Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation, Sixth Edition

 

Description:

The most comprehensive textbook available on therapeutic modalities in rehabilitation—enhanced by a full-color presentation and numerous case studies This practically oriented guide presents the basic science and current best available evidence for each type of therapeutic modality used in physical rehabilitation. Here, clinicians will find the information needed to determine which modality will be most effective in a given situation to achieve optimal patient outcomes. Each chapter examines the physiologic basis for use, clinical applications, specific techniques of application through the use of related laboratory activities, and relevant individual case studies for each therapeutic modality. Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation, Sixth Edition is divided into six parts: Part 1: Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities examines the scientific basis for using therapeutic modalities, classifies the modalities according to the type of energy each uses, and includes guidelines for selecting the most appropriate modalities for managing pain and for use in different phases of the healing process. Part II: Electrical Energy Modalities discusses the principles of electricity, components of electrical and electrotherapeutic currents, treatment parameters, physiological responses to electrical current, iontophoresis, and biofeedback. Part III: Thermal Energy Modalities focuses on modalities which produce a change in tissue temperatures through conduction and convection including thermotherapy and cryotherapy. Part IV: Sound Energy Modalities covers modalities that utilize acoustic energy to produce a therapeutic effect, including therapeutic ultrasound and extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Biologic effects and clinical applications are also discussed. Part V: Electromagnetic Energy Modalities examines diathermy, as well as photobiomodulation (light therapy) treatment techniques and protocols. Part VI: Mechanical Energy Modalities includes chapters on traction, intermittent pneumatic compression, therapeutic massage and vibration. Presented in full color, the text is enhanced by valuable learning aids, including chapter objectives and summaries, figures and tables, clinical decision-making exercises, review questions, instructional videos, a glossary of key terms in each chapter, up-to-date references, case studies, lab activities, and appendices.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part One Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities

1. The Basic Science of Therapeutic Modalities

Basic Science

Forms of Energy

Electromagnetic Energy

The Relationship Between Wavelength and Frequency

The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum

How Is Electromagnetic Energy Produced?

Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations

Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Energy

Electromagnetic Energy Modalities

Thermal Energy

Thermal Energy Modalities

Electrical Energy

Electrical Energy Modalities

Sound Energy

Sound Energy Modalities

Mechanical Energy

Mechanical Energy Modalities

The Importance of Incorporating The Best Available Evidence Into Decisions About The Use of Therapeutic Modalities

Applying the Best Available Evidence in Making Clinical Decisions

Assessing the Patient Outcomes of a Treatment

Legal Concerns When Using Therapeutic Modalities

Summary

2. Using Therapeutic Modalities to Affect the Healing Process

How Should the Clinician Use Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation?

The Importance of Understanding The Healing Process

Inflammatory-Response Phase

Fibroblastic-Repair Phase

Maturation-Remodeling Phase

Factors That Impede Healing

How Should Therapeutic Modalities Be Used Throughout The Rehabilitation Process?

Using Modalities in the Immediate First Aid Management of Injury

Modality Use in the Inflammatory-Response Phase

Modality Use in the Fibroblastic-Repair Phase

Modality Use in the Maturation-Remodeling Phase

Other Considerations In Treating Injury

Summary

3. The Role of Therapeutic Modalities in Wound Healing

Introduction

Thermal Agents

Hydrotherapy

Electrical Stimulation

Ultrasound

Photobiomodulation

Ultraviolet Light

Pneumatic Compression Therapy

Review of Clinical Research Evidence

Choosing the Best Modality for the Treatment of Delayed or Nonhealing Wounds

Contraindications

Summary

4. Managing Pain With Therapeutic Modalities

Understanding Pain

Why Does Classification Matter?

The Pain Experience

Pain Terminology

Pain Assessment

Pain Assessment Scales

Documentation

Goals In Managing Pain

Nociceptive Pain

Sensory Receptors

Neural Transmission

Facilitators and Inhibitors of Synaptic Transmission

Nociception

Neurophysiologic Explanations of Pain Control

The Gate Control Theory of Pain

Descending Pain Control

β-Endorphin and Dynorphin in Pain Control

Central Mechanisms

Summary of Pain Control Mechanisms

Pain Management

Nontraumatic and Persisting Pain

Summary

Part Two Electrical Energy Modalities

5. Basic Principles of Electricity and Electrical Stimulating Currents

Components of Electrical Currents

Electrotherapeutic Currents

Devices That Generate Electrotherapeutic Currents

Electrical Circuits

Series and Parallel Circuits

Current Flow through Biologic Tissues

Choosing Appropriate Treatment Parameters

Waveforms

Current Modulation

Frequency

Intensity

Duration

Polarity

Electrode Setup

Physiologic Responses to Electrical Current

Direct and Indirect Physiologic Effects

Nerve Responses to Electrical Currents

Muscular Responses to Electrical Current

Biostimulative Effects of Electrical Current on Nonexcitatory Cells

Clinical Uses of Electrical Stimulating Currents

Therapeutic Uses for Electrical Stimulation of Motor Nerves

Therapeutic Uses of Electrical Stimulation of Sensory Nerves

Clinically Used Electrical Stimulating Currents

High Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC)

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

Microcurrent

Russian Currents (Medium-Frequency Biphasic Current Generators)

Interferential Currents

Premodulated Interferential Current

Continuous Direct Current (CDC)

H-Wave Stimulation

Deep Oscillation Therapy (Hivamat)

Bone Growth Stimulators

Functional Electrical Stimulation

Clinical Uses of FES

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation

Placebo Effect of Electrical Stimulation

What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Electrical Stimulating Currents as a Clinical Treatment Modality?

Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment

Summary

6. Iontophoresis

Iontophoresis Versus Phonophoresis

Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer

Pharmacokinetics of Iontophoresis

Movement of Ions in Solution

Movement of Ions Through Tissue

Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques

Type of Current Required

Iontophoresis Generators

Current Intensity

Treatment Duration

Dosage of Medication

Electrodes

Selecting the Appropriate Ion

Clinical Applications for Iontophoresis

Treatment Indications and Contraindications

Sensitivity Reactions to Ions

Treatment of Chemical Burns

What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Iontophoresis as a Clinical Treatment Modality?

Summary

7. Biofeedback

Motor Control and Feedback

The Role of Biofeedback

Biofeedback Instrumentation

Peripheral Skin Temperature

Finger Phototransmission

Skin Conductance Activity

Real-Time Ultrasound

Electromyographic Biofeedback

Motor Unit Recruitment

Measuring Electrical Activity

Separation and Amplification of Electromyographic Activity

Converting Electromyographic Activity to Meaningful Information

Processing the Electromyographic Signal

Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques

Electrodes

Displaying the Information

Wearable Biofeedback Devices

Clinical Applications for Biofeedback

Muscle Reeducation

Relaxation of Muscle Guarding

Pain Reduction

Treating Neurologic Conditions

What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Biofeedback as a Clinical Treatment Modality?

Summary

8. Principles of Electrophysiologic Evaluation and Testing

Introduction

Electrophysiologic Testing Equipment and Setup

Electrodes

Amplifier

Visual Feedback (Oscilloscope)

Auditory Feedback (Speakers)

Testing Units

Eliciting an Action Potential

Generating a Record

Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System

Anatomy of the Spinal Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction

Sensory Receptor and Size of the Axon

Synapse

Alpha Motor Neuron

Neuromuscular Junction

Muscle Fiber

The Elements of the Spinal Nerve

Testing Procedures

Limb Temperature and Age Considerations

Nerve Conduction Study

Sensory Nerve Studies

Other Variations to Sensory Nerve Studies

Motor Nerve Studies

Other Motor Nerve Conduction Procedures

An Example of One Upper Quarter Examination Using Sensory and Motor Nerve Conduction Procedures

The Electromyographic Examination

Clinical EMG Procedures

Insertion

Sensitivity and Specificity of the NCS/EMG Examination

Limitations Associated with the NCS/EMG Process

Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

Electrophysiological Testing Complemented by the Addition of Neuromuscular Ultrasound

Electrophysiologic Testing Within the Operating Room

Other Electrophysiologic Testing Procedures

Requesting NCS/EMG Examinations

Conclusion

Summary

Part Three Thermal Energy Modalities

9. Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy

Mechanisms of Thermal Energy Transfer

Appropriate Use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy Modalities

Clinical Use of the Thermal Energy Modalities

Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Circulation

Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Muscle Spasm

Effects of Temperature Change on Performance

Cryotherapy

Physiologic Effects of Tissue Cooling

Cryotherapy Treatment Techniques

Thermotherapy

Physiologic Effects of Tissue Heating

Thermotherapy Treatment Techniques

Counterirritants

What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy as Clinical Treatment Modalities?

Summary

Part Four Sound Energy Modalities

10. Therapeutic Ultrasound

Ultrasound as a Heating Modality

Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues

Transverse versus Longitudinal Waves

Frequency of Wave Transmission

Velocity

Attenuation

Basic Physics of Therapeutic Ultrasound

Components of a Therapeutic Ultrasound Generator

Transducer

Effective Radiating Area

Frequency of Therapeutic Ultrasound

The Ultrasound Beam

Amplitude, Power, and Intensity

Pulsed versus Continuous Wave Ultrasound

Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound

Thermal Effects

Nonthermal Effects

Ultrasound Treatment Techniques

Frequency of Treatment

Duration of Treatment

Coupling Methods

Moving the Transducer

Recording Ultrasound Treatments

Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound

Soft Tissue Healing and Repair

Scar Tissue and Joint Contracture

Stretching of Connective Tissue

Chronic Inflammation

Bone Healing

Ultrasound over Epiphyseal Plates

Ultrasonic Bone Growth Stimulators

Absorption of Calcium Deposits

Ultrasound in Assessing Stress Fractures

Pain Reduction

Plantar Warts

Placebo Effects

Portable Ultrasound Devices

Phonophoresis

Using Ultrasound in Combination with Other Modalities

Ultrasound and Hot Packs

Ultrasound and Cold Packs

Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation

What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Ultrasound as a Clinical Treatment Modality?

