Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics

Description:

Designed as a true introduction to the subject, Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics: Health Economics and Outcomes Research, ThirdEdition includes information on fundamental topics, defines terminology, and provides examples for evaluating published research, making it perfect for any pharmacy student or practitioner new to the topic.   This updated edition provides the critical foundations of knowledge for measuring costs and health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) and evaluating the four types of studies (CMA, CEA, CUA, and CBA); it also explains Markov and Budget Impact Analysis modeling, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using retrospective databases and real-world data (RWD). Additionally, the text summarizes the use of pharmacoeconomic evaluations by decision makers outside of the United States and the extent to which pharmacoeconomic data are used to make decisions in the United States, includes barriers to its use, and discusses future issues. All of this information is designed to ensure preparedness to improve clinical and humanistic outcomes based on available resources.

• Digital version available. Fast, smart, and convenient, today’s digital version can transform learning. These interactive, fully searchable tools offer 24/7 access on multiple devices, the ability to highlight and share notes, and much more.

Table of Contents:

PART I • BASIC TOPICS CHAPTER 1 Introduction

PHARMACOECONOMICS—WHAT IS IT?

WHY IS PHARMACOECONOMICS IMPORTANT?

RELATIONSHIP OF PHARMACOECONOMICS TO OTHER RESEARCH

TYPES OF PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 2 Measuring and Estimating Costs

COSTING TERMS

COST CATEGORIZATION

ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF CATEGORIZATION OF COSTS

PERSPECTIVE

TIMING ADJUSTMENTS FOR COSTS

RESOURCES FOR COST ESTIMATIONS

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 3 Critiquing Research Articles

APPROPRIATENESS OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS TO USE WHEN CRITIQUING RESEARCH ARTICLES

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 4 Cost-Minimization Analysis

OVERVIEW

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 5 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

OVERVIEW

PRESENTATION OF COSTS AND EFFECTIVENESS

COST-EFFECTIVENESS GRID

COST-EFFECTIVENESS PLANE

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES VERSUS PRIMARY OUTCOMES

EFFICACY VERSUS EFFECTIVENESS

CONSENSUS AND DEBATE

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 6 Cost-Utility Analysis

OVERVIEW

STEPS IN CALCULATING QALYS

TRENDS IN CUA ANALYSES

INCREMENTAL NET BENEFIT

CONCERNS ABOUT USING QALYS

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 7 Cost-Benefit Analysis

DEFINITION AND HISTORY

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CBA

CONDUCTING A CBA

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COSTS AND BENEFITS

MEASURING INDIRECT AND INTANGIBLE BENEFITS

CALCULATING RESULTS OF COSTS AND BENEFITS

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 8 Health-Related Quality of Life: Health Status Measures

DEFINITIONS

HRQoL MEASURES VERSUS UTILITY MEASURES

DOMAINS OF HEALTH STATUS

ASSESSING HRQoL INSTRUMENTS

PHARMACOECONOMICS AND HRQoL MEASURES

PREFERENCE-BASED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

PART II • ADVANCED TOPIC CHAPTER 9 Decision Analysis

WHAT IS DECISION ANALYSIS?

STEPS IN DECISION ANALYSIS

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISE

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 10 Markov Modeling

OVERVIEW

STEPS IN MARKOV MODELING

DISADVANTAGES OF MARKOV MODELING

ADVANCED ISSUES

OTHER ADVANCED TOPICS

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 11 Real-World Data/Real-World Evidence

DEFINITIONS OF REAL-WORLD DATA AND REAL-WORLD EVIDENCE

OVERVIEW OF RWD AND RWE

RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

REAL-WORLD EVIDENCE

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RCTS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RWE

USE OF RWD/RWE

TYPES OF RETROSPECTIVE DATABASES

INSURANCE AND CLAIMS RECORDS

REGISTRIES

CRITIQUING RWD STUDIES

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 12 Budget-Impact Analysis*

OVERVIEW

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BUDGET-IMPACT ANALYSIS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS

SIX-STEP APPROACH TO BUDGET-IMPACT ANALYSIS

IMPLEMENTING BUDGET-IMPACT ANALYSES

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READING

CHAPTER 13 Pharmacy Services

WHAT ARE PHARMACY SERVICES?

HISTORY OF PHARMACY SERVICES

MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT

REVIEW OF THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 14 International Perspective

HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES

COMPARABILITY OF PHARMACOECONOMIC RESULTS BETWEEN COUNTRIES

HISTORY OF PHARMACOECONOMIC GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS/EXERCISES

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

CHAPTER 15 Future Issues

APPLICATION OF PHARMACOECONOMICS IN THE UNITED STATES

BARRIERS TO PHARMACOECONOMICS IN THE UNITED STATES

VALUE-BASED FRAMEWORKS

CURATIVE THERAPIES

VALUE-BASED ALTERNATIVE PAYMENT METHODS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

SUGGESTED READINGS

Answers to Questions/Exercises

Glossary

Index