The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series

Features:

Provides a gentle introduction to the subject by first addressing nutritional information and then building in molecular aspects, clearly establishing fundamental information for the reader

Facilitates reader comprehension by including succinct summary points in each chapter

Contains a glossary of definitions that allows readers to easily reference terms

Provides both a deep and broad understanding of the subject by containing overviews as well as detail-focused chapters.

Table Of Contents:

List of Contributors

Preface

Section I: General and Introductory Aspects

Chapter 1. Bioactive Peptides Derived From Food Proteins

Abstract

1.1 Physiological Effects of Food-Derived Peptides

1.2 In Vivo Evidence of Food-Derived Peptide Effects

1.3 Bioactive Peptides Released During Digestion

1.4 Peptide Bioavailability

1.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2. Protein Intake Throughout Life and Current Dietary Recommendations

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Current Estimates for Protein and Amino Acid Requirements Throughout Life

2.3 Theoretical and Practical Limitations and Uncertainties

2.4 Evidence for Defining Requirements Based on Meals Rather Than an Average Daily Intake in Older People

2.5 Toward Other Criteria to Define Requirements, Using Health-Related Parameters?

2.6 Current Dietary Intake of Protein and Amino Acids

2.7 Conclusion and Perspectives

References

Chapter 3. Cellular Mechanisms of Protein Degradation Among Tissues

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Proteolytic Systems

3.3 Skeletal Muscle Proteolysis

3.4 Proteolysis in Viscera

3.5 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Synthesis Among Tissues

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Hypertrophy

4.3 Myogenesis: The Development and Regeneration of Muscle

4.4 Applied Implications of Protein Synthesis In Vivo

4.5 Conclusions and Summary of Key Points

Disclosures

References

Chapter 5. Role of Amino Acid Transporters in Protein Metabolism

Abstract

5.1 Amino Acid Transporters: Structure and Molecular Function

5.2 AA Transporters and Cellular Function

5.3 AA Transporters in Whole-Body Nutrition

5.4 AA Transporters in Mammalian Embryonic Development and Growth

5.5 AA Transporters and the Immune Response

5.6 AA and Peptide Transporters as Therapeutic Targets

Acknowledgment

References

Section II: Cellular Aspects of Protein and Amino Acids Metabolism in Anabolic and Catabolic Situations

Chapter 6. Amino Acids and Exercise: Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Regulation of the Size of Human Muscle Mass

6.3 Exercise Mode

6.4 Protein Type

6.5 Dose Response of MPS to Protein Ingestion Following Resistance Exercise

6.6 Timing and Distribution

6.7 The Influence of the Aging Process

6.8 The Role of the Essential and Branched-Chain Amino Acids

6.9 The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1)

6.10 Resistance Exercise, Amino Acids, and mTORC1

6.11 Future Directions

6.12 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7. Protein Metabolism in the Elderly: Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Abstract

7.1 Aging and Sarcopenia

7.2 Protein Metabolism in the Aging Body

7.3 Age-Related Changes in Nutrient Sensitivity

7.4 Regulation of mTOR Signaling in Aging

7.5 The Role of Physical Activity During Aging

7.6 Aging and Changes in Endocrine Function

7.7 Molecular Dysregulation of Protein Metabolism During Aging

References

Chapter 8. Specificity of Amino Acids and Protein Metabolism in Obesity

Abstract

8.1 Introduction: Fat-Free Mass in Obesity

8.2 Insulin Resistance and Protein Metabolism

8.3 Lipotoxicity and Muscle Protein Metabolism

8.4 Role of Adipose and Muscular Cytokines in the Cross-Talk Between Muscle and Adipose Tissue

8.5 Sarcopenic Obesity and Metabolic Impairments

8.6 BCAA Levels and Metabolism in Obesity

8.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9. Feeding Modulation of Amino Acid Utilization: Role of Insulin and Amino Acids in Skeletal Muscle

Abstract

9.1 Overview of the Metabolic Role of Skeletal Muscle and as an Amino Acid Repository

9.2 Impact of Splanchnic Extraction and Source of Dietary Amino Acid on Bioavailability and Muscle Protein Synthesis

9.3 Influence of Amino Acid, Macronutrient Composition, and Caloric Load on Muscle Protein Synthesis

9.4 Effects of Dose and Delivery Profile of Amino Acid on the Feeding-Induced Stimulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis

9.5 Influence of Microvascular Responses to Feeding in Relation to Muscle Protein Synthesis

9.6 The Role of Insulin in Regulating Muscle Protein Turnover

9.7 The Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Muscle Protein Breakdown by Amino Acid and Insulin

9.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Protein Metabolism and Requirement in Intensive Care Units and Septic Patients

Abstract

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Protein Metabolism in the Critically Ill Patient

10.3 Protein Requirement of Critically Ill Patients: Mechanistic Studies

10.4 Protein Requirements of Critically Ill Patients: Outcome-Based Studies

10.5 Application in Clinical Practice

10.6 Protein–Energy Ratio

10.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11. Muscle Protein Kinetics in Cancer Cachexia

