Clinical Management of Binocular Vision, 5e

 

Description:

The first new edition of Clinical Management of Binocular Vision in five years has been updated—across all chapters—with new guidelines and protocols based on the latest research in the field. You’ll learn how to perform current, clinically accurate assessments, diagnoses, and therapies for a wide range of conditions. Each disorder is tackled in detail, touching on common symptoms, instrumentation, available treatment options, and more.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

SECTION I Diagnosis and General Treatment Approach

1. Diagnostic Testing

Determination of Refractive Error

Assessment of Nonstrabismic Binocular Vision Disorders

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

ASSESSMENT OF SIZE AND DIRECTION OF THE PHORIA OR FIXATION DISPARITY

DIRECT ASSESSMENT OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE

INDIRECT ASSESSMENT OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE

Evaluation of Sensory Status

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

EVALUATION OF SUPPRESSION

EVALUATION OF STEREOPSIS

Assessment of Accommodative Disorders

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

ASSESSMENT OF ACCOMMODATIVE AMPLITUDE

ASSESSMENT OF ACCOMMODATIVE FACILITY

ASSESSMENT OF ACCOMMODATIVE RESPONSE

Evaluation of Eye Movements

EVALUATION OF FIXATION STABILITY

Summary

STUDY QUESTIONS

2. Case Analysis and Classification

Review of Currently Available Analytical Approaches

GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS

MORGAN’S SYSTEM OF CLINICAL ANALYSIS (NORMATIVE ANALYSIS)

FIXATION DISPARITY ANALYSIS

INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS APPROACH

TESTS EVALUATING POSITIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE

TESTS EVALUATING NEGATIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE

TESTS EVALUATING THE ACCOMMODATIVE SYSTEM

TESTS EVALUATING VERTICAL FUSIONAL VERGENCE

TESTS EVALUATING THE OCULAR MOTOR SYSTEM

MOTOR ALIGNMENT AND INTERACTION TESTS

Classification System of Common Accommodative and Nonstrabismic Binocular Vision Problems

BINOCULAR ANOMALIES

Analysis of Specific Groups

POSITIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE GROUP DATA

SUMMARY

NEGATIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE GROUP DATA

SUMMARY

ACCOMMODATIVE SYSTEM GROUP DATA

SUMMARY

VERTICAL FUSIONAL VERGENCE DATA

OCULAR MOTOR DATA

MOTOR ALIGNMENT AND TESTS OF ACCOMMODATIVE CONVERGENCE INTERACTION

Classification of the Vision Disorder and Identification of the Syndrome

Classification of Binocular Vision Disorders

CATEGORY 1: BINOCULAR VISION DISORDERS WITH A LOW AC/A RATIO

CATEGORY 2: NORMAL AC/A RATIO

CATEGORY 3: BINOCULAR VISION DISORDERS WITH HIGH AC/A RATIO

CATEGORY 4: VERTICAL ANOMALIES

Classification of Accommodative Anomalies

ACCOMMODATIVE INSUFFICIENCY

ILL-SUSTAINED ACCOMMODATION

ACCOMMODATIVE EXCESS

ACCOMMODATIVE INFACILITY (INERTIA OF ACCOMMODATION)

Classification of Ocular Motor Anomalies

CHARACTERISTICS

Case Analysis: Using the System

INITIAL TESTING: CASE HISTORY AND TESTING TO RULE OUT NONFUNCTIONAL ETIOLOGY

SIGNIFICANT PHORIA IS PRESENT AT DISTANCE OR AT NEAR

NO SIGNIFICANT PHORIA IS PRESENT

Summary

STUDY QUESTIONS

3. General Treatment Modalities, Guidelines, and Prognosis

Determination of “Successful Treatment”

SYMPTOM AND QUALITY OF LIFE QUESTIONNAIRES

General Treatment Sequences for Accommodative and Nonstrabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies

