Aromatherapy for Health Professionals

 

 

 

Description:

Now in its 5th edition, Aromatherapy for Health Professionals is an essential resource for professionals wishing to practice aromatherapy in a clinical setting. It covers the theory and practice of essential oil science and the application of aromatherapy for specific conditions, giving an evidence-based, in-depth presentation of the subject. Written by a highly experienced team of aromatherapists, this book is an authoritative guide for anyone seeking to use essential oils in a modern health care setting.

Features:

Contains an A-Z of essential oils including their chemistry and properties, allowing therapists to select the most effective oils for use in a clinical situation Details the appropriate essential oils for different health conditions Features case studies to help the reader understand how to put the theory into practice Fully referenced and evidence-based for use in a clinical setting

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

 

 

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION

TRAINING

PRODUCTS

USEFUL WEBSITES

1 - Essential Oil Science

1 - The Genesis of Essential Oils

INTRODUCTION

TAXONOMY

THE GENESIS OF VOLATILE (ESSENTIAL) OILS

Synthesis of Volatile Oils

WHY DOES A PLANT CONTAIN ESSENTIAL OIL?

Secretory Structures

CHEMICAL VARIATION WITHIN SPECIES

THYME CHEMOTYPES

Altitude and Light

ROSEMARY CHEMOTYPES

OTHER CHEMOTYPES

LAVENDER

CLONES OF LAVENDER AND LAVANDIN

Lavandins

HUMAN FACTORS IN PLANT CHANGE

YIELD OF ESSENTIAL OILS

PLANT FAMILIES WHICH PRODUCE ESSENTIAL OILS

ANGIOSPERMAE

Anonaceae

Apiaceae

Asteraceae

Burseraceae

Cupressaceae and Pinaceae

Geraniaceae

GYMNOSPERMAE

Lamiaceae

Lauraceae

Myrtaceae

Oleaceae

Piperaceae

Poaceae

Rosaceae

Rutaceae

Styracaceae

Valerianaceae

Verbenaceae

SUMMARY

2 - Chemistry of Essential Oils

INTRODUCTION

ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS

TERPENES

Monoterpenes

Effects

Sesquiterpenes

Effects

Diterpenes

Effects

TERPENOIDS

Nomenclature

THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS

ALCOHOLS

Effects

The Aromatic Ring

PHENOLS—THE OTHER ALCOHOLS

Effects

METHYL ETHERS

Effects

ALDEHYDES

Effects

KETONES

Effects

ORGANIC ACIDS AND ESTERS

Effects

OXIDES

Effects

LACTONES

Effects

COUMARINS

Effects

STEREOCHEMISTRY

ISOMERS

Optical Isomers

Geometric Isomers

Functional Isomers

CHEMICAL VARIABILITY

Mass Spectrometry

Optical Rotation

Refractive Index

Infrared Test

The Nose

THE DISTILLATION PROCESS

RECTIFICATION

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

PERCOLATION, HYDRODIFFUSION

CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION

COMPLEXITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS

Essential Oils in the Fragrance Industry

SUMMARY

3 - (Part I) Quality and Safety

INTRODUCTION

Background

ESSENTIAL OIL QUALITY

Quality Variation

Adulteration of Essential Oils

Imitations

Deterpenized Oils

Contaminants

Pharmacopoeia

Procurement of Genuine, Authentic Essential Oils

Accurate Identification

STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE

Essential oils

Expressed oils

Blended oils

ANIMAL TESTING

ISOMERS AND SAFETY

SYNERGISM

Single Oils

Antimicrobial Synergy

Antioxidant Synergy

Enhanced Synergistic Effect of Blends

Quenching

Isolates

SAFE QUANTITIES

INGESTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS

Ingestion/Overdose

Action to Be Taken

An Example Not to Be Followed

Oils in the Eye

UNDESIRED EFFECTS

HAZARDOUS OILS

EPILEPSY

SUMMARY

(Part II) Power and Hazards

Skin Irritation, Sensitization

Mucous Membrane Irritation

Contact Sensitization

Cross-Sensitization

Phototoxicity, Photosensitivity

A Survey of Effects on Therapists

Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity

Carcinogenicity

Neurotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity

Respiratory Sensitivity

POWERFUL OILS IN PREGNANCY

MISUSE OF ESSENTIAL OILS

EMMENAGOGIC ESSENTIAL OILS

SAFETY AND TRAINING

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS REGARDING THE USE OF ESSENTIAL OILS

