Emerging Neurological Infections

 

Description:

 

Offering a clear and authoritative overview of recent developments in microbiology and neuroscience, this reference describes factors contributing to the emergence and resurgence of neurological infections-studying both new and drug-resistant pathogens, as well as long-term prevention and control strategies for these diseases.

 

Table of Contents:

 

1 Microbial Evolution and Emerging Diseases

1. INTRODUCTION: A HIGHLY DIVERSE AND DYNAMIC MICROBIAL WORLD

2. THE EVOLUTION OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENS

2.1. Mutation Rates of Cells, Viruses, and Intracellular Genetic Elements

2.2. DNA and RNA Recombination and Rearrangements in Cells and Microbial Pathogens

2.3. Mutation, Recombination, and Reassortment as Sources of Microbial Variation

2.4. Main Steps in the Dynamics of Change of Microbial Populations

2.5. RNA Viruses, the Paradigm of Extreme Heterogeneity and Potential for Rapid Evolution: Clouds, F

3. THE EMERGENCE AND REEMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

3.1. The Complexities of Infectious Disease Emergence

3.2. The Variation Potential of Pathogens as a Factor in Disease Emergence

3.3. Environmental Alterations and Medical Practices Favor the Manifestation of the Adaptive Potenti

4. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

2 Ecological Disturbances and Emerging Infections: Travel, Dams, Shipment of Goods, and Vectors

1. INTRODUCTION

2. TRAVEL AND TRADE

2.1 Travel

2.2. Trade

3. CHANGES IN LAND USE 3.1. Geography of Infectious Diseases

3.2. Roads

3.3. Building of Dams

4. SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES FOR THE FUTURE

REFERENCES

3 Nipah Encephalitis

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY

3. VIROLOGY

4. ACUTE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

5. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION FINDINGS

6. RADIOLOGIC FINDINGS

7. PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 7.1. Pathology

7.2. Pathogenesis

8. TREATMENT

9. PROGNOSIS, SEQUELAE, AND COMPLICATIONS

9.1. Relapsed and Late-Onset Encephalitis

10. INFECTION IN ANIMALS

11. THE BAT AS RESERVOIR HOST: IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE OUTBREAKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

4 Prion Diseases and Dementia

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PRION PROTEIN

3. DOPPEL, THE PRION-LIKE PROTEIN

4. CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC SUBTYPES OF PrD

5. CREUTZFELDT–JAKOB DISEASE 5.1. Sporadic CJD (sCJD)

5.2. Laboratory Investigations for CJD

5.3. Familial CJD

5.4. Laboratory Investigations for fCJD

6. GERSTMANN–STRÄUSSLER–SCHEINKER SYNDROME

7. FATAL INSOMNIA

8. THE POLYMORPHIC CODON 129

9. ACQUIRED PrD

9.1. Iatrogenic CJD

9.2. vCJD

10. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

11. THERAPY FOR PrD

REFERENCES

5 Arenaviral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever and Lassa Fever

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE VIRUSES

2.1. Morphology

2.2. Laboratory Hosts

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

3.1. Transmission

3.2. Geographic Distribution

3.3. Incidence

3.4. Seasonal Distribution and Risk Factors

4. FACTORS IN THE EMERGENCE OF ARENAVIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS

5. CLINICAL DESCRIPTION

5.1. Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever

5.2. Differential Findings with the Other South American Arenaviral Hemorrhagic Fevers

5.3. Lassa Fever

6. CLINICAL LABORATORY STUDIES

7. OTHER COMPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS

8. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

9. ETIOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS

10. PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

11. TREATMENT 11.1. Specific Treatment

11.2. General Supportive Measures

12. BIOSAFETY MEASURES

13. PREVENTION AND CONTROL

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

6 Cerebral Malaria

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERE DISEASE 2.1. Malaria Transmission

2.2. Clinical Epidemiology

2.3. Genetic Factors

2.4. Acquired Risk Factors

3. CLINICAL FEATURES 3.1. General

3.2. Cerebral Malaria and Other Neurological Manifestations

3.3. Non-neurological Manifestations of Severe Malaria

4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 4.1. The Parasite Life Cycle

4.2. Pathophysiology of Cerebral Malaria

5. TREATMENT

5.1. Initial Assessment

5.2. Antimalarial Treatment

5.3. Supportive Therapy

5.4. Other Adjunctive Therapies

6. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

7 Rabies

1. INTRODUCTION

2. RABIES IN THE UNITED STATES

2.1. Raccoon Rabies

2.2. Bat Rabies

2.3. Coyote Rabies

2.4. Gray Fox Rabies

3. RABIES IN EUROPE 3.1. Fox Rabies

3.2. European Bat Lyssavirus Type 1

3.3. European Bat Lyssavirus Type 2

4. RABIES IN AUSTRALIA

5. RABIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 5.1. Canine Rabies

5.2. Vampire Bat Rabies

5.3. Rabies in Marmosets

5.4. Duvenhage Virus

5.5. Mokola Virus

6. HOST SWITCHING FROM BATS TO TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS

7. NON-FATAL OUTCOME OF RABIES VIRUS INFECTIONS

7.1. Dogs

7.2. Bats

7.3. Spotted Hyenas

8. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

8 Lyme Disease

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY

3. ORGANISM

3.1. Vectors and Host

3.2. Clinical Disease Characteristics

3.3. Neurologic Manifestations

3.4. Pediatric Lyme Disease

3.5. Congenital Infection

3.6. Pathology

3.7. Pathogenesis

4. DIAGNOSIS

4.1. Differential Diagnosis

4.2. Treatment

4.3. Prevention

4.4. Prognosis

4.5. Tick Copathogens

4.6. Post-Lyme Syndrome (Chronic Lyme Disease Syndrome)

5. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

9 Flaviviridae

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WEST NILE VIRUS 2.1. Epidemiology

2.2. Transmission

2.3. Clinical Presentation

2.4. Laboratory Features

2.5. Clinical Outcome and Sequelae

2.6. Treatment

2.7. Prevention

3. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS 3.1. Introduction

3.2. Transmission

3.3. Clinical Presentation

3.4. Laboratory Features

3.5. Clinical Outcome and Sequelae

3.6. Treatment

3.7. Prevention

3.8. West Nile Virus and Japanese Encephalitis: Future Implications

REFERENCES

10 Neurocysticercosis

1. LIFE CYCLE OF TAENIA SOLIUM

1.1. The Human as the Definitive Host

1.2. The Human as an Intermediate Host

2. NATURAL HISTORY OF NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS

2.1. Stage 1: Immature Viable Vesicles

2.2. Stage 2: Vesicular (Viable) Cyst Stage

2.3. Stage 3: Colloid (Degenerating) Cyst Stage

2.4. Stage 4: Nodular Calcified (Dead) Cyst Stage

2.5. Meningeal Cysticercosis

2.6. Intraventricular Cysticercosis

2.7. Ophthalmic Cysticercosis

2.8. Diagnostic Workup

2.9. Management

2.10. Prognosis

2.11. Prevention

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

11 The Problem of Human African Trypanosomiasis

1. THE NATURE AND SCALE OF THE PROBLEM

2. NEUROLOGICAL FEATURES

2.1. Early Stage Features

2.2. Late-Stage Features

2.3. Clinical Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

2.4. General Investigations

2.5. Neurological Investigations

3. CNS PATHOLOGY AND NEUROPATHOGENESIS OF HAT 3.1. CNS Pathology of HAT

3.2. Neuropathogenesis of CNS HAT

4. CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF HAT

4.1. Case Detection

4.2. Specific Treatment of HAT

4.3. Vector Control

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

12 Enterovirus 71 Encephalitis

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY

3. NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS AND MR IMAGING CORRELATES

3.1. Prodrome

3.2. Neurologic Syndromes

4. ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS: ACUTE CARDIOPULMONARY DYSFUNCTION 4.1. Pulmonary Edema

4.2. Cardiovascular Dysfunction

5. CYTOKINE LEVELS AND THE CLINICAL SEVERITY OF EV71 BRAINSTEM ENCEPHALITIS

6. AUTOPSY FINDINGS 6.1. Brain

6.2. Other Organs

7. PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE FATALITY WITH EV71 BRAINSTEM ENCEPHALITIS AND PULMONARY EDEMA

8. NEUROVIRULENT STRAINS VS. HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY

9. POTENTIAL TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

10. FUTURE PRESPECTIVES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

13 Guillain–Barré Syndrome and

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CLINICAL FEATURES OF GBS AND ITS VARIANTS

2.1. Investigations

2.2. Clinical Course and Prognosis

3. PATHOLOGY

4. PATHOGENESIS

4.1. Campylobacter jejuni

4.2. Anti-ganglioside Antibodies in Patients with GBS

4.3. Distribution of Gangliosides in PNS

4.4. Evidence for Anti-ganglioside Antibody-Mediated Neural Injury

5. UNRESOLVED ISSUES

6. RECONSTRUCTION OF PATHOGENESIS

7. COMMENT

REFERENCES

14 Latent and Activated Brain Flora: Human Herpesviruses, Endogenous Retroviruses, Coronaviruses, an

1. INTRODUCTION

2. OVERVIEW OF LATENT INFECTIOUS AGENTS ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE

3. HHV-6 EPIDEMIOLOGY, ROSEOLA, AND ASSOCIATION WITH IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS 3.1. Epidemiology

3.2. Roseola

3.3. HHV-6 Reactivation in Immunocompromised Patients

4. HHV-6 ASSOCIATION WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE 4.1. HHV-6 Associated Encephalitis

4.2. HHV-6 and HIV

4.3. HHV-6 Association with Multiple Sclerosis

4.4. Association of Other Herpesvirus Family Members and Neurological Disease

5. CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE

6. HUMAN CORONAVIRUSES

7. HUMAN ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES

8. CONCLUSION: HOW CAN DIFFERENT LATENT INFECTIOUS AGENTS CAUSE A COMMON NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOME? A POT