Abstract

11.1 Introduction: Muscle Wasting as the Main Feature of Cancer Cachexia

11.2 Control of Skeletal Mass in Healthy Conditions

11.3 Anabolic Signals

11.4 Inflammation and Muscle Protein Degradation

11.5 Cross-Talk Between Anabolic and Catabolic Mediators

11.6 Therapeutic Approaches to Influence Protein Kinetics

11.7 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 12. Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Pulmonary Diseases and Nutritional Abnormalities: A Special Focus on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Epidemiology and Definition of Nutritional Abnormalities in Chronic Respiratory Patients

12.3 Diagnosis of Nutritional Abnormalities in Patients

12.4 Etiologic Factors and Biological Mechanisms Involved in the Nutritional Abnormalities of Patients With Chronic Respiratory Conditions: COPD as the Paradigm

12.5 Protein Metabolism, Muscles, and Exercise in Humans

12.6 Potential Therapeutic Targets of Nutritional Abnormalities in Chronic Respiratory Patients

12.7 Other Chronic Respiratory Conditions

12.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 13. Amino Acids, Protein, and the Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Gastrointestinal Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Health

13.3 The First-Pass Effect of a Bolus Meal

13.4 Gastrointestinal Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Stress Conditions

13.5 The Production of a Substrate Mix to Support Host Response in Stress

13.6 Protein Metabolism in Stress Starvation

13.7 Substrate Metabolism in Stress Starvation to Spare Protein

13.8 The Role of Individual Amino Acids in the Gastrointestinal Tract

13.9 The Role of the Intestine in Bile Salt and Amino Acid Metabolism

13.10 Role of the Intestine in Amino Acid Metabolism in Liver Failure

References

Chapter 14. Regulation of Macroautophagy by Nutrients and Metabolites

Abstract

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Overview of the Autophagic Pathway

14.3 The Nutrient Code of Autophagy

14.4 Metabolites and Autophagy

14.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section III: Cellular and Molecular Actions of Amino Acids in non Protein Metabolism

Chapter 15. Dietary Protein and Colonic Microbiota: Molecular Aspects

Abstract

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Conclusion

References

Chapter 16. Control of Food Intake by Dietary Amino Acids and Proteins: Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Abstract

16.1 Introduction

16.2 The Effect of Protein Intake and Overall Energy Intake on Body Weight and Body Composition

16.3 Detection of Protein and Amino Acids During Digestion and Control of Food Intake by Feedback Signaling

16.4 Protein-Induced Reduction in Eating and Central Neuronal Pathways

16.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17. Dietary Protein and Hepatic Glucose Production

Abstract

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Amino Acids as Glucose Precursors and Effect of Protein Intake

17.3 Insulin and Glucagon Mediated Effects of Amino Acids and Proteins on Glucose Production

17.4 Protein Meal and Hepatic Glucose Production

17.5 High Protein Diet and Hepatic Glucose Production

17.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 18. Impact of Dietary Proteins on Energy Balance, Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis: From Proteins to Peptides to Amino Acids

Abstract

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Conclusion

References

Chapter 19. Sulfur Amino Acids Metabolism From Protein Synthesis to Glutathione

Abstract

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Functions of the SAAs

19.3 Physiological Aspects of SAA Metabolism

19.4 Nutritional Aspects of SAA Metabolism

19.5 SAA Requirement

19.6 Glutathione

19.7 Conclusions

References

Section IV: Dietary Amino Acid and Protein on Gene Expression

Chapter 20. Adaptation to Amino Acid Availability: Role of GCN2 in the Regulation of Physiological Functions and in Pathological Disorders

Abstract

20.1 Introduction

20.2 The GCN2-EIF2α Pathway

20.3 Control of Physiological Functions by GCN2

20.4 Involvement of GCN2 in Pathology

20.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 21. Amino Acid-Related Diseases

Abstract

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Disorder of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism (Phenylketonuria, Hyperphenylalaninemia, Tyrosinemia Type 1)

21.3 Urea Cycle Disorders/Hyperammonemias

21.4 Disorders of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism (Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Isovaleric Acidemia, Propionic Acidemia, Methylmalonic Acidemia)

21.5 Classical Homocystinuria (HCU)

21.6 Miscellaneous

References

Chapter 22. Genes in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling and Impact of Feeding: Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Abstract

22.1 Cellular Events Involved in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling

22.2 Molecular Pathways Involved in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling

22.3 Effects of Feeding on Skeletal Muscle Remodeling

References

Chapter 23. Brain Amino Acid Sensing: The Use of a Rodent Model of Protein-Malnutrition, Lysine Deficiency

Abstract

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Brain Essential AA Sensing: The Case of the Rodent Model of Lysine Deficiency

23.3 Brain Functional Changes Elicited by Intragastric Stimulation by Nutrients, Glucose, Glutamate, and Sodium Chloride

23.4 Glutamate Signaling in the Gut Triggers Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Aids in the Prevention of Obesity

23.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References