Vascular Anatomy

Blood–Retinal Barrier

Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow

Retina and Choroidal Circulation Evaluated by OCTA

Regulation of Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flows

Key References

References

6.4 Vitreous Anatomy and Pathology

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Molecular Morphology

Vitreous Anatomy

Age-Related Changes

Key References

References

Section 2 Ancillary Tests

6.5 Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Devices

Technique of Examination

Concepts of B-Scan Interpretation

Display Presentation and Documentation

Digital Contact Ultrasonography

What's New?

Summary

Key References

References

6.6 Camera-Based Ancillary Retinal Testing

Key Features

Key Features

Key Features

Fluorescein Angiography

Indocyanine Green Angiography

Fundus Autofluorescence

Acknowledgments

Key References

References

6.7 Optical Coherence Tomography in Retinal Imaging

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

OCT Technology Platforms

Anatomical Results

Image Optimization

OCT Image Interpretation

Key References

References

6.8 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Key Features

Introduction

Biological Basis of OCTA

OCTA Versus Dye-Based Angiography Methods

Key Applications of SD-OCTA

Conclusions

Key References

References

6.9 Retinal Electrophysiology

Key Features

Introduction

Full-Field ERG

Multifocal ERG

Electro-oculography

Key References

References

Section 3 Basic Principles of Retinal Surgery

6.10 Light and Laser Injury

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Light Interaction With the Retina

Photic Retinopathy

Light Exposure and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Laser Injury

Laser Pointers

Complications of Therapeutic Retinal Laser Photocogulation

Key References

References

6.11 Scleral Buckling Surgery

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Historical Review

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Differential Diagnosis

Alternatives to Scleral Buckling

Anesthesia

General Techniques

Complications

Outcome

Key References

References

6.12 Vitrectomy

Key Features

Introduction

Historical Review

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Indications and Alternatives to Surgery

Anesthesia

General Techniques

Specific Techniques

Complications

Outcomes

Key References

References

6.13 Intravitreal Injections and Medication Implants

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Preinjection Preparation

Injection

Postinjection

Complications

Other Considerations

Implants

Conclusions

Key References

References

Section 4 Dystrophies

6.14 Progressive and “Stationary” Inherited Retinal Degenerations

Key Features

Associated Features

Key Features

Associated Features

Progressive Diffuse/Panretinal Degenerations

“Stationary” Retinal Disorders

Female Carriers of X-Linked Retinal Degenerations

Treatment of Retinal Degenerations

Key References

References

6.15 Macular Dystrophies

Stargardt Disease and Fundus Flavimaculatus

Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (Best Disease)

Adult Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy/ Adult-Onset Foveomacular Dystrophy (Pattern Dystrophy)

Dominant Drusen (Doyne's Drusen, Malattia Leventinese)

Pattern Dystrophy

Dominant Cystoid Macular Edema

Sorsby's Macular Dystrophy

North Carolina Macular Dystrophy

Atrophia Areata

Cone Dystrophy

Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy

Key References

References

6.16 Choroidal Dystrophies

Choroideremia

Gyrate Atrophy

Key References

References

6.17 Hereditary Vitreoretinopathies

Stickler's Syndrome

X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis

Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy

Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy

Norrie's Disease

Key References

References

Section 5 Vascular Disorders

6.18 Hypertensive Retinopathy

Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy

Malignant Acute Hypertensive Retinopathy

Key References

References

6.19 Retinal Arterial Obstruction

Central Retinal Artery Obstruction

Branch Retinal Artery Obstruction

Central Retinal Artery Obstruction

Branch Retinal Artery Obstruction

Ophthalmic Artery Obstruction

Cilioretinal Artery Obstruction

Combined Artery and Vein Obstructions

Key References

References

6.20 Venous Occlusive Disease of the Retina

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

Key References

References

6.21 Retinopathy of Prematurity

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Pathogenesis

Clinical Features and Classification

Diagnosis and Screening

Role of Telemedicine in ROP Screening

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Ablation of Peripheral Avascular Retina

