Corneal Diseases in Children

Description:

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the most important corneal diseases in children, including  congenital corneal opacities, infectious keratitis, corneal ectasia, ocular surface disorders and allergic eye disease. Highlights include an extensive discussion of corneal surgery in children, in-depth coverage of the role of various anterior segment ocular imaging modalities in the diagnosis and management of corneal diseases in the pediatric population, and surgical videos to further assist the reader. Chapters dedicated to amblyopia management and contact lens use in children round out the volume. Corneal Diseases in Children stands out as one of the few books dedicated to this important topic.

Table of Contents:

1 Approach to the Child with a Corneal Condition

Corneal Examination in Children

Diagnosis of the Red Eye in Children

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

2 Corneal Diseases in Children: Imaging

Introduction

Photography

Microscopy

Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) and Posterior Seg

The Immersion Method

The Contact Method

Topography

Keratometry

Discussion

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

3 Corneal Diseases in Children: Infectious Keratitis

Nonviral Microbial Keratitis

Clinical Picture

Risk Factors

Host Response

Common Pathogens and Pathogenesis

Bacteria

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Staphylococcus aureus

Less Common Gram-Positive Bacteria

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Less Common Gram-Negative Bacteria

Spirochetes

Treponema pallidum

Fungi

Protozoa

Acanthamoeba

Viral Keratitis

Herpesviridae

Herpes Simplex Virus

Varicella Zoster Virus

Adenovirus

Treatment of Infectious Keratitis

Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis

Treatment of Fungal Keratitis

Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis

Viral Keratitis Treatment

HSV

EKC

Surgery and Other Nonmedical Interventions

Additional Therapies and Follow-Up

Illustrative Cases

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

4 Corneal Diseases in Children: Allergic Diseases

Allergic Conjunctivitis: Seasonal and Perennial

Symptoms and Signs

Pathogenesis

Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis (AKC)

Symptoms and Signs

Pathogenesis

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC)

Symptoms and Signs

Pathogenesis

Treatment of Allergic Eye Diseases

Primary Interventions

Secondary Interventions

Tertiary Interventions

Conclusion

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

5 Corneal Diseases in Children: Ocular Surface Diseases

Tear Film Dysfunction

Tear Film Evaluation

Aqueous Deficiency

Evaporative Tear Film Dysfunction

Multifactorial Tear Film Dysfunction

Neurotrophic Keratitis

Exposure Keratitis and Eyelid Disorders

Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LCSD)

Conclusions

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

6 Corneal Diseases in Children: Congenital Anomalies

Congenital Corneal Anomalies: Anterior Segment Dysgenesis and Anomalies of Size and Shape

Embryogenesis

Genetics

Anterior Segment Dysgenesis

Primary Corneal Opacification

Corneal Dystrophies

CHED

CHSD

PPCD

XECD

Epibulbar Choristomas (Dermoids)

Peripheral Sclerocornea

CYP1B1 Cytopathy

Secondary Corneal Opacification

Congenital

Kerato-Irido-Lenticular Dysgenesis (KILD) Versus Peters Anomaly

Irido-Trabecular Dysgenesis

Acquired

Trauma

Metabolic

Anomalies of Size and Shape

Microcornea

Megalocornea

Cornea Plana

Keratoglobus

General Approach to the Child with Congenital Corneal Anomalies

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

7 Corneal Diseases in Children: Keratoconus

Development of the Cornea and Refractive Error

Etiology of Keratoconus

Pathology

Signs and Symptoms of Keratoconus

Tools to Aid in Diagnosis of Keratoconus and Disease Progression

Corneal Cross Linking

Corneal Cross Linking in Children

Practical Aspects of Cross Linking in Children

Trans-epithelial Crosslinking

Accelerated Crosslinking

Cross Linking Results in Pediatric Patients

Management of Visual Impairment

Conclusions

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

8 Corneal Diseases in Children: Surgery

Introduction

Penetrating Keratoplasty

Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK)

Endothelial Replacement

Keratoprosthesis

Ocular Surface Surgery

Ocular Surface Reconstruction for Limbal Dermoid Cyst

Amniotic Membrane Grafting for SJS/TENS

Discussion

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

9 Corneal Diseases in Children: Contact Lenses

Introduction

General Principles: Tolerance and Compliance in Children

General Principles: Caregiver Issues

General Principles: Contact Lenses for Cosmetic Correction of Refractive Error in Children

General Principles: Complications of Contact Lens Wear in Children

Review of Contact Lens Types, with Pediatric Considerations

Contact Lens Materials

Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses

Soft Contact Lenses

Hydrogel Lenses

Silicone Lenses

Silicone Hydrogel

Specialty Lenses

Contact Lens Wearing Schedule

Daily Disposable Lenses

Daily Wear Lenses

Extended Wear Lenses

Contact Lens for Correction of Refractive Error During the Critical Period for Amblyopia

Aphakia

Material Options for Aphakic Children

Irregular Cornea

Corneal Irregularity After Trauma or Infection

Corneal Irregularity from Keratoconus or Other Corneal Ectasia

High Refractive Error

High Spherical Refractive Error

Anisometropia

High Cylindrical Refractive Error

Contact Lenses for Myopia Control

Overnight Orthokeratology

Multifocal or Aspheric Contact Lenses

Orthoptics and Contact Lenses

Amblyopia

Congenital Nystagmus

Decorative/Occluding Lenses

Ocular Surface Disease

Therapeutic Lenses for Pediatric Ocular Surface Disease

Soft Contact Lenses for Therapeutic Use (Bandage Lenses)

Scleral Lenses and PROSE Treatment

Case Study—Therapeutic Lens Options in Pediatric Ocular Surface Disease

Summary

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

10 Corneal Diseases in Children: Amblyopia Management

Introduction

Pathophysiology of Amblyopia

Diagnosis of Amblyopia

Role of Strabismus in Amblyopia

Role of Refractive Error in Amblyopia

Treatment of Amblyopia

Childhood Corneal Opacities

Amblyopia Following Keratoplasty

Conclusions

Compliance with Ethical Requirements

References

Index