SEQUENTIAL MANAGEMENT APPROACH

Optical Correction of Ametropia

SIGNIFICANT DEGREES OF REFRACTIVE ERROR

CYCLOPLEGIC REFRACTION

SMALL DEGREES OF REFRACTIVE ERROR

MANAGING ANISOMETROPIA AND ANISEIKONIA IN NONSTRABISMIC BINOCULAR VISION DISORDERS

Added Lens Power (Minus and Plus)

Prism

HORIZONTAL RELIEVING PRISM

VERTICAL RELIEVING PRISM

PRISM USED AS AN AID TO BEGIN VISION THERAPY

PRISM USED WHEN VISION THERAPY IS INAPPROPRIATE OR IMPRACTICAL

PRISM USED AT THE CONCLUSION OF VISION THERAPY

Occlusion

Vision Therapy

RESEARCH EVIDENCE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VISION THERAPY FOR BINOCULAR VISION, ACCOMMODATIVE, AND EYE MOVEMENT DISORDERS

DETERMINING THE NECESSITY OF VISION THERAPY

Surgery

Summary

STUDY QUESTIONS

4. Primary Care of Binocular Vision, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders

Diagnosis

HISTORY AND SYMPTOMS

Diagnostic Evaluation

DETERMINATION OF REFRACTIVE ERROR

Assessment of Nonstrabismic Binocular Vision Disorders

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

ASSESSMENT OF SIZE AND DIRECTION OF THE PHORIA

ANCILLARY VERGENCE TESTING

Assessment of Accommodative Disorders

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

ASSESSMENT OF ACCOMMODATIVE AMPLITUDE

ASSESSMENT OF ACCOMMODATIVE FACILITY

ANCILLARY ACCOMMODATIVE TESTING

Primary Care Analysis of Common Accommodative and Nonstrabismic Binocular Vision Problems

BINOCULAR ANOMALIES

General Treatment Modalities, Guidelines, and Prognosis

BEST REFRACTIVE CORRECTION

ADDED LENS POWER (MINUS AND PLUS)

PRISM

PASSIVE THERAPY: OCCLUSION AND ATROPINE TREATMENT

HOME-BASED VISION THERAPY

ACCOMMODATIVE PROBLEMS: PATIENTS IN WHOM NO SIGNIFICANT PHORIA IS PRESENT

Summary

STUDY QUESTIONS

SECTION II Vision Therapy Procedures and Instrumentation

5. Introduction and General Concepts

Categorization of Vision Therapy Instrumentation and Procedures

CATEGORY 1: ANAGLYPHS AND POLAROID FILTERS

CATEGORY 2: LENSES, PRISMS, AND MIRRORS

CATEGORY 3: SEPTA AND APERTURES

CATEGORY 4: PAPER, PENCIL, AND MISCELLANEOUS TASKS

CATEGORY 5: STEREOSCOPES

CATEGORY 6: AFTERIMAGES, ENTOPTIC PHENOMENA, AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TECHNIQUES

General Principles and Guidelines for Vision Therapy

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS USED IN VISION THERAPY

Binocular Vision Therapy: Underlying Concepts

Binocular Vision and Accommodative Therapy: Specific Guidelines

OCULAR MOTILITY THERAPY: SPECIFIC GUIDELINES

ANTISUPPRESSION THERAPY: SPECIFIC GUIDELINES

Summary

STUDY QUESTIONS

6. Fusional Vergence, Voluntary Convergence, and Antisuppression

Fusional Vergence Procedures: Anaglyphs, Polaroids, and Liquid Crystal Filters

VARIABLE VECTOGRAMS

VARIABLE TRANAGLYPHS

NONVARIABLE TRANAGLYPHS

COMPUTERIZED BINOCULAR VISION THERAPY PROCEDURES

OFFICE-BASED COMPUTER VISION THERAPY SOFTWARE FOR BINOCULAR VISION

Fusional Vergence Procedures: Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors

FLIP PRISM OR LOOSE PRISM

Fusional Vergence Procedures: Septa and Apertures

APERTURE RULE

MODIFIED REMY SEPARATOR

Fusional Vergence Procedures: Paper, Pencil, and Miscellaneous Tasks

ECCENTRIC CIRCLES, FREE SPACE FUSION CARDS A, AND LIFESAVER CARDS

LIFESAVER CARDS AND FREE SPACE FUSION CARDS B

Fusional Vergence Procedures: Stereoscopes

BREWSTER STEREOSCOPES

CHEIROSCOPE

WHEATSTONE STEREOSCOPE

Voluntary Convergence Procedures

BROCK STRING

BARREL CARD/3-DOT CARD

Antisuppression Procedures

BAR READER

TV TRAINER

RED/GREEN GLASSES AND PENLIGHT

VERTICAL PRISM DISSOCIATION

MIRROR SUPERIMPOSITION

Computer Home Therapy Procedures

HOME THERAPY SYSTEM

CAVT: COMPUTER VERGENCES PROGRAM—RANDOM DOT STEREOGRAMS

STUDY QUESTIONS

7. Accommodative Techniques

Anaglyphs, Polaroids, and Liquid Crystal Filters

RED–RED ROCK

COMPUTER ORTHOPTICS VTS3 LIQUID CRYSTAL SYSTEM: ACCOMMODATIVE PROGRAM

Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors

LENS SORTING (MONOCULAR)

LOOSE LENS ROCK (MONOCULAR)

BIOCULAR LOOSE LENS ROCK

BINOCULAR ACCOMMODATIVE FACILITY

Paper, Pencil, and Miscellaneous Tasks

HART CHART DISTANCE-TO-NEAR ACCOMMODATIVE ROCK (MONOCULAR)

Computer Home Therapy Procedures

HOME THERAPY SYSTEM

STUDY QUESTIONS

8. Ocular Motility Procedures

Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors

LOOSE PRISM JUMPS

Paper, Pencil, and Miscellaneous Tasks

HART CHART: SACCADIC THERAPY

LETTER AND SYMBOL TRACKING

VISUAL TRACING

ROTATOR-TYPE INSTRUMENTS

FLASHLIGHT TAG

COMPUTER SOFTWARE/ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROCEDURES

Afterimage Techniques

AFTERIMAGES

Computer Home Therapy Procedures

COMPUTER ORTHOPTICS

STUDY QUESTIONS

SECTION III Management

9. Low AC/A Conditions: Convergence Insufficiency and Divergence Insufficiency

Overview of General Management Principles for Heterophoria Associated with Low AC/A Ratio

PROGNOSIS FOR TREATING BINOCULAR VISION DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW AC/A RATIOS

SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS IN TREATING PHORIA PATIENTS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW AC/A RATIOS

Convergence Insufficiency

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

OFFICE-BASED VISION THERAPY

CASE STUDIES

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Divergence Insufficiency

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDIES

Summary and Conclusions

STUDY QUESTIONS

10. High Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation Conditions: Convergence Excess and Divergence Excess

Overview of General Management Principles for Heterophoria Associated with High AC/A Ratio

PROGNOSIS FOR BINOCULAR VISION DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH AC/A RATIOS

SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS IN TREATING PHORIA PATIENTS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH AC/A

Convergence Excess

CHARACTERISTICS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDIES

SUMMARY

Divergence Excess

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDY

Summary and Conclusions

11. Normal AC/A Conditions: Fusional Vergence Dysfunction, Basic Esophoria, and Basic Exophoria

Introduction

Overview of General Management Principles for Heterophoria Associated with Normal AC/A Ratio

PROGNOSIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BINOCULAR VISION CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NORMAL AC/A RATIOS

SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS IN TREATING PHORIA PATIENTS ASSOCIATED WITH NORMAL AC/A

Fusional Vergence Dysfunction

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDY

Basic Esophoria

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDY

Basic Exophoria

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

12. Accommodative Dysfunction

Classification of Accommodative Anomalies

General Treatment Strategies for Accommodative Dysfunction

SEQUENTIAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

PROGNOSIS FOR TREATING ACCOMMODATIVE DISORDERS

Accommodative Insufficiency (Ill-Sustained Accommodation, Paralysis of Accommodation, and Unequal Accommodation)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDIES

Accommodative Excess

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDIES

Accommodative Infacility

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDY

Summary and Conclusions

13. Eye Movement Disorders

Prognosis with Treatment

Overview of General Management Principles for Ocular Motor Dysfunction

Ocular Motor Dysfunction

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CASE STUDIES

Summary

14. Cyclovertical Heterophoria

Background

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

INCIDENCE

Characteristics

CAUSE

MOTOR AND SENSORY FUSION

SYMPTOMS

SYMPTOMS OF CYCLOVERTICAL HETEROPHORIAS

SIGNS

Diagnostic Testing

DISSOCIATED TESTING

FIXATION DISPARITY TESTING

OUT OF PHOROPTER TESTING

DIAGNOSTIC OCCLUSION

Differential Diagnosis

DETERMINING THE MUSCLE INVOLVED IN NONCOMITANCE—THE THREE-STEP TEST

A GRAPHICAL METHOD OF REPRESENTING THE THREE-STEP TEST

Treatment

REFRACTIVE CORRECTION

PRISM

THERAPEUTIC OCCLUSION

VISION THERAPY

SURGERY

Summary

STUDY QUESTIONS

15. Fixation Disparity

Fixation Disparity or Fixation Misalignment

Analysis Approach for Fixation Disparity

FUSIONAL VERGENCE

Forced Vergence Curve Parameters

CURVE SHAPE

CENTER OF SYMMETRY

ASSOCIATED PHORIA: X-INTERCEPT

FIXATION DISPARITY: Y-INTERCEPT

SLOPE

Generation of the Forced Vergence Fixation Disparity Curve

AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTATION

PHOROPTER SETUP

VERTICAL ASSOCIATED PHORIA

HORIZONTAL FIXATION DISPARITY CURVE

LENS-GENERATED FIXATION DISPARITY CURVES

Graphing Findings

Interpretation

Clinical Usefulness for Prescribing

PRISM CORRECTION DESIGN

Sphere Modification

NEAR ADDITION DETERMINATION

DISTANCE SPHERE MODIFICATION

PLANNING AND MONITORING VISION THERAPY PROGRAMS

Conclusion

STUDY QUESTIONS

SECTION IV Advanced Diagnostic and Management Issues

16. Interactions between Accommodation and Vergence

Analysis Approaches

TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

Key Concepts

DISSOCIATED VERSUS ASSOCIATED TESTING

THEORETICAL INTERACTIONS

Tonic Vergence

DEPTH OF FOCUS AND LAG OF ACCOMMODATION

Proximal Vergence

Binocular Vergence Interactions

CONVERGENCE ACCOMMODATION

AC/A RATIO

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONVERGENCE ACCOMMODATION AND AC/A