Role of Anti-VEGF Therapy in ROP Treatment

Surgery in ROP Treatment

Late Complications of ROP

Key References

References

6.22 Diabetic Retinopathy

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Conclusions

Key References

References

6.23 Ocular Ischemic Syndrome

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment, Course, and Outcome

Key References

References

6.24 Hemoglobinopathies

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.25 Coats' Disease and Retinal Telangiectasia

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Treatment

Complications of Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.26 Radiation Retinopathy and Papillopathy

Key Features

Associated Features

Radiation Retinopathy

Radiation Papillopathy

Summary

Key References

References

6.27 Proliferative Retinopathies

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Retinal Angiogenesis

Overview of Diagnosing Neovascularization

Overview of Treating Neovascularization

Entities Associated With Retinal Neovascularization

Key References

References

6.28 Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment, Course, and Outcome

Key References

References

Section 6 Macular Disorders

6.29 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Natural History and Prognosis

Treatment and Prevention

Conclusions

Key References

References

6.30 Secondary Causes of Choroidal Neovascularization

Key Features

Associated Feature

Traumatic Ruptures of Bruch's Membrane

Angioid Streaks

Pathological Myopia

Inflammatory Disorders

Key References

References

6.31 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Key Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.32 Macular Hole

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.33 Epiretinal Membrane

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcomes

Key References

References

6.34 Vitreomacular Traction

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Natural History of Vitreomacular Traction

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Conclusions

Key References

References

6.35 Cystoid Macular Edema

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Pathogenesis and Etiology

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Treatment

Conclusions

Key References

References

6.36 Coexistent Optic Nerve and Macular Abnormalities

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Congenital Anomalies of the Optic Disc

Other Optic Nerve Abnormalities Associated With Macular Pathology

Key References

References

Section 7 Retinal Detachment

6.37 Peripheral Retinal Lesions

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction and Anatomy

Ocular Manifestations and Diagnosis of Peripheral Retinal Lesions

Key References

References

6.38 Retinal Breaks

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Treatment of Retinal Breaks

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.39 Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.40 Serous Detachments of the Neural Retina

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Alterations in Choroidal Flow

Poor Scleral Outflow

Breakdown of the RPE and Retina

Miscellaneous

Diagnostic and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.41 Choroidal Hemorrhage

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.42 Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

Section 8 Trauma

6.43 Posterior Segment Ocular Trauma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Ocular Manifestations and Clinical Examination

Nonpenetrating Trauma

Penetrating Trauma

Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

6.44 Distant Trauma With Posterior Segment Effects

Terson Syndrome

Purtscher Retinopathy

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Terson Syndrome

Purtscher Retinopathy

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Miscellaneous Conditions

Key References

References

6.45 Retinal Toxicity of Systemically Administered Drugs

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine

Sildenafil

Thioridazine

Niacin

Canthaxanthine

Tamoxifen

Fingolimod

Paclitaxel

Deferoxamine

Didanosine

Clofazimine

Thiazolidinediones

Imatinib

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Key References

References

Part 7 Uveitis and Other Intraocular Inflammations

Section 1 Basic Principles

7.1 Anatomy of the Uvea

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Iris

Ciliary Body

Choroid

Key References

References

7.2 Mechanisms of Uveitis

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Innate and Adaptive Immunities