SUMMARY

4 - Traditional Use, Research and Properties

INTRODUCTION

FALL AND RISE OF PLANT-BASED MEDICINE

Allopathic (Orthodox) Medicine

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

AROMATHERAPY

ORTHODOX DRUGS AND ESSENTIAL OILS

Medical drugs

Essential oils

ESSENTIAL OIL INTERACTION WITH DRUGS

RESEARCH

THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS

Analgesic

Antiseptic, Antibacterial

Testing for Antiseptic and Antibacterial Activity

Antibiogram and Aromatogram

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Antifungal

Antiinflammatory

Antipruritic

Antitoxic

Antiviral

Balancing

Cicatrizant, Granulation Promoting

Deodorant

Digestive

Diuretic

Hormone-like

Anethole, p-Anol Methyl Ether

Citral (Figs 2.11A, 2.11C)

Eugenol, Carvacrol (Fig. 2.9C), Thymol (Fig. 2.8B), Gingerol

Lachnophyllum Methyl Ester, Matricaria Methyl Ester

Viridiflorol (Fig. 2.6A)

Sclareol (Fig. 2.7)

Essential Oils Affecting the Thyroid Gland

Hyperaemic

Immunostimulant

Insecticidal and Repellent

Mucolytic and Expectorant

Sedative

Spasmolytic

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

SUMMARY

2 - The Foundations of Practice

5 - Hydrolats—The Essential Waters

INTRODUCTION

TERMINOLOGY

PREPARED AROMATIC WATERS

WHAT ARE HYDROLATS?

Hydrolats From Essential Oils

WHICH PLANTS YIELD A HYDROLAT?

YIELD

APPEARANCE AND AROMA

KEEPING QUALITIES AND STORAGE

COMPOSITION

QUALITY

USES OF HYDROLATS

General

Skin Care

Children

Eye Care

Traditional Medicine

ROUTES OF ABSORPTION

METHODS OF USE AND DOSAGE

CAUTIONS

SUMMARY

6 - How Essential Oils Enter the Body

INTRODUCTION

INHALATION

Inhalation and the Mucous Membranes

Methods of Inhalation

Tissues

Q-Tips

Hands

Steamers

Baths

Spray Bottle

Vaporizers and Diffusers

ABSORPTION VIA THE SKIN

Transdermal Delivery

The Skin as a Water Barrier

The Skin as a Gateway

Intrinsic Factors

Other Physiological Factors

External Factors

Oil-Related Factors

Methods of Percutaneous Absorption

Compresses

Sprays

Baths

Foot, Hand and Sitz Baths

Topical Application

FIXED (CARRIER) OILS AND SKIN PENETRATION

The Significance of Macerated Carrier Oils

INTERNAL PATHWAY

Ingestion

Methods of Ingestion

Per Rectum or Vagina

By Mouth (See Also Chapter 3)

SUMMARY

7 - Aromas, Mind and Body

INTRODUCTION

THE IMPACT OF THE MIND AND EMOTIONS ON THE BODY

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

The Immune System

EFFECT OF THE EMOTIONS ON HEALTH

Fight-or-Flight Response

Anticipation Stress

Grief

Voluntary Stress

Thinking and Healing

Trust and Placebo

WHERE DOES AROMATHERAPY FIT IN?

Relaxation Response

Pregnancy and Children

The Elderly

Gender Differences

ANOSMIA—ABSENCE OF THE SENSE OF SMELL

Total, Specific and Temporary Anosmia

Does Anosmia, Sleep or Unawareness Negate Aromatherapy?

TRIALS

OLFACTION

Inhalation

Aromas Affect Emotions

CONDITIONING, PAIRING

SEDATIVE/STIMULANT INFLUENCE OF ODOURS

AROMAS, MEMORY AND MOOD

Psychophysiological Effect of Aroma

SUMMARY

8 - Touch and Massage

INTRODUCTION

TOUCH AND MASSAGE

Benefits of Massage

Massage and Aromatherapy

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF MASSAGE

SIMPLE MASSAGE SKILLS

Effleurage

Frictions

Other Important Factors

Contact

Pressure

Speed

Rhythm

Continuity

Duration

Frequency

CONTRAINDICATIONS TO MASSAGE

Illness

Localized Issues

Normal Physiology

Varicose Veins and Oedema

INTRODUCING MASSAGE AND ESSENTIAL OILS

Hand and Arm Massage

Foot and Lower Leg Massage

Shoulder Massage

Forehead Massage

Scalp Massage

Simple Back Massage

Abdominal Massage

Pregnancy and In-Labour Massage

Baby Massage

Tummy

Scalp and Forehead

Feet and Legs

Hands and Arms

Back

AROMAFLEXOLOGY

Method of Treatment

SUMMARY

9 - Carrier Oils

INTRODUCTION

FIXED OILS

TYPES OF CARRIER OIL

Grapeseed [Vitis Vinifera]—Vitaceae Family

Sunflower [Helianthus Annuus]—Asteracea Family

Evening Primrose Oil [Oenothera Biennis, O. Glazioviana, O. Nagraceae]—Onagraceae Family