Treatment Precautions

Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Equipment

Summary

11. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy

Shock Wave Generation

Focused ESWT (f-ESWT)

Radial ESWT (r-ESWT)

Physical Parameters of Shock Waves

Biologic Effects

Bone

Tendon

Clinical Applications

Dosing and Anesthesia Parameters

Bone Healing

Lower Extremity Tendinopathy

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

Plantar Fasciitis

Medial–Lateral Epicondylopathy

Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy

What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as a Clinical Treatment Modality?

Summary

Part Five Electromagnetic Energy Modalities

12. Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy

Shortwave Diathermy Equipment

Shortwave Diathermy Electrodes

Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy (PSWD)

Treatment Time

Treatment Area

Clinical Applications and Physiologic Responses to Diathermy

Thermal Effects

Nonthermal Effects

Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities

Microwave Diathermy

Diathermy Treatment Precautions, Indications, and Contraindications

What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Shortwave Diathermy as a Clinical Treatment Modality?

Summary

13. Photobiomodulation Therapy

Physics of Lasers

Types of Lasers

Laser Treatment Techniques

Lasing Techniques

Parameters

Depth of Penetration

Clinical Applications for Low-Level Laser Therapy

Wound Healing Applications

Tensile Strength

Immunologic Responses

Inflammation

Scar Tissue

Orthopedic Applications

Tensile Strength

Inflammation

Pain Applications

Nerve Applications

Enhanced Muscular Performance and Recovery

Bone Response

Suggested Treatment Protocols

Wound Healing

Scar Tissue

Edema and Inflammation

Pain

Enhancement of Muscle Performance and Recovery

Clinical Applications for High-Intensity Laser Therapy

Treatment Protocols

Laser Safety

Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

LED Treatment Parameters

LED Clinical Applications

Comparing LED and Lasers

What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Laser and LED as Clinical Treatment Modalities?

Conclusion

Summary

Part Six Mechanical Energy Modalities

14. Spinal Traction

The Physical Effects of Traction

Effects on Spinal Movement

Effects on Bone

Effects on Ligaments

Effects on the Disk

Effects on Articular Facet Joints

Effects on the Muscular System

Effects on the Nerves

Effects on the Entire Body Part

Traction Treatment Techniques

Lumbar Positional Traction

Inversion Traction

Manual Lumbar Traction

Mechanical Lumbar Traction

Manual Cervical Traction

Mechanical Cervical Traction

Indications and Contraindications

What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about The Effectiveness of Traction as a Clinical Technique?

Summary

15. Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices

The Lymphatic System

Purposes of the Lymphatic System

Structure of the Lymphatic System

Peripheral Lymphatic Structure and Function

Injury Edema

Formation of Pitting Edema

Formation of Lymphedema

The Negative Effects of Edema Accumulation

Treatment of Edema

Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Treatment Techniques

Inflation Pressures

On–Off Sequence

Total Treatment Time

Sequential Compression Pumps

Patient Setup and Instructions

Cold And Compression Combination

Indications and Contraindications for Use

Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) Training

Recovery Boots

What Does The Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About The Effectiveness of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression as a Clinical Treatment Modality?

Summary

16. Therapeutic Massage and Soft Tissue Mobilization

Physiologic Effects of Massage

Reflexive Effects

Mechanical Effects

Psychological Effects of Massage

Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines

Equipment

Classic Massage Treatment Techniques

Swedish Massage (Hoffa Massage)

Soft Tissue Mobilization Techniques

Cyriax Deep Transverse Friction Massage

Connective Tissue Massage

Trigger Point Massage

Myofascial Release

Strain–Counterstrain

Positional Release Therapy

Active Release Technique®

Graston Technique®

Rolfing

Trager

Cupping Therapy

Percussive Massage

Indications and Contraindications for Massage

What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Various Massage Techniques as Clinical Treatment Modalities?

Summary

17. Vibration Therapy

Somatosensory Function

Effects of Vibration on Proprioception and Kinesthesia

Effects of Vibration on Balance

Effects of Vibration on Reflexive Neuromuscular Control

Effects of Vibration on Gait Biomechanics

Biological Effects

Muscle Function

Bone Health

Cartilage Health

Patient Self-Report and Functional Outcomes

Clinical Recommendations

Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about the Effectiveness of Vibration Therapy as a Clinical Treatment Modality?

Summary

Appendix A Location of Motor Points

Appendix B Units of Measure

Answers to Self-Test Questions

Index

 

An aparitie	20 Sept. 2021
Autor	William Prentice
Editura	McGraw-Hill
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781264264551
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	720