Cells of the Immune System

Molecules of the Immune System Involved in Uveitis

Tolerance and Autoimmunity

Mechanisms That Trigger and Promote Uveitogenic Processes

Mechanisms of Inflammation

Immunopathogenic Processes of Uveitis in Humans

Mechanisms That Inhibit Inflammation in the Eye

Key References

References

7.3 General Approach to the Uveitis Patient and Treatment Strategies

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Classification

Epidemiology

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

Section 2 Infectious Causes of Uveitis—Viral

7.4 Herpetic Viral Uveitis

Herpes Simplex and Varicella Zoster

Herpes Simples Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus

Cytomegalovirus

Epstein–Barr Virus

Key References

References

7.5 Nonherpetic Viral Infections

West Nile Virus

Chikungunya

Zika

Ebola

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I

Measles Virus

Rubella Virus

Key References

References

Section 3 Infectious Causes of Uveitis—Bacterial

7.6 Syphilitic and Other Spirochetal Uveitis

Syphilitic Uveitis

Lyme Disease

Leptospirosis

Key References

References

7.7 Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Brucellosis

Tuberculosis

Leprosy

Brucellosis

Acknowledgements

Key References

References

7.8 Bartonella-Related Infectious Uveitis (Cat Scratch Disease) and Whipple's Disease

Cat Scratch Disease: Bartonella Henselae–Associated Uveitis

Whipple's Disease: Tropheryma Whipplei–Associated Uveitis

Key References

References

7.9 Infectious Endophthalmitis

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Presentation and Evaluation

Microbiological Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Outcomes

Conclusions

Key References

References

Section 4 Infectious Causes of Uveitis—Fungal

7.10 Histoplasmosis

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

7.11 Fungal Endophthalmitis

Candida

Aspergillus

Fusarium

Coccidioides Immitis—Ocular Coccidioidomycosis

Cryptococcal Endophthalmitis

Histoplasma Endophthalmitis

Key References

References

Section 5 Infectious Causes of Uveitis—Protozoal and Parasitic

7.12 Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Organism and Life Cycle

Epidemiology

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Therapy

Course and Prognosis

Key References

References

7.13 Posterior Parasitic Uveitis

Ocular Cysticercosis

Ocular Toxocariasis

Onchocerciasis

Gnathostomiasis

Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis

Amebiasis

Giardiasis

Malaria

Leishmaniasis

Pediatric Presumed Trematode Infection

Ophthalmomyiasis

Acknowledgement

Key References

References

Section 6 Uveitis Associated with Systemic Disease

7.14 Uveitis Related to HLA-B27 and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis–Associated Uveitis

Uveitis Related to HLA-B27

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated UveiTIS

Uveitis Related to HLA-B27

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Key References

References

7.15 Sarcoidosis

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

7.16 Behçet's Disease

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

7.17 Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

Section 7 Traumatic Uveitis

7.18 Phacogenic Uveitis

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

7.19 Sympathetic Uveitis

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Prevention

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

Section 8 Uveitis of Unknown Causes

7.20 Idiopathic and Other Anterior Uveitis Syndromes

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Fuchs' Heterochromic Iridocyclitis

Posner–Schlossman Syndrome

Drug-Induced Anterior Uveitis

Schwartz–Matsuo Syndrome

Ellingson Syndrome

Key References

References

7.21 Pars Planitis and Other Intermediate Uveitis

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Findings and Complications

Diagnosis

Management

Prognosis

Key References

References

7.22 Posterior Uveitis of Unknown Cause—White Spot Syndromes

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy

Serpiginous Choroiditis

Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis

Persistent Placoid Maculopathy

Multifocal Choroiditis/Punctate Inner Choroidopathy

Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome

Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy

Acute Macular Neuoretinopathy

Acknowledgment

Key References

References

Section 9 Masquerade Syndromes

7.23 Masquerade Syndromes

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Primary Neoplasms

Secondary Neoplasms and Metastases

Conclusions

Key References

References

Part 8 Intraocular Tumors

8.1 Malignant Intraocular Neoplasms

Primary Malignant Intraocular Neoplasms

Primary Nonophthalmic Malignant Neoplasms Metastatic to the Eye

Secondary Malignant Intraocular Neoplasms

Hematological Neoplasias Involving the Eyes

Key References

References

8.2 Benign Intraocular Neoplasms, Hamartomas, and Choristomas

Benign Intraocular Neoplasms

Retinal Astrocytoma

Retinal Capillary Hemangioma

Adenomas of Intraocular Neuroectodermal Epithelial Tissues

Intraocular Hamartomas

Intraocular Choristomas

Benign Cellular Tumors of Uncertain Category

Key References

References

8.3 Non-Neoplastic Intraocular Lesions and Disorders Simulating Malignant Intraocular Neoplasms

Non-Neoplastic Lesions and Disorders Simulating Malignant Intraocular Neoplasms of the Anterior Ocular Segment