Jojoba Oil [Simmondsia Chinensis, Buxus Chinensis]—Family Buxaceae

Rose Hip [Rosa Rubiginosa]—Rosaceae Family

Wheatgerm [Triticum Vulgare]—Graminaceae Family

MACERATED OILS

Calendula [Calendula Officinalis]—Compositae Family

St John’s Wort [Hypericum Perforatum]—Clusiaceae Family

SUMMARY

3 - Aromatherapy in Context

10 - Clinical Aromatherapy

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL AROMATHERAPY EXPLAINED

BEGINNING WITH ESSENTIAL OILS

Safety

TREATING CLIENTS

WOUND CARE

ESSENTIAL OIL CONSTITUENTS HELPFUL TO WOUNDS

SUMMARY

11 - Stress, Depression and Critical Care

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS STRESS?

Positive and Negative Stress

RESPONSE TO STRESS

Fight or Flight—Good or Bad?

Dealing With Stress

Hospitalization

Complementary Therapies to Help Reduce Stress

Childhood Stress

Conditioned Response

DEPRESSION

Drug Alternatives

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND DEPRESSION

ESSENTIAL OIL CHOICES

Essential Oils for Relieving Stress

Essential Oils for Lifting Depression

Balancing Oils—Calming and Uplifting

Selecting a Blend

STRESS IN CRITICAL CARE

Use of Aromatherapy in Critical Care (Box 11.1)

Essential Oils for Critical Care

RESEARCH

SUMMARY

12 - Pregnancy and Childbirth

INTRODUCTION

ETHICAL, LEGAL AND SAFETY ASPECTS IN PREGNANCY

Insurance

Keeping Records

Safety Issues

ABORTIFACIENTS EMMENAGOGUES AND UTEROTONICS

Abortifacients

Emmenagogues

Uterotonics

NOTE ON PHOTOSENSITIVITY

Essential Oil Blending

COMMON PROBLEMS IN PREGNANCY

Blood Pressure

Digestive Disorders

Constipation

Diarrhoea

Heartburn and Indigestion

Haemorrhoids and Varicose Veins

Headaches

Morning Sickness

Muscular Aches and Pains (E.g. Backache and Sciatica)

Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction

Oedema

Skin Problems in Pregnancy

Acne or Oily Skin

Itchy Skin

Stretch Marks

EMOTIONAL CONCERNS

PERINEAL MANAGEMENT

MISCARRIAGE AND STILLBIRTH

AROMATHERAPY DURING LABOUR

CAESAREAN SECTION

Breast Care

Mastitis

Lack or Insufficiency of Milk

Involution of the Uterus – After Pains

Lack of Confidence

Postnatal Depression

AROMATHERAPY FOR BABIES AND INFANTS

Essential Oils for Baby

SUMMARY

13 - Learning Difficulties and Autism

INTRODUCTION

LEARNING DISABILITIES, AUTISM AND MENTAL ILLNESS

CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR

MATTERS OF CONSENT

TOUCH AND TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS

ESSENTIAL OILS: SELECTION AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

Epilepsy

THE APIE PROCESS

Assessing Stage

Planning Stage

Implementing Stage

Evaluating Stage (Box 13.4)

SUMMARY

14 - Care of the Elderly

INTRODUCTION

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF DEMENTIA

DEMENTIA EXPLAINED

WHAT IS MEANT BY ‘ELDERLY’

CLINICAL TRIALS USING ESSENTIAL OILS

CONSIDERATIONS WHEN TREATING THE ELDERLY

Anxiety and Depression

Anxiety

Depression

Circulation

Constipation

Diarrhoea

Diverticulitis (Diverticulosis)

Headaches and Migraines

Insomnia

Pain Relief (Arthritis/Rheumatism)

Pressure Sores and Wounds

Respiratory Problems

Short- and Long-Term Memory Loss and Reminiscence

Skin

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

SUMMARY

15 - Cancer and Palliative Care

INTRODUCTION

DISTRESS AND CANCER: THE PLACE OF COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

HOLISTIC AROMATHERAPY IN CANCER AND PALLIATIVE CARE

CLINICAL AROMATHERAPY APPROACH

METHODS OF APPLICATION AND DOSES

WHO WORKS IN CANCER AND PALLIATIVE CARE?