Clinical Testing

NEAR POINT OF CONVERGENCE

RELATIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE

ACCOMMODATIVE VERGENCE AND CONVERGENCE ACCOMMODATION

ACCOMMODATIVE PARAMETERS: LAG AND DEPTH OF FOCUS

BINOCULAR AMPLITUDE OF ACCOMMODATION

RELATIVE ACCOMMODATION

ZONE OF SINGLE BINOCULAR VISION

VERGENCE ADAPTATION

FIXATION DISPARITY

Lens or Prism Therapy

Conclusion

STUDY QUESTIONS

17. Refractive Amblyopia

Etiology and Prevalence of Refractive Amblyopia

DEFINITION

CLASSIFICATION

ETIOLOGY

PREVALENCE

Characteristics of Amblyopia

SIGNS

SYMPTOMS

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Course and Prognosis

Sequential Management Protocol

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE

REFRACTIVE CORRECTION

ADDED LENSES AND PRISMS

PASSIVE THERAPY

ACTIVE AMBLYOPIA AND SUPPRESSION THERAPY

SURGERY

Duration of Results of Sequential Management

Summary and Conclusion

STUDY QUESTIONS

18. Nystagmus

Etiology and Prevalence

DEFINITION AND ETIOLOGY

PREVALENCE

Characteristics

Clinical Evaluation

PATIENT HISTORY

REFRACTIVE ERROR

VISUAL ACUITY

BINOCULAR VISION AND OCULAR MOTILITY

OCULAR HEALTH AND SYSTEMIC HEALTH

Differential Diagnosis

INFANTILE NYSTAGMUS

LATENT NYSTAGMUS

NYSTAGMUS BLOCKAGE SYNDROME

PHYSIOLOGIC NYSTAGMUS

SPASMUS NUTANS

VESTIBULAR NYSTAGMUS

VOLUNTARY NYSTAGMUS

OTHER FORMS OF NYSTAGMUS

Genetic Counseling

Treatment

REFRACTIVE CORRECTION

ADDED LENSES

PRISM CORRECTION

OCCLUSION

VISION THERAPY

PLEOPTICS

PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY

SURGERY

Summary

STUDY QUESTIONS

19. Aniseikonia

Definitions of Aniseikonia

STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC ANISEIKONIA

Historical Perspective

KNAPP’S LAW

Diagnosis

HISTORY

REFRACTIVE CONDITION

CORNEAL CURVATURE

RETINAL CONDITIONS (FIELD-DEPENDENT ANISEIKONIA)

OCCLUSION

CLIP-ON ANISEIKONIC CORRECTION—VERIFICATION OF THE RESULTS WITH “SIZE LENSES”

MINIMUM AMOUNT OF ANISEIKONIA CORRECTION

Determination of the Presence of Aniseikonia

SIZE COMPARISON OF DIPLOPIC IMAGES

ALTERNATE COVER TEST

TURVILLE TEST

MADDOX ROD AND TWO-POINT LIGHT SOURCES

THE NEW ANISEIKONIA TEST

The Aniseikonia Inspector

THE SPACE EIKONOMETER

Management

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

LENS PRESCRIPTION

PRESCRIPTION DECISIONS REGARDING PATIENTS WITH ANISEIKONIA

Iseikonic Lens Design

ANISEIKONIA INSPECTOR

TRANSLATION

MAGNIFICATION BY CHANGING EYEWIRE DISTANCE AND BEVEL

MAGNIFICATION BY CHANGING BASE CURVE

MAGNIFICATION BY CHANGING LENS THICKNESS

CONSIDERATIONS FOR ISEIKONIC PRESCRIPTIONS

ANTIREFLECTIVE COATING AND LENS EDGE COATING

EXAMPLES OF LENS DESIGN

INADVERTENT ISEIKONIC CORRECTIONS

Summary and Conclusion

ANISEIKONIA INSPECTOR

STUDY QUESTIONS

20. Binocular and Accommodative Problems Associated with Computer Use

Incidence of Computer Use

Computer Vision Syndrome versus Computer Use Complex

Characteristics

SYMPTOMS AND THEIR PREVALENCE

SIGNS

ANALYSIS OF BINOCULAR AND ACCOMMODATIVE DATA

Differential Diagnosis

General Treatment Strategies for Visually Related Symptoms of Computer Use Complex

SEQUENTIAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

CORRECTION OF AMETROPIA

LENS COATINGS—BLUE LIGHT PROTECTION

ADDED LENSES

PRISM

VISION THERAPY

SURGERY

OCULAR HEALTH

ERGONOMIC ISSUES

LIGHTING CONDITIONS AND GLARE

OTHER WORKING DISTANCES AND POSITIONS

SEATING POSITION

COMPUTER MONITORS

CHANGING THE REFRESH RATE

REST BREAKS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS IN TREATING PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMS OF COMPUTER USE COMPLEX

Clinical Evaluation

HISTORY AND SYMPTOMS

WORKSTATION

EVALUATION

Sequential Management Protocol

BEST REFRACTIVE CORRECTION

ISSUES OF LENS DESIGN, COATINGS, AND MATERIALS

PRISM

VISION THERAPY

MEDICAL TREATMENT

ERGONOMIC ISSUES

Summary and Conclusion

STUDY QUESTIONS

21. Binocular and Accommodative Problems Associated with Acquired Brain Injury

Overview of ABI

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

STROKE (CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT)