Non-Neoplastic Lesions and Disorders Simulating Malignant Intraocular Neoplasms of the Posterior Ocular Segment Other Than Retinoblastoma

Non-Neoplastic Intraocular Lesions and Disorders Simulating Intraocular Retinoblastoma

Non-Neoplastic Lesions and Disorders Simulating Intraretinal Retinoblastoma

Lesions and Disorders Simulating Exophytic Retinoblastoma

Lesions and Disorders Simulating Endophytic Retinoblastoma

Endogenous Endophthalmitis Simulating Endophytic Retinoblastoma

Key References

References

8.4 Phakomatoses

Neurofibromatosis

Tuberous Sclerosis

Von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome

Sturge–Weber Syndrome

Wyburn–Mason Syndrome

Key References

References

Part 9 Neuro-Ophthalmology

Section 1 Imaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology

9.1 Principles of Imaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology

Key Features

Introduction

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Angiography

Functional Imaging

Imaging Strategies in Neuro-Ophthalmology

Key References

References

9.2 Optical Coherence Tomography in Neuro-Ophthalmology

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Hereditary Optic Neuropathies

Key References

References

Section 2 The Afferent Visual System

9.3 Anatomy and Physiology

Key Features

Historical Review

General Anatomy

Constituent Elements

Four Portions of the Optic Nerve

Circulation of the Optic Nerve

Key References

References

9.4 Differentiation of Optic Nerve From Macular Retinal Disease

Key Features

Diagnostic Features

Introduction

Ocular Features

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Key References

References

9.5 Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies

Key Feature

Associated Feature

Introduction

Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Morning Glory Disc Anomaly

Optic Disc Coloboma

Optic Pit

Megalopapilla

Congenital Tilted Disc Syndrome

Congenital Optic Disc Pigmentation

Aicardi Syndrome

Key References

References

9.6 Papilledema and Raised Intracranial Pressure

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

Reference

9.7 Inflammatory Optic Neuropathies and Neuroretinitis

Key Features

Associated Feature

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

9.8 Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Diabetic Papillopathy

Key References

References

9.9 Hereditary, Nutritional, and Toxic Optic Atrophies

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

9.10 Prechiasmal Pathways—Compression by Optic Nerve and Sheath Tumors

Optic Nerve Compression by Optic Nerve and Sheath Tumors

Optic Nerve Sheath Meningiomas

Key References

References

9.11 Traumatic Optic Neuropathies

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Key References

References

9.12 Lesions of the Optic Chiasm, Parasellar Region, and Pituitary Fossa

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Pathology

Treatment, Course, and Outcome

Optic Gliomas

Key References

References

9.13 Lesions of Retrochiasmal Pathways, Higher Cortical Function, and Nonorganic Visual Loss

Retrochiasmal Pathways and Higher Cortical Function

Cortical Representation of Vision

Key References

References

Section 3 The Efferent Visual System

9.14 Disorders of Supranuclear Control of Ocular Motility

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Anatomy of Eye Movement

Diagnostic Testing

Disorders of Supranuclear Ocular Motility

Ocular Motility Disorders and the Cerebellum

Ocular Motility Disorders and the Vestibular System

Vergence Disorders

Development of the Ocular Motor System

Key References

References

9.15 Nuclear and Fascicular Disorders of Eye Movement

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment, Course, and Outcome

Key References

References

9.16 Paresis of Isolated and Multiple Cranial Nerves and Painful Ophthalmoplegia

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Anatomy

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Key References

References

9.17 Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction

Key Feature

Associated Features

Myasthenia Gravis

Botulism

Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

Key References

References

9.18 Ocular Myopathies

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Mitochondrial Myopathies

Dystrophic Myopathies

Inflammatory and Infiltrative Myopathies

Key References

References

9.19 Nystagmus, Saccadic Intrusions, and Oscillations

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Key References

References

9.20 Pupillary Signs of Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Relative Afferent Pupillary Defects

Efferent Pupillary Defects

Poor Pupil Dilation

Retinal Origin of the Pupil Light Reflex—The Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cell

