The Echo Manual, 4e

Description:

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.  Ideal for residents, fellows, and others who need a comprehensive, clinically focused understanding of echocardiography, The Echo Manual, 4th Edition, has been thoroughly revised with updated information, new chapters, and new video clips online. Written primarily by expert authorities from the Mayo Clinic, this best-selling reference remains a practical guide to the performance, interpretation, and clinical applications of today’s echocardiography.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Abbreviations

1: Transthoracic M-mode and Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

Parasternal Position

Apical Position

Subcostal Position

Suprasternal Notch Position

M-Mode Echocardiography

References

2: Transthoracic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Introduction

3D Image Acquisition

The Left Ventricle

Validation Against cMRI

Left Ventricular Mass

3D Speckle Tracking Echocardiography

Left Ventricular Shape

The Right Ventricle

Right Ventricular Shape

The Left Atrium

3D Imaging of the Valves

Mitral Stenosis

The Tricuspid Valve

Summary

References

3: Transesophageal Echocardiography

Introduction

Indications

Preparation and Potential Complications

Instrumentation

Training of physicians and the Role of Sonographers

Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography Imaging Views

Primary Views

Upper Esophageal Views

Midesophageal Views

Transgastric Views

Caveats

3D Transesophageal Echocardiography: Basic Concepts and Clinical Applications

References

4: Doppler Echocardiography and Color Flow Imaging: Comprehensive Noninvasive Hemodynamic Assessment

Doppler Echocardiography

Pulsed Wave Doppler Echocardiography

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract

Mitral Inflow Velocity at the Tip

Mitral Inflow Velocity at the Mitral Annulus

Pulmonary Vein Velocity

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

Hepatic Vein

Superior Vena Cava

Descending Thoracic Aorta

Abdominal Aorta

Continuous Wave Doppler Echocardiography

Intracardiac Pressures

RV or Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure

Pulmonary Artery Diastolic Pressure

Left Atrial Pressure

Transvalvular And Intracavitary Gradients

Color Flow Imaging

Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output

Pulmonary-Systemic Flow Ratio (QP/QS)

Continuity Equation and Pisa

Regurgitant Volume, Fraction, and Orifice Area

Volumetric Method

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) Method

Pressure Halftime

DP/DT

Resistance

Impedance

Interesting and Challenging Doppler Recordings

References

5: Tissue Doppler and Strain Imaging

Tissue Doppler Imaging

Assessment of Myocardial Relaxation

Evaluation of Regional and Global Systolic Function

Cardiac Time Intervals

Evaluation of Thick Walls

E/e’ as a prognostic tool

2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (2D-STE)

RV and LV Function

Normal Values

RV Function

LV Function

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Athlete’s heart

Amyloid Heart Disease: (See Chapter 18)

Myocarditis

Coronary Artery Disease/Ischemia

Hypertension

Chronic Renal Failure

Cardiac Transplant

Cardio-Oncology

Cardiorheumatology

Valvular Heart Disease

Evaluation of Dyssynchrony and Positive response to CRT

Prediction of Clinical Outcome or Ventricular Arrhythmia

LA and 3-D Speckled LV Strain

References

6: Contrast Echocardiography

Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography

Evaluation of Shunts

Augmentation of the Doppler Velocity Signal

Miscellaneous Indications for Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography

Echocardiogrpahy With Ultrasound Enhancing Agent (UEA)

Contrast Agent–Ultrasound Interaction

Ultrasound Enhancing Agent Administration and Imaging Protocols

Clinical Applications of Contrast Echocardiography

Left Ventricular Opacification and Enhancement of Definition of the Endocardial Border

Off-Label Use of UEA for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Safety and Contraindications of Ultrasound Enhancing Agents

Noncardiac Applications of Contrast Ultrasound Imaging

Summary

References

7: Quantification of Left-sided Cardiac Chambers: Mass, Volumes, and Ejection Fraction

Left Ventricular Size and Shape

Left Ventricular Linear Dimensions

Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry

Linear Method of LV Mass

Area-length and Truncated Ellipsoid Methods of LV Mass

Direct Volume-Based Measure of LV Mass

LV Shape

LV Volume Assessment

2D Volumes

3D Volumes

LV Systolic Function

Ejection Fraction

Fractional Shortening

Stroke Volume

Systolic Velocity of Myocardial Tissue or Mitral Annulus (Tissue Doppler and Strain Imaging)