Optometrist’s Role

ACTIVE REHABILITATION STAGE

POSTREHABILITATION STAGE

Common Binocular Vision, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders Associated with ABI

BINOCULAR VISION DISORDERS

ACCOMMODATIVE DISORDERS

EYE MOVEMENT DISORDERS

Symptoms of the Vision Problems Associated with ABI

Evaluation

Symptom Survey

OTHER SPECIAL TESTING CONSIDERATIONS

Sequential Management Considerations in the Treatment of Disorders Associated with ABI

VARIABILITY OF FINDINGS AND POTENTIAL RECOVERY

COGNITIVE FUNCTION

OPTICAL CORRECTION OF AMETROPIA

ADDED LENSES

PRISM

OCCLUSION

VISION THERAPY

FACTORS AFFECTING PROGNOSIS FOR VISION THERAPY AFTER ABI

ADDITIONAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE VISION THERAPY PROGRAM

CASE STUDIES

Summary

22. Binocular and Accommodative Problems Associated with Learning Problems

Role of the Optometrist in the Management of Learning- and Reading-Related Vision Disorders

Learning and Reading Disabilities: Definition and Epidemiology

Reading Dysfunction

Relationship between Vision Problems and Reading Dysfunction

Research Supporting the Relationship between Visual Efficiency Problems and Reading

Colored Filters or Glasses and Reading

Psychoeducational Testing Used in the Diagnosis of Reading Dysfunction

BASIC COMPONENTS OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL TESTING

HISTORY

COGNITIVE TESTING

ACHIEVEMENT TESTING

EMOTIONAL OR PERSONALITY TESTING

Diagnostic Testing and Case History

DEFINING THE NATURE OF THE READING OR LEARNING PROBLEM

PREVIOUS TESTING

MEDICAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS AND FAMILY HISTORY

Treatment

OBJECTIVES OF OPTOMETRIC INTERVENTION

SEQUENTIAL TREATMENT APPROACH FOR READING-RELATED VISUAL EFFICIENCY PROBLEMS

ROLE WITH EDUCATORS

ROLE WITH OTHER PROFESSIONALS

Summary

STUDY QUESTIONS

23. Development and Management of Refractive Error: Binocular Vision–Based Treatment

Binocular Vision–Based Refractive Development

ACCOMMODATION AND THE SOURCE OF BLURRED IMAGES

A Conceptual Model

THE REFRACTIVE STATE: DISTRIBUTION OF REFRACTIVE ERROR AND ITS COMPONENTS

GROWTH OF OCULAR COMPONENTS

GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED OCULAR GROWTH

VISUALLY DRIVEN OCULAR GROWTH

THE RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF THE GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED AND VISUALLY DRIVEN OCULAR GROWTH MECHANISMS

RATE OF REFRACTIVE CHANGE

CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THE MODEL

Atropine

ATROPINE 1%

LOW-DOSE ATROPINE

SAFETY AND SIDE EFFECTS OF ATROPINE

SIDE EFFECTS OF LOWER DOSES OF ATROPINE

DOSAGE

REBOUND EFFECT

Methylxanthines

THEOBROMINE

7-METHYLXANTHINE

SAFETY AND SIDE EFFECTS OF METHYLXANTHINE

Diet and Supplements

HIGH PROTEIN/LOW CARBOHYDRATE

CARBOHYDRATES VERSUS PROTEIN

TREATMENT STRATEGIES BASED ON ALTERING VISUALLY DIRECTED GROWTH

Myopia—Factors Related to Treatment

AMOUNT AND DIRECTION OF PERIPHERAL RETINAL DEFOCUS IN EACH EYE

AMOUNT OF ACCOMMODATIVE LAG AND INFLUENCE OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ACCOMMODATION AND VERGENCE