What are the Requirements for Working in Cancer and Palliative Care?

ESSENTIAL OIL CHOICES FOR CANCER AND PALLIATIVE CARE SETTINGS

Factors That Influence Essential Oil Choices

Development of Aroma-Alone Strategies

SAFETY ISSUES IN CANCER AND PALLIATIVE CARE

THE PATIENT’S PERSPECTIVE: EXPECTATIONS AND PERCEIVED BENEFITS

CARING FOR CARERS

SUPPORT FOR THE THERAPIST

WORKING WITH THE DYING PATIENT

SUMMARY

16 - Bereavement

INTRODUCTION

BEREAVEMENT AS LOSS

THE GRIEF PROCESS

Shock

Disbelief and Denial

Acceptance

Anger and Remorse

Adjustment

CONSEQUENCES OF GRIEF

AROMATHERAPY AND ESSENTIAL OILS

Strengthening the Immune System

Memory

Sadness and Anger

Therapist Involvement

Bereavement – A Life-Long Process

SUMMARY

A - Essential Oils for General Use in Healthcare Settings

OILS CONTAINED IN APPENDIX A

INTRODUCTION

Observations

Alcohols

Phenols

Esters (10%–25%)

Ketones

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Ketones

Esters

Lactones

Phenols

Observations

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Aldehydes

Alcohols

Oxides

Ketones

Ethers

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Ketones

Oxides

Esters

Observations

Aldehydes

Phenols

Methyl ethers

Benzodioxoles

Ketones (40%–60%)

Coumarins (<4%)

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters (1.5%–2%)

Oxides

Coumarins (2%)

Lactones

Oxides

Coumarins (1%–3%)

Observations, Root and Seed Oils

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters

Ketones

Oxides

Observations

BOSWELLIA CARTERI (DISTILLED RESIN) [FRANKINCENSE, OLIBANUM] BURSERACEAE

Alcohols

Ketones

Esters

Oxides

Observations

Hydrocarbons

Alcohols

Phenols

Methyl ethers

Benzodioxoles

Esters (15%)

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Aldehydes

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Other

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Ketones

Esters (75%–80%)

Oxides

Lactones

Observations

Alcohols

Esters (9%)

Phenols ( >80%)

Aldehydes

Ketones

Oxides

Observations

Aldehydes

Phenols

Methyl ethers

Benzodioxoles

Esters

Alcohols

Coumarins (<1%)

Ketones

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Ketones

Esters

Aldehydes

Lactones

Phenols

Acids

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters (10%)

Ketones

Oxides

Coumarins (7%)

Observations

Alcohols

Esters (7%–21%)

Aldehydes (2.5%)

Ketones

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Esters (50%–70%)

Aldehydes

Phenols

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols (0.3%–0.5%)

Aldehydes (0.9%–3%)

Esters (2%)

Coumarins (<1%)

Non-volatiles

Observations (see also Sweet orange oil)

Alcohols

Aldehydes (1.2%–2.5%)

Ketones

Esters (0.2%–0.4%)

Coumarins

Free acids (0.1%–0.3%)

Oxides

Observations (see also Bitter orange oil)

Alcohols

Esters

Aldehydes

Coumarins, furanocoumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters

Coumarins, Furanocoumarins

Observations

Aldehydes (1.5%)

Alcohols

Ketones

Esters

Coumarins, Furocoumarins

OBSERVATIONS

Alcohols

Aldehydes (1%)

Phenols

Esters

OBSERVATIONS

Ketones

Aldehydes

Phenols

Methyl ethers

Alcohols

Acids

Other

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones (7%–9%)

Esters

Coumarins, Furanocoumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes (30%–40%)

Phenols

Esters

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Esters

Other

Observations

Ketones

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Oxides

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters

Ketones

Oxides

Observations

CYMBOPOGON NARDUS [SRI LANKA CITRONELLA] AND CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS [JAVA CITRONELLA] POACEAE

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Ketones

Methyl Ethers

Esters

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Phenols

Methyl ethers

Esters

Ketones

Oxides

Acids

Observations

Alcohols

Phenols

Aldehydes

Esters

Ketones

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Ketones

Oxides

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Esters

Aldehydes

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Oxides

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Methyl Ethers

Aldehydes

Oxides

Coumarins, Furanocoumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Phenols

Ketones

Esters

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Ketones

Phenols

Methyl Ethers (4%)

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Methyl Ethers

Benzodioxoles

Ketones

Oxides

Esters

Other

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Lactones (very active)

Acids

Ketones (12%)