Regional Wall Motion Analysis

Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography

Left Atrial Size and Volume

La Contractility

References

8: Assessment of Diastolic Function

Diastolic Function

Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

Doppler Flow Velocities

Mitral Flow Velocities

Mitral Annulus Velocities

Mitral Inflow Propagation Velocity (Vp)

Pulmonary Vein Flow Velocities

Tricuspid Flow Velocities

Tricuspid Regurgitation Velocity

Hepatic Vein Flow Velocities

Superior Vena Cava Flow Velocities

Cardiac Time Intervals

Index of Myocardial Performance (Tei Index)

Time Interval from the Onset of Mitral Inflow to the Onset of Early Diastolic Mitral Annulus Velocity

Techniques for Diastolic Doppler Parameters

Grading of Diastolic Dysfunction (OR Diastolic Filling Pattern)

ASE/EACVI Recommendation for Diastolic Function Evaluation

Normal Diastolic Filling Pattern

Abnormal Patterns

Strain Imaging for Diastolic Function Assessment

Evaluation of Diastolic Function in Specific Situations

Atrial Fibrillation and Sinus Tachycardia

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Vs Constrictive Pericarditis

Valvular Heart Diseases

Mitral Annulus Calcification

Diastolic Exercise Test

Clinical Applications of Diastolic Function Evaluation

References

9: Right Heart Assessment and Pulmonary Hypertension

Right Atrial Size

Right Ventricle

Right Ventricular Wall Thickness

Right Ventricular Linear Dimensions

Right Ventricular Volumes

Right Ventricular Systolic Function

Longitudinal Measures of Right Ventricular Systolic Function

TAPSE and S′

RV Strain Imaging

Myocardial Performance Index

RV 2D Fractional Area Change

RV 3D Ejection Fraction

Pulmonary Artery Imaging

Pulmonary Veins

Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics

PA Systolic Pressure

PA Diastolic Pressure

Mean PA Pressure

Caveats In Pulmonary Artery Pressure Calculation

Rvot Doppler Profile

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

Pulmonary Vascular Capacitance

Determination of Type of Pulmonary Hypertension by Echocardiography

Mitral Inflow Velocity Pattern in Pulmonary Hypertension

Assessing Severity of Pulmonary Hypertension by Echocardiography

Acute Cor Pulmonale and Pulmonary Embolism

Transthoracic Echocardiography

Transesophageal Echocardiography

Echocardiography in Liver Disease

New Treatment for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

References

10: Cardiomyopathies

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

Doppler (Pulsed Wave, Continuous Wave, Tissue Doppler) and Color Flow Imaging

Echocardiography in the Management of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography

Doppler (Pulsed Wave, Continuous Wave) and Color Flow Imaging

Septal Reduction Therapy

Transesophageal Echocardiography and Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Caveats

Athlete Heart Versus Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia or Cardiomyopathy

Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy (Isolated Left Ventricular Noncompaction)

References

11: Heart Failure, LVAD, and Transplantation

Algorithm for Using Echocardiography in Heart Failure

Heart Failure with Reduced EF

Heart Failure with Preserved EF

High-Output Heart Failure

Echocardiography In Lvad Recipients—The Cardiac “Chimera”

Continuous LVAD Hemodynamics

The Trade-Off Between Pump Output and Flow Pulsatility

LV and LA Unloading

Aortic Valve Opening Status

Hemodynamic Impact of the LVAD on Right-Sided Chambers

Role of Echocardiography in LVAD Patients

Preoperative Evaluation

Evaluation of the Left Heart Chambers

Right Ventricular Function and TR

Aortic Regurgitation

Patent Foramen Ovale

Postoperative Assessment

Postoperative Evaluation of Left Heart Chambers

Right Ventricular Function and TR

Assessment of Aortic and Mitral Regurgitation

Pump Flow and Total Cardiac Output

Postoperative Instability

Impeller Thrombosis

Cannula Kinking or Obstruction (Fig. 11-15)

Long-Term Echo Considerations in Patients with LVAD

Optimal LVAD Settings—“RAMP Studies”

Assessment of Clinical Deterioration or Abnormal LVAD Parameters Associated with LVAD Dysfunction

Low Forward Cardiac Output and Low Pump Flow with Increased Systolic/Diastolic (S/D) Velocity Ratio

Low Forward Cardiac Output and Low Pump Flow with Low Cannula Flow and Aortic Valve Opening Every Cycle

Low Forward Cardiac Output, Low Pump Flow with Low Cannula Flow and Aortic Valve Permanently Closed