NORMAL VISUAL ACUITY AND THE RANGE OF SENSITIVITY TO BLUR

AMOUNT OF NEAR WORK PERFORMED AND THE RESULTING TIME-AVERAGE BLUR EXPERIENCED

TIME OUTDOORS/LIGHT EXPOSURE

EFFECT OF VISION THERAPY ON MYOPIA AND CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MYOPIA PROGRESSION

THE RATIONALE FOR PRESCRIBING VISION THERAPY

Clinical Treatment

MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL

TREATMENT OF MYOPIA OR OF PATIENTS WITH RISK FACTORS INDICATING THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING MYOPIA

INITIATING TREATMENT

Anisometropia

MYOPIC ANISOMETROPIA

Hyperopia

TREATMENT OF HYPEROPIA

HYPEROPIC ANISOMETROPIA

ANISOMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA

TREATMENT OF ANISOMETROPIA

Astigmatism

AGAINST-THE-RULE ASTIGMATISM IN INFANCY, IN SCHOOLCHILDREN, AND IN PRESBYOPIA

TREATMENT OF ASTIGMATISM

ASTIGMATISM TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION

Summary and Conclusions

PREVENTIVE CARE

The Future

STUDY QUESTIONS

24. Binocular Vision Problems Associated with Refractive Surgery

Review of Refractive Surgery

LASER IN SITU KERATOMILEUSIS

SURFACE ABLATION TECHNIQUES

PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENSES

Binocular Vision Complications of Refractive Surgery for Myopia, Hyperopia, and Astigmatism

COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REFRACTIVE SURGERY

PREVIOUS PRISM WEAR

ANISOMETROPIA AND ANISEIKONIA

MONOVISION

ACCOMMODATIVE AND CONVERGENCE ISSUES

Optometric Role

Identifying Patients at Risk for Binocular Vision Complications Associated with Refractive Surgery

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF BINOCULAR VISION COMPLICATIONS AFTER  REFRACTIVE SURGERY

Sequential Management Considerations in the Treatment of Binocular Vision Complications after Refractive Surgery

RESISTANCE TO OPTICAL CORRECTION OF AMETROPIA, ADDED  LENSES, AND PRISM

OPTICAL CORRECTION OF AMETROPIA

ADDED LENSES

PRISM

OCCLUSION

VISION THERAPY

Summary

SECTION V Vision Therapy and Optometric Practice

25. Patient and Practice Management Issues in Vision Therapy

Case Presentation

SAMPLE CASE PRESENTATION FOR A CHILD REQUIRING VISION THERAPY

SAMPLE CASE PRESENTATION FOR CONDITIONS NOT REQUIRING VISION THERAPY

Communicating Your Findings to Other Professionals

COMMUNICATING THROUGH WRITTEN CORRESPONDENCE

Practice Management Aspects of Vision Therapy

MODEL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF VISION THERAPY IN A PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE

SHOULD VISION THERAPY BE PERFORMED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS OR WITH MULTIPLE PATIENTS PER SESSION?

Equipment

BASIC EQUIPMENT

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Appendices

I. Samples of Correspondence and Forms

Insurance Letters

Information to Be Included with Report to Parents about Financial Aspects of Vision Therapy

Vision Therapy Office Policy

II. Home Vision Therapy Procedures; Patient Instructions

Red Lens and Penlight Technique to Eliminate Suppression

Television Trainer

Eccentric Circles: Divergence

Eccentric Circles: Convergence

Eccentric Circles at 10 to 15 Feet

Tranaglyph Slides

Beads and String

Colored Circle Cards for Convergence

First- or Second-Degree Targets at 10 to 15 Feet

Hart Chart: Saccadic Therapy

Ann Arbor Letter Tracking

Visual Tracing

Loose Lens Rock (Monocular)

Index

 

An aparitie	1 Oct. 2019
Autor	Mitchell Scheiman OD, Bruce Wick OD, PhD
Dimensiuni	17.78 x 2.54 x 25.15 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781496399731
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	760