REFERENCES

15 Herpes Simplex Virus Drug Resistance—HSV Thymidine Kinase Mutants

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HSV TK MUTANTS

3. HSV LATENCY AND REACTIVATION

4. THE ROLE OF HSV TK IN LATENCY AND REACTIVATION

5. THE ROLE OF HSV TK MUTANTS IN HUMAN DISEASE

6. HSV TK AND THE NEW BIOLOGY

REFERENCES

16 Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections: Implications for Neurosurgical and Neurological Patients

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEFINITIONS

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY

4. MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE 4.1. Streptococcus pneumoniae

4.2. Staphylococcus aureus

4.3. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

5. THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

5.1. Empiric and Specific Therapy of Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis

5.2. Empiric Therapy of Meningitis in the Postoperative Neurosurgical Patient

5.3. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Infections

6. PREVENTION

7. KEY POINTS

8. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

17 HIV-Related Neurological Disease in the Era of HAART

1. CONDITIONS RELATING TO THE BRAIN

1.1. Direct Complications

1.2. Other Direct HIV Complications Affecting the Brain

1.3. Indirect Complications Affecting the Brain: Opportunistic Conditions

1.4. Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

1.5. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

1.6. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

1.7. Cerebral Tuberculoma

1.8. Cryptococcal Meningitis

1.9. Other Less Common CNS Infections in HIV-Positive Patients

2. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE SPINAL CORD 2.1. Direct Complications

2.1.2. Advanced HIV Disease (CD4 Cell Count

2.2. Indirect Complications Affecting the Spinal Cord

2.3. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Like Disorder

3. PERIPHERAL NERVE MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV

3.1. Direct Complications

3.2. Advanced HIV

3.3. Indirect Complications

4. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

18 Gauging the Threats: A Conceptual Framework for Prioritizing Research Directed Toward Interventio

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CATEGORIES OF EMERGING DISEASES 2.1. Long Established Human Diseases Emerging in a New Human Popu

2.2. Exotic Zoonotic Pathogens

2.3. Longstanding Human Diseases, Newly Recognized as Caused by Infection

2.4. Relative Threats Posed by the Three Categories of Emergence

3. ILLUSTRATIVE EMERGING NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES 3.1. Lyme Disease

3.2. Schizophrenia and Other Mental Illnesses

4. INVESTIGATION AND INTERVENTION: THE OVERALL PICTURE 4.1. Great Imitators?

4.2. Chronic vs. Acute Emerging Infectious Diseases

4.3. Interventions

4.4. Future Options

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

19 Immediate Responses to New Infections and the Rapid Development of a Vaccine Strategy

1. INTRODUCTION

2. NEW NEUROLOGICAL INFECTIONS

2.1. Recognition of a New Neurological Infection

2.2. Situations Where New Infectious Diseases Are Likely to be Recognized and Reported

2.3. Clues to the Possibility of a New Neurological Infectious Disease in an Outbreak Situation

3. CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT

3.1. Clinical Examination

3.2. Investigations

4. ROLE OF THE NEUROPATHOLOGIST

4.1. Diagnostic Value of Brain Biopsies and Postmortem Examinations

4.2. Processing Fresh Tissue and Procedures for Tissue Fixation

4.3. Tissue Staining and Other Diagnostic Techniques

5. DEVELOPING A CASE DEFINITION IN THE SETTING OF AN OUTBREAK OF A NEW CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECT

5.2. Establishing Causality

6. TREATMENT 6.1. Supportive Therapy

6.2. Empiric Antibacterial and Antiviral Therapy

6.3. Directed Antiviral Therapy

6.4. Anti-prion Agents

6.5. Passive Immunization

6.6. Postexposure Prophylaxis

6.7. Vaccination of Close Contacts

7. INFECTION CONTROL 7.1. Caring for the Patient in Hospital

7.2. Caring for the Patient at Home in a Quarantine Situation

7.3. Laboratory Precautions

8. COORDINATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH, STATE, AND FEDERAL AUTHORITIES

9. EDUCATION OF THE PUBLIC

10. MANAGEMENT OF OUTBREAKS IN RESOURCE-POOR COUNTRIES

11. RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE VACCINE STRATEGIES

12. MODELS OF RAPID VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

12.1. Identification of Protective Correlates

12.2. Rapid Identification of Key Immunogenic and Protective Antigens

12.3 Animal Models and Use of Surrogate Markers of Protection and Safety

12.4. Vaccine Designs Suitable for Rapid Development

13. REDUCING BLOCKS TO RAPID VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 13.1. Resources

13.2. Measurement of Safety and Efficacy and Regulatory Approval

14. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

20 Future Perspectives

REFERENCES

Index

Back cover

 

An aparitie	19 Jun. 2019
Autor	Christopher Power, Richard T. Johnson
Dimensiuni	15.24 x 3.05 x 22.61 cm
Editura	CRC Press
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9780367393069
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	536