High Pump Flow with Low Forward Cardiac Output

Myocardial Recovery

Heart Transplantation

References

12: Pericardial Diseases

Congenitally Absent Pericardium

Pericardial CYST

Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade

Echocardiographically Guided Pericardiocentesis

Pericardial Effusion Versus Pleural Effusion

Pericardial Fat

Constrictive Pericarditis

Mayo Clinic Diagnostic Criteria for Constriction

Cautions and Caveats in the Diagnosis of Constriction

Differentiation from Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Other Mimickers

Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis

Transient Constrictive Pericarditis

Transesophageal Echocardiography

3D Echocardiography in Pericardial Disease

Cardiac CT, MRI, AND Nuclear Imaging

Clinical Impact of Echocardiography on Pericardial Diseases

References

13: Native Valvular Heart Disease

Aortic Stenosis

Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography

Doppler Echocardiography

Definition of Severe Aortic Stenosis

Types of Severe Aortic Stenosis

Dobutamine Echocardiography in Low-Flow Low-Gradient Severe Aortic Stenosis

Caveats

What Is Normal LVEF in Aortic Stenosis?

Diastolic Function and Strain Imaging in Aortic Stenosis

Severe Pulmonary Hypertension with Severe Aortic Stenosis

Natural History and Progression of Aortic Stenosis

Role of Exercise in Patients with Aortic Stenosis

Transesophageal Echocardiography

Clinical Implications

Mitral Stenosis

Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography

Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Doppler and Color Flow Imaging

Definition of Mitral Stenosis Severity

Caveats

Exercise Hemodynamics

Transesophageal Echocardiography

Strain Imaging

Tricuspid Stenosis

Pulmonary Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography

Doppler and Color Flow Imaging

Mitral Regurgitation

The Carpentier Classification

Mitral Valve Prolapse and Flail

Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Semiquantitative Assessment of MR Severity

Volumetric Assessment of MR Severity

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) Method for MR Severity

Simplification of the PISA Method

MR Severity Criteria

Exercise Echocardiography for MR

Transesophageal Echocardiography

Tricuspid Regurgitation

Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography

Doppler and Color Flow Imaging

Pulmonary Regurgitation

Timing of Surgery for Valvular Disease

References

14: Prosthetic Valve Evaluation

Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

Doppler Echocardiography

Timing of Echocardiography after Implantation

Obstruction

Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch

Calculation of Prosthetic Effective Orifice Area

Thrombolytic Therapy for Prosthetic Valve Obstruction

Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy for Prosthetic Valves

Regurgitation

Transesophageal Echocardiography

Hemolysis After Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement

Clinical Impact

Caveats

Transcatheter Valve Replacement

References

15: Infective Endocarditis

Predisposing Conditions and Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis

Echocardiographic Imaging

Vegetation

Local Valvular Destruction

Perivalvular Extension of Infection

Embolism

Approach to Echocardiographic Imaging

References

16: Stress Echocardiography

Historical Perspective

Applications

Indication

Mayo Clinic Experience

The Stress Echo Team

Safety

Image Acquisition

Image Interpretation

Exercise Echocardiography

Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography

Dobutamine/Pacing Stress Echocardiography

Dipyridamole Stress Echocardiography

Diagnostic Accuracy

Hypertensive Blood Pressure Response During Stress Echo

Assessment of Myocardial Viability

Diastolic Stress Echocardiography

Hemodynamic Supine Bike for Valvular Heart Diseases

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Dobutamine Echo For Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis

Risk Stratification

Recent Advances and Future Directions

References

17: Coronary Artery Disease, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Takotsubo Syndrome

Evaluation of Chest Pain Syndrome

Acute Myocardial Infarction

Infarct Size and LV Remodeling

MI Complications and Cardiogenic Shock

Right Ventricular Infarct

Ventricular Septal Rupture

Papillary Muscle Rupture

Secondary Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Acute Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

True Ventricular Aneurysm and Thrombus

Free Wall Rupture and Pseudoaneurysm

Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade

Acute Myocardial Infarction with Normal Coronary Arteries, Including “Takotsubo” or Apical Ballooning Syndrome

Diastolic Function in CAD

Risk Stratification

Evaluation of the Coronary Arteries and Flow Reserve

References

18: Cardiac Diseases Due to Systemic Illness, Genetics, or Medication

Infiltrative Disorders

Amyloidosis

Sarcoidosis

Endocrine Disorders

Thyroid disease

Carcinoid

Pheochromocytoma

Inflammatory Diseases

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Behçet Disease

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)