Key References

References

9.21 Presbyopia and Loss of Accommodation

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Key References

References

Section 4 The Brain

9.22 Headache and Facial Pain

Key Features

Associated Feature

Introduction

Differential Diagnosis of Headache Syndromes

Differential Diagnosis of Facial Pain

Key References

References

9.23 Tumors, Infections, Inflammations, and Neurodegenerations

Key Features

Associated Features

Tumors

Infections

Inflammations

Neurodegenerations

Key References

References

Section 5 Neuro-Ophthalmological Emergencies

9.24 Urgent Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders

Key Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcomes

Key References

References

9.25 Trauma, Drugs, and Toxins

Key Features

Associated Features

Trauma and the Brain

Drugs, Toxins, and the Brain

Key References

References

9.26 Vascular Disorders

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Aneurysms

Carotid–Cavernous Sinus Fistulas and Dural Shunts

Transient Visual Loss

Transient Isolated Bilateral Loss of Vision

Strokes

Key References

References

Section 6 Neuro-Ophthalmic Electrophysiology

9.27 Electrophysiology

Key Features

Introduction

NonOrganic Vision Loss

Optic Nerve Disease

Key References

References

Part 10 Glaucoma

Section 1 Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Glaucoma

10.1 Epidemiology of Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Prevalence and Rates of Associated Blindness

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Secondary Glaucomas

Ocular Hypertension

Glaucoma Suspects

Key References

References

10.2 Screening for Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Historical Review

Purpose of the Test

Utility of the Test and Interpretation of Results

Procedure

Complications

Alternative Tests

Future Direction of Glaucoma Screening

Key References

References

10.3 Mechanisms of Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Physiology of Aqueous Production

The Aqueous Humor Outflow Pathway

Pathophysiology of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy

Conclusions and Future Directions

Key References

References

Section 2 Evaluation and Diagnosis

10.4 Clinical Examination of Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Obtaining Clinically Relevant Information

Examination Techniques

Testing for Glaucoma

Key References

References

10.5 Visual Field Testing in Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Standard Automated Perimetry

Key References

References

10.6 Advanced Psychophysical Tests for Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Test Strategies

Test Procedures

Analysis Methods

Conclusion

Key References

References

10.7 Optic Nerve Analysis

Key Features

Associated Features

Diagnostic Technologies

Introduction

Normal Anatomy

Clinical Examination: Glaucomatous Features

Imaging

Optic Disc Photography

Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

Optical Coherence Tomography

Conclusions

Key References

References

10.8 Optic Nerve Blood Flow Measurement

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Applied Anatomy

Physiology

Experimental Investigations

Clinical Studies

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Retinal Oximetry

Pharmacology

Statement of Disclosure

Key References

References

10.9 Ocular Hypertension

Key Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

Section 3 Specific Types of Glaucoma

10.10 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Definition and Classification

Intraocular Pressure, Risk Factors, and Aspects of Molecular Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Nature of Progressive Visual Loss

Treatment and Monitoring

Key References

References

10.11 Normal-Tension Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

10.12 Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Management of Acute Angle Closure

Management of Chronic Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Prognosis

Acknowledgments

Key References

References

10.13 Glaucoma Associated With (Pseudo)-Exfoliation Syndrome

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Genetics

Clinical Presentation and Ocular Manifestations

Glaucoma in Exfoliation Syndrome

Systemic Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Key References

References

10.14 Pigmentary Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

10.15 Neovascular Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Emerging Treatments

Key References

References

10.16 Inflammatory and Corticosteroid-Induced Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Mechanisms of Elevated IOP

Principles of Management

Uveitis

Glaucoma

Specific Entities

Key References

References

10.17 Glaucoma Associated With Ocular Trauma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Immediate or Early-Onset Glaucoma After Ocular Trauma

Late-Onset Glaucoma After Ocular Trauma

Key References

References

10.18 Glaucoma With Raised Episcleral Venous Pressure

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Associations

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

10.19 Malignant Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Key References

References

10.20 Glaucomas Secondary to Abnormalities of the Cornea, Iris, Retina, and Intraocular Tumors

Ghost Cell Hemolytic Glaucoma

Schwartz's Syndrome

Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome

Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome

Epithelial Downgrowth and Fibrous Ingrowth (Proliferation)

Aniridia

Tumors and Glaucoma

Penetrating Keratoplasty

Alkali Chemical Trauma

Key References

References

10.21 Congenital Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Ocular Manifestations

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing

Differential Diagnosis

Classification Schemes

Pathology

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

Section 4 Therapy

10.22 When to Treat Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Analysis of Risk Factors

Risk Factors

Principles of Initiation of Therapy

Initiation of Therapy in the Glaucoma Patient

Initiation of Therapy in the Glaucoma Suspect

Conclusions

Key References

References

10.23 Which Therapy to Use in Glaucoma

Key Feature

Introduction

Historical Review

Treatment Modalities

Treatment Algorithms

Conclusions

Key References

References

10.24 Current Medical Management of Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Drugs That Decrease Aqueous Production

Drugs That Increase Aqueous Outflow

Fixed Combination Medications

Drug Development Pipeline

The Medical Armamentarium for Glaucoma Treatment

Key References

References

10.25 Laser Trabeculoplasty and Laser Peripheral Iridectomy

Key Features

Associated Features: Laser Trabeculoplasty

Associated Features: Laser Peripheral Iridectomy

Laser Trabeculoplasty

Laser Peripheral Iridectomy

Laser Iridoplasty

Micropulse Laser Trabeculoplasty

Key References

References

10.26 Cyclodestructive Procedures in Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Historical Review

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Mechanism of Action

Alternatives to a Cyclodestructive Procedure

Anesthesia

Specific Techniques

Endoscopic Laser Cyclophotocoagulation

Complications

Outcome

Key References

References

10.27 Goniotomy and Trabeculotomy

Key Features

Associated Feature

Introduction

Indications

Instruments

Preoperative Care

Examination Under Anesthesia

Procedures

Postoperative Care

Results

Complications

Key References

References

10.28 Minimally Invasive and Microincisional Glaucoma Surgeries

Key Features

Introduction

Considerations for Patient Selection

Angle Surgeries

Subconjunctival Microshunts

Suprachoroidal Drainage Devices

Conclusions

Key References

References

10.29 Trabeculectomy

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Indications

Surgical Planning

Preoperative Factors to Consider

Patient Counseling

Surgical Techniques

Postoperative Care

Conclusions

Key References

References

10.30 Antifibrotic Agents in Glaucoma Surgery

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Types of Antifibrotic Agents

Indications for Antimetabolite Use

Application Techniques

Position of Drainage Area Under Eyelid

Closure of Scleral Flap and Associated Surgical Techniques

Postoperative Injections

Complications

Future Strategies to Prevent Fibrosis

Key References

References

10.31 Drainage Implants

Key Feature

Associated Features

Historical Perspective

Basic Concept

Indications

Preoperative Considerations

Implant Selection

Surgical Technique

Postoperative Management

Complications

Evidence From Randomized Clinical Trials

Conclusions

Key References

References

10.32 Complications of Glaucoma Surgery and Their Management

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Trabeculectomy

Glaucoma Drainage Implants

Key References

References

10.33 Genes Associated With Human Glaucoma

Key Features

Associated Feature

Introduction

Congenital Glaucoma

Developmental Glaucoma

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Juvenile Onset

Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Glaucoma

Adult-Onset Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Normal-Tension Glaucoma

Exfoliation Syndrome and Glaucoma

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Key References

References

10.34 Evidence-Based Medicine in Glaucoma

Key Features

Introduction

Tools of Evidence-Based Medicine

Evaluation of Diagnostic Testing in Glaucoma

Examples of Evidence-Based Medicine in Glaucoma Therapy

Barriers to the Practice of Evidence-Based Medicine

Future Directions

Conclusions

Key References

References

Part 11 Pediatric and Adult Strabismus

Tribute to Gary R. Diamond, MD (1949–2016)

Section 1 Basic Science

11.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Extraocular Muscles and Surrounding Tissues

Key Features

Embryology

General Structure of Extraocular Muscles

Gross Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles

The Orbital Infrastructure and Anatomy

Clinical Correlates

Extraocular Muscle Physiology

Key References

References

Section 2 Evaluation and Diagnosis

11.2 Evaluating Vision in Preverbal and Preliterate Infants and Children

Key Features

Introduction

Historical and Observational Techniques

Fixation Targets

Optokinetic Nystagmus

Visual Evoked Potentials

Forced-Choice Preferential Looking

Graded Optotypes

Maturation of Visual Acuity

Key References

References

11.3 Examination of Ocular Alignment and Eye Movements

Key Features

Evaluation of Ocular Alignment

Eye Movement Examinations

Key References

References

11.4 Sensory Adaptations in Strabismus

Key Features

Visual Confusion and Diplopia

Suppression and Anomalous Retinal Correspondence

Monofixation Syndrome

Key References

References

Section 3 Ocular Manifestations

11.5 Sensory Status in Strabismus

Key Features

Introduction

Sensory Fusion

Depth Perception and Stereopsis

Clinical Testing

Key References

References

11.6 Esotropia

Key Features of Infantile Esotropia

Associated Features (Often Appear After the First Year of Life)

Key Features of Accommodative Esotropia

Associated Feature

Key Features of Duane's Syndrome

Associated Features of Duane's Syndrome

Introduction

Infantile Esotropia

Accommodative Esotropia

Cyclic Esotropia

Moebius' Sequence

Duane's Syndrome

Strabismus Fixus

Esotropia in the Neurologically Impaired

Esotropia Associated With Visual Deficit (Sensory Esotropia)

The “Heavy Eye Syndrome” and the “Sagging Eye Syndrome”

Key References

References

11.7 Exotropia

Key Feature

Associated Features

Introduction

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Intermittent Exotropia

Ocular Manifestations of Intermittent Exotropia

Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing for Exotropia

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Key References

References

11.8 Torsional Strabismus

Key Features

Introduction

Clinical Observations

Etiology

Management

Summary

Key References

References

11.9 Paralytic Strabismus

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Third Nerve Palsy (Oculomotor)

Fourth Nerve Palsy (Trochlear)

Sixth Nerve Palsy

Summary

Key References

References

11.10 Other Vertical Strabismus Forms

Key Features

Introduction

Dissociated Vertical Divergence

Primary Inferior Oblique Muscle Overaction

Monocular Elevation Deficiency (Previously Termed “Double Elevator Palsy”)

Brown's Syndrome

Congenital Fibrosis

Fractures of the Orbital Floor

Graves' Ophthalmopathy (Dysthyroid Orbitopathy)

Heavy Eye Syndrome

Key References

References

11.11 Amblyopia

Key Features

Associated Features

Experimental Findings

Introduction

Classification of Amblyopia (the Three Ds)

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Course and Outcome

Considerations

Key References

References

Section 4 Treatment

11.12 Forms of Nonsurgical Strabismus Management

Key Feature

Orthoptics

Prisms

Botulinum Toxin

Bupivicaine

Occlusion

Key References

References

11.13 Techniques of Strabismus Surgery

Key Feature

Introduction

Historical Review

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Anesthesia

General Techniques

Specific Techniques

Complications

Muscle Rupture or Pulled in Two Syndrome (Pits)

