Acute Kidney Injury, An Issue of Critical Care Clinics (Volume 37-2) (The Clinics: Internal Medicine, Volume 37-2)

Description:

This issue of Critical Care Clinics, guest edited by Drs. John Kellum and Dana Fuhrman, focuses on Acute Kidney Injury. This is one of four issues each year selected by the series consulting editor, Dr. John Kellum.　 Articles in this issue include, but are not limited to: Acute Kidney Injury and Disease, AKI in Cardiac Surgery, AKI in Sepsis, Hepatorenal Disease, Cardiorenal Syndrome, Onconephrology, Renal Functional Reserve and more.　

Table of Contents:

Copyright

Contributors

Forthcoming Issues

Preface

Defining Acute Kidney Injury

Key points

Introduction

History: acute renal failure to acute kidney injury

Defining acute kidney injury

Relationship to clinical outcomes

Electronic alerts

Biomarkers in acute kidney injury

Persistent acute kidney injury and acute kidney disease

Clinics care points

Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery

Key points

Introduction

Discussion

Risk assessment

Interventions

Summary

Clinics care points

Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury

Key points

Introduction

Definitions

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury

Diagnosis

Recovery from sepsis-associated acute kidney injury and long-term follow-up

Prevention and treatment of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury

Summary

Clinics care points

Nephrotoxin Stewardship

Key points

Introduction and nephrotoxin stewardship definition

Goal 1: medication safety

Goal 2: kidney health

Goal 3: avoiding unnecessary costs

Summary

Clinics care points

Hepatorenal Syndrome

Key points

Introduction

Assessment of kidney function in cirrhosis

Definitions

Pathophysiology

Cause of kidney dysfunction

Prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome

Post–liver transplant acute kidney injury

Summary

Clinic care points

Cardiorenal Syndrome

Key points

Introduction: the definition of cardiorenal syndrome

Cardiorenal syndrome in adults

Cardiorenal syndrome in patients supported by artificial heart support and after heart transplantation

Cardiorenal syndrome in children

Summary

Neonatal Acute Kidney Injury: Understanding of the Impact on the Smallest Patients

Key points

Introduction

Case scenario 1

Prematurity, low birthweight, and acute kidney injury

High-risk exposures for preterm babies

Nephrotoxic medication exposure

Acute kidney injury diagnosis and biomarkers

Novel acute kidney injury biomarkers

Case scenario 2

Acute kidney injury and the interplay with other organ systems

Fluid balance and fluid overload

Neonatal acute kidney injury and long-term outcomes

Current developments in neonatal acute kidney injury management: caffeine and continuous renal replacement therapy

Summary

Clinics care points15,69,70

Onconephrology

Key points

Introduction

Epidemiology

Discussion

Prerenal

Intrinsic

Glomerular and paraneoplastic causes

Tubulointerstitial causes

Vascular or thrombotic microangiopathy

Postrenal

Summary

Clinics care points

Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury

Key points

Introduction

Limitations of Current Acute Kidney Injury Diagnosis

Biomarkers and the Continuum of Acute Kidney Injury

Summary

Clinics care points

The Role of Renal Functional Reserve in Predicting Acute Kidney Injury

Key points

Introduction

Postulated mechanisms for renal functional reserve

Methods used to quantify renal functional reserve

A renewed interest in renal functional reserve

Limitations to the routine use of renal functional reserve in routine clinical care

Summary

clinics care points

Starting Kidney Replacement Therapy in Critically III Patients with Acute Kidney Injury

Key points

Introduction

The clinical dilemma of when to start kidney replacement therapy

Kidney replacement therapy and clinical outcomes

Kidney replacement therapy and coronavirus disease 2019

Definitions of timing for starting kidney replacement therapy

Rationale for an early strategy to starting kidney replacement therapy

Rationale for a conservative strategy to kidney replacement therapy initiation

Current clinical practice guideline recommendations

Clinical trial evidence on timing of starting kidney replacement therapy

Implications for clinicians

Existing knowledge gaps

Summary

Clinics care points

Kidney Replacement Therapy for Fluid Management

Key points

Introduction

Fluid balance and outcomes

Principles of volume management using kidney replacement therapy

Vascular refill during net ultrafiltration

Association of net ultrafiltration rate with outcomes

Areas of uncertainty and directions for future research

Summary

Clinics care points

Acute Kidney Disease to Chronic Kidney Disease

Key points

Introduction

Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease

Epidemiology of acute kidney injury

Acute kidney disease after acute kidney injury

Pathophysiology of kidney repair and regeneration

Epidemiology of acute kidney disease

Management of acute kidney disease

Summary

Clinics care points