Giant Cell Arteritis

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

Hereditary—Connective Tissue Disease

Marfan Syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome—Type IV

Loeys-Dietz Syndrome

Hereditary—Neuromuscular Diseases

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Friedreich Ataxia

Storage Diseases

Fabry Disease

Hemochromatosis

Infectious Diseases and the Heart

Sepsis

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Chagas Disease

Diseases Secondary to Systemic Therapies

Drug-Induced Cardiac Diseases

Radiation-Induced Cardiac Diseases

Miscellaneous Systemic Diseases

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

Renal Failure

Liver Disease

References

19: Cardiac Tumors and Masses

Neoplasms

Myxoma

Fibroma

Rhabdomyoma

Paraganglioma

Malignant Tumors of the Heart

Nonneoplastic Masses

Papillary Fibroelastoma

Hamartoma of Mature Cardiac Myocytes

Thrombus

Others

References

20: Diseases of the Aorta

Aortic Aneurysm

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Aortic Atherosclerosis

Acute Aortic Syndromes

Aortic Dissection

Treatment

Penetrating Aortic Ulcer

Aortic Intramural Hematoma

Incomplete Aortic Rupture

Aortitis

Aortic Tumor and Mass

Coarctation of the Aorta

References

21: Congenital Heart Disease

Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Defects

Image Orientation in Congenital Heart Defects

Clinical Presentations of Congenital Heart Defects

Prenatal and Neonatal

Pediatric and Adult Presentations of Congenital Heart Disease

Malformations Associated with Shunt Physiology

Atrial Septal Defects

Atrioventricular Septal Defects—Complete and Partial Forms

Ventricular Septal Defects

Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections

Anomalous Systemic Veins

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Obstruction to Blood Flow

Coarctation of the Aorta

Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Coronary Artery Fistulae

Complex Congenital Cardiac Malformations

Ebstein Anomaly

Tetralogy of Fallot

Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries

Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries

Univentricular Atrioventricular Connections

References

22: Interventional Echocardiography

Interventional Echocardiography and Structural Heart Disease

Interventional Echocardiography: Basic Principles

Radiation Safety

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Preprocedure Echocardiographic Evaluation

Intraprocedural Echocardiography

TEE Guidance of Transseptal Puncture

Transcatheter Closure of Prosthetic Valve Paravalvular Regurgitation

Baseline Echocardiographic Assessment of PVR

TEE Localization of Mitral PVR or Periprosthetic Leak

Procedural Imaging for PVR Closure

Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair

Preprocedure Imaging for Edge-to-Edge TMVR

Procedural Imaging for Edge-to-Edge TMVR

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement

Transcatheter Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion

Preprocedural Assessment for LAA Occlusion

Procedural Guidance During LAA Occlusion

Echocardiographic Follow-Up Imaging Postimplant

References

23: Adult Intraoperative Echocardiography

IOTEE Importance in Cardiac Surgery

IOTEE Importance in Noncardiac Surgery

IOTEE Implementation in Cardiac Surgery

General Considerations

Aortic Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Tricuspid Regurgitation

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral Valve Repair

Mitral Valve Replacement

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Conclusion

References

24: Intracardiac and Intravascular Ultrasound

Intracardiac Echocardiography

Detailed Description of ICE Examination

Three- and Four-Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography

Applications of Intracardiac Echocardiography

Electrophysiology Procedures

Device Closure Procedures

Paravalvular Leak

Other Applications

Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS)

References

25: Vascular Tonometry and Imaging for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

Arterial Tonometry

Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity

Central (Aortic) Blood Pressure

Ultrasound

Carotid Ultrasound for Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque

Brachial Artery Reactivity Testing

Conclusions

References

26: Handheld Cardiac and Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Introduction

Terminology

Historical Development

Current Models

Diagnostic Capabilities

Operator Experience

Diagnostic Strengths

Diagnostic Limitations

Handheld Cardiac Ultrasound as an Extension of the Physical Examination

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound

Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Critical Care

Handheld Cardiac Ultrasound in Medical Education

Appropriate Use

Conclusions

References

27: Physics of Ultrasound

Ultrasound Physics

Ultrasound Imaging Systems and Controls

Imaging Artifacts

Echocardiographic Examination

Digital Echocardiography

Echocardiography Report

References

28: The Future of Echocardiography

General Aspