Diabetes: Clinician's Desk Reference

 

The book explains the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and covers in detail all its main forms and complications. Separate chapters consider the range of treatment options, together with summaries of key clinical trials. Coverage also includes epidemiology and classification, as well as diagnosis, screening, limiting risk, and other aspects of disease management and patient care. The book is illustrated throughout by explanatory diagrams, graphs, tables, and photos. Key Features: 1. Builds on its strength of having excellent content on long-term management of hyperglycemia by including pancreas and islet transplantation. 2. Contains invaluable information on glucose monitoring for healthcare professionals interested in diabetes.

 Table of Contents:

Chapter 1 The nature of diabetes

What is diabetes?

Overview

Epidemiology

Definitions and classification

Forms of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (see also Chapter 3)

Type 2 diabetes (see also Chapter 4)

Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (see also Chapter 16)

Neonatal diabetes

Secondary diabetes

Clinical presentations of diabetes

Complications of diabetes

Macrovascular complications (see also Chapter 6)

Microvascular complications

Acute metabolic complications

The cost of diabetes

Chapter 2 Glucose, insulin, and diabetes

The role and regulation of glucose

Glucose levels and diabetes

Normal glucose metabolism

Glucose transporters

The role and regulation of insulin

The structure of insulin

Normal insulin secretion and kinetics

The insulin receptor

The actions of insulin

Second messenger systems

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Abnormalities of insulin synthesis and secretion