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Esters

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Ketones

Oxides

Lactones

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes (2%)

Esters (40%–55%)

Oxides (2%)

Ketones (4%)

Lactones, Coumarins (0.3%)

Observations

Alcohols

Esters (25%)

Oxides

Ketones

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Coumarins

Esters (<2%)

Ketones (10%–15%)

Oxides

Observations

Aldehydes

Alcohols

Phenols

Esters

Alcohols

Ketones

Esters (0.55%–50%)

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes (66%–76%)

Ketones

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Coumarins

Ethers

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Aldehydes

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Oxides

Other

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Esters

Oxides

Aldehydes

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Ketones (34%)

Oxides

Methyl Ethers (5%)

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Oxides

Esters

Coumarins

Benzofurans

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Ketones

Oxides

Benzofurans

Observations

Alcohols

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Benzodioxoles

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters

Oxides

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Lactones

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Ketones

Oxides

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Aldehydes

Lactones (>15%)

Ketones

Methyl Ethers

Oxide

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Oxides

Ketones

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Aldehydes

Observations

Alcohols

Phenols

Esters

Oxides

Ketones

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Oxides

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Esters (15%)

Aldehydes (Bourbon Variety) (0%–10%)

Ketones (1%–8%)

Oxides (Only in Chinese Variety) (2%–3%)

Observations

Alcohols (2.5%)

Esters (30%–45%)

Observations

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Oxides

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Observations

Aldehydes

Alcohols

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Oxides

Ketones

Esters

Observations

Alcohols (0.5%–4%)

Methyl Ethers (90%–95%)

Benzodioxoles

Aldehydes

Ketones

Coumarins, Furanocoumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Oxides

Aldehydes

Ketones

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters (1%–10%)

Observations

Alcohols

Oxides

Ketones

Ether Oxide

Observations

Alcohols

Methyl Ethers

Benzodioxoles

Ketones (1%–8%)

Aldehydes

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Ketones

Oxides

Lactones

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters (2%–6%)

Methyl Ethers

Oxides

Ketones

Observations

ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS CT. CINEOLE, CT. CAMPHOR FOL. [ROSEMARY] LAMIACEAE

Alcohols

Esters

Oxides

Ketones

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Ketones

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Phenols

Oxides

Ketones

Aldehydes

Coumarins

Methyl Ethers

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Esters

Oxides

Ketones

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Observations

Alcohols

Phenols (39%–40%)

Ketones

Aldehydes

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Phenols (25%–50%)

Methyl Ethers

Oxides

Ketones

Observations

Phenols (60%–90%)

Esters (20%–25%)

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Esters

Coumarins

Observations

Alcohols

Phenols

Ketones

Oxides

Esters

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Phenols

Methyl Ethers

Ketones

Esters

Oxides

Observations

Phenols

Alcohols

Ketones

Esters

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Alcohols

Esters

Observations on Geraniol and Linalool Chemotypes

Alcohols

Observations

Sesquiterpenes

Phenols

Alcohols

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Aldehydes

Acids

Ketones

Observations

Alcohols

Ketones

Esters

Oxides

Acids

Observations

Alcohols

Esters

Ketones

Acids

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Oxides

Observations

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Ketones

Oxides

Observations

B - General Properties of Essential Oils

C - Indications for Uses of Essential Oils

D - Essential Oils to be Used With Caution

PREGNANCY

Abortifacients

Emmenagogues

Emmenagogic Essential Oils

Disputed Emmenagogic Essential Oils

Uterotonics

Uterotonic Essential Oils

NEUROTOXIC OILS OCCASIONALLY USED IN AROMATHERAPY

POTENTIAL SKIN IRRITANT OILS

CONTACT-SENSITIZING OILS

Cross-Sensitization

PHOTOTOXIC OILS

Maximum % Use of the Following Essential Oils Used in Aromatherapy

E - SAFETY IN ESSENTIAL OIL USE: A SUMMARY

HAZARD

RISK

ESSENTIAL OIL COMPLEXITY

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

LABELLING

FLAMMABILITY

F - Essential Oil: Definition for Aromatherapeutic Purposes

REFERENCES TO APPENDICES

SOURCES TO APPENDICES

GLOSSARY

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

USEFUL WEBSITES AND ADDRESSES

INDEX

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Z

 

An aparitie	5 April 2021
Autor	Shirley Price Cert Ed FISPA MIFA FIAM Len Price Cert Ed MIT(Trichology) FISPA FIAM, Penny Price
Dimensiuni	23.5 x 1.6 x 19.1 cm
Editura	Elsevier
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9780702084027
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	416