Outcomes

Key References

References

Part 12 Orbit and Oculoplastics

Section 1 Orbital Anatomy and Imaging

12.1 Clinical Anatomy of the Eyelids

Key Features

Introduction

Anatomy of the Eyelids

Key References

References

12.2 Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit

Key Features

Introduction

General Organization

Osteology of the Orbit

Connective Tissue System

Muscles of Ocular Motility

Motor Nerves of the Orbit

Sensory Nerves of the Orbit

Arterial Supply to the Orbit

Venous Drainage From the Orbit

Key References

References

12.3 Orbital Imaging

Key Features

Introduction

Normal Orbital Anatomy in the Axial Plane

Normal Orbital Anatomy in the Coronal Plane

Key References

References

Section 2 Eyelids

12.4 Blepharoptosis

Key Features

Introduction

Foundation: A Simplified Classification of Ptosis

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Evaluation and Preoperative Considerations

Surgical Correction of Ptosis

Outcome

Key References

References

12.5 Entropion

Key Features

Introduction

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Differential Diagnosis

Alternatives to Surgery

Anesthesia

General Technique

Specific Techniques

Complications

Outcome

Key References

References

12.6 Ectropion

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Differential Diagnosis

Alternatives to Surgery

Anesthesia

General Techniques

Specific Techniques

Complications

Outcome

Key References

References

12.7 Benign Eyelid Lesions

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Epithelial Tumors

Adnexal Tumors

Vascular Tumors

Tumors of Neural Origin

Xanthomatous Lesions

Pigmented Lesions of Melanocytic Origin

Inflammatory Lesions

Infectious Lesions

Conclusion

Outcomes

Key References

References

12.8 Eyelid Malignancies

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma

Malignant Melanoma

Key References

References

12.9 Evaluation and Management of Periorbital Soft Tissue Trauma

Key Features

Introduction

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Anesthesia

Treatment

Common Patterns of Eyelid Injury

Conclusions

Key References

References

Section 3 Orbit and Lacrimal Gland

12.10 Orbital Diseases

Metastatic Tumors

Lacrimal Gland Lesions

Mesenchymal Tumors

Neurogenic Tumors

Lymphoproliferative Diseases

Histiocytic Tumors

Inflammations and Infections

Thyroid Eye Disease

Cystic Lesions

Vascular Neoplastic and Structural Lesions

Secondary Tumors

Key References

References

12.11 Enucleation, Evisceration, and Exenteration

Key Features

Introduction

Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach

Anesthesia

Specific Techniques

Complications

Key References

References

12.12 The Lacrimal Drainage System

Key Features

Associated Features

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Evaluation of Epiphora

Obstructions of the Lacrimal Sac and Duct

Treatment of Lacrimal Sac and Duct Obstruction

Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac

Diseases of the Canaliculi

Punctal Stenosis

Useful Lacrimal Tips

Key References

References

12.13 Thyroid Eye Disease

Key Features

Introduction

Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Associated Conditions

Pathogenesis

Clinical Presentation: Disease Severity and Activity

Diagnosis

Evaluation of Disease Severity and Activity

Quality of Life

Basic Management

Medical Therapy

Orbital Radiotherapy

Surgical Therapy

Management Plan Using the VISA Classification

Key References

References

12.14 Orbital Infection and Inflammation

Key Features

Introduction

General Assessment

Key References

References

Section 4 Periorbital Aesthetic Procedures

12.15 Cosmetic Blepharoplasty and Browplasty

Key Features

Introduction

Anatomical Considerations

Blepharoplasty

Brow Malposition

Key References

References

12.16 Aesthetic Fillers and Botulinum Toxin for Wrinkle Reduction

Key Features

Introduction

Approach to Periorbital Rejuvenation

Anatomical Considerations

The Brow and Temple

The Eye

Adjunctive Therapies

Precautions

Conclusion

Key References

References

Index

 

An aparitie	End of Oct. 2018
Autor	Myron Yanoff, Jay S. Duker
Editura	Elsevier
Format	Hardback
ISBN	9780323528191
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	1440