Chapter 3 Type 1 diabetes

Epidemiology

Causes of type 1 diabetes

Prediction of type 1 diabetes

Genetic factors

Development of type 1 diabetes

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction

Insulin resistance

Mortality

Screening for potential type 1 diabetes

Chapter 4 Type 2 diabetes

Epidemiology

Causes of type 2 diabetes

Environmental risk factors

Genetic factors

Associated conditions

Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia

Hypertension

Abnormalities of lipid metabolism

Metabolic syndrome and obesity

Development of type 2 diabetes

Glucoregulatory defects in type 2 diabetes

Pancreatic β-cell deficiency

Insulin resistance

Incretin hormones

The role of amylin

Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity

Glucotoxicity

Lipotoxicity

Screening and prevention

Type 2 diabetes prevention studies

Chapter 5 Diabetes screening and patient care

Management overview

Risk factors

Annual examination

Screening for complications

Eyes

Kidneys

Feet

Erectile dysfunction

Vascular disease

Treating children

Types of childhood diabetes

Management of young patients

The elderly person with diabetes

Management of elderly patients

Avoidance of hypoglycemia

Ethnic minorities

Ramadan and dietary preferences

Patient education and community care

Living with diabetes

Employment

Finance

Sport

Holidays and travel

Driving

Chapter 6 Diabetes and vascular disease

Macrovascular disease

Pathogenesis of macrovascular complications

Treatment and management principles for macrovascular disease

General principles

Glucose control

Glucose-lowering drugs and cardiovascular disease

Lipid-lowering drugs

Revascularization procedures

Microvascular disease

Pathogenesis of microvascular complications

Hyperglycemia

High intracellular glucose

Advanced glycation end products

Reactive oxygen species

Sorbitol accumulation

Activation of protein kinase C-beta

Hemodynamic changes

Treatment and management principles for microvascular disease

Reducing the risk of vascular disease

Obesity and sedentary lifestyle

Hypertension

Dyslipidemia

Smoking

Hyperglycemia

Antithrombotic agents

Chapter 7 Diabetic neuropathy

Prevalence and classification

Diagnosis

Chronic sensory polyneuropathy

Acute sensory neuropathy

Acute motor neuropathy

Autonomic neuropathy

Cardiovascular system

Gastrointestinal tract

Bladder involvement

Erectile dysfunction

Neuroendocrine disturbances

Sudomotor dysfunction

Pupillary effects

Treatment and management

Acute sensory neuropathies

Focal sensory mononeuropathies

Acute motor neuropathies

Autonomic neuropathy

Chapter 8 Diabetic eye disease

Overview

Natural history

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic maculopathy

Cataracts

Glaucoma

Ocular nerve palsies

Treatment and management

Diabetic maculopathy

Cataracts

Glaucoma

Chapter 9 Diabetic kidney disease

Overview

Natural history

Stage 1: Functional changes

Stage 2: Structural changes

Stage 3: Microalbuminuria

Stage 4: Overt clinical nephropathy

Stage 5: End-stage renal disease

Diagnosis of nephropathy

Urinary tract infections

Treatment and management

General therapy

Blood glucose

Newer glucose-lowering drugs in diabetic kidney disease

Blood pressure

Lipids

Smoking

Protein restriction

Renal replacement therapy

Peritoneal dialysis

Hemodialysis

Transplantation

Pancreas transplant or islet cell implantation

Chapter 10 Skin and musculoskeletal complications of diabetes

Skin manifestations of diabetes

Overview

Conditions seen with insulin resistance

Conditions mainly associated with type 1 diabetes

Other conditions associated with diabetes

Conditions associated with diabetes medications

Musculoskeletal conditions associated with diabetes

Overview

Conditions of the hand

Conditions of the joints

Conditions of the muscles

Conditions of the skeleton

Diabetic foot

Overview

Pathophysiology and risk factors

Neuropathy

Peripheral arterial disease

Infection

Pressure

Clinical presentation and evaluation

Treatment and management

The wound environment

Charcot’s arthropathy

Chapter 11 Infections and diabetes

Overview

Pathophysiology

Change in innate immunity

Change in adaptive immunity

Infections

Head and neck infections

Respiratory Infections

Gastrointestinal and Liver Infections

Skin and soft tissue infections

Genitourinary infections

The impact of SGLT2 inhibitors

COVID-19 and diabetes

Overview

Mechanisms for Infection and Severe Disease

Impact of therapy

Glycemic control and infection outcomes

Chapter 12 Severe diabetic metabolic disturbances

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Pathogenesis

Clinical features

Investigations

Acute management

Subsequent management

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state or hyperosmolar nonketotic state

Clinical features

Investigations

Complications

Treatment

Prognosis

Brittle diabetes mellitus

Recurrent ketoacidosis

Lactic acidosis

Chapter 13 Long-term management of hyperglycemia

Overview

Targets of treatment

Dietary management

Calorie intake

Carbohydrates

Fats

Protein

Prescribing a diet

Exercise

Remission of type 2 diabetes

Dietary intervention

Bariatric surgery

Chapter 14 Noninsulin therapies

Overview

Oral agents

Metformin

Sulfonylureas

Glinides

Thiazolidinediones

TZDs and cardiovascular disease

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

Oral glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist

Sodium–glucose linked transporter 2 or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors

Other oral antidiabetes agents

Bromocriptine

Non-insulin injections

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs

Combined GLP-1 and GIP agonist

Pramlintide

Chapter 15 Insulin treatment and pancreatic/islet cell transplantation

Overview

Indications for insulin treatment

Classes of insulin

Regular insulin

Rapid-acting insulin

Ultrarapid-acting insulin

Intermediate-acting insulin

Regular U500 insulin

Long-acting insulin

Ultralong-acting insulin

Insulin delivery systems

Insulins are still largely delivered via subcutaneous injections

Implantable insulin pump

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or (external) insulin pumps

Insulin regimen: type 1 diabetes

Multiple daily injections

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: insulin pump treatment

Conventional pumps

Sensor-augmented and hybrid closed loop pumps

Patch pumps

Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs)

Insulin regimen: type 2 diabetes

General considerations

Basal insulin

Mealtime insulin

Premixed insulin

Metabolic instability on insulin

Complications: hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemic unawareness

Nocturnal hypoglycemia

Recurrent severe hypoglycemia

Treating hypoglycemia

Mild hypoglycemia

Severe hypoglycemia

Preventing hypoglycemia

Other complications or adverse effects from insulin treatment

Pancreas transplantation

Overview and background

Criteria for pancreas transplant

Types of pancreas transplant

Outcomes after pancreas transplant

Impact on microvascular and macrovascular complications

Islet cell transplant

Donor islet cell transplantation

Autologous islet cell transplantation

Chapter 16 Special management considerations

Inpatient diabetes considerations

Diabetes and surgery

Major surgery

Minor surgery

Surgery and blood pressure

Conception, contraception, and pregnancy

Contraception and diabetes

Glucose monitoring and glycemic goals in pregnancy

Type 1 diabetes patients

Type 2 diabetes patients

Risks to the mother with diabetes

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

Labor and delivery

Neonatal problems

References

Resources: Research and support organizations

Glossary

Index

 

An aparitie	14 noi 2022
Autor	M. Cecilia Lansang, Richard David Leslie, Tahseen A. Chowdhury, Keren Zhou
Dimensiuni	178 x 254 x 13 mm
Editura	CRC Press
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781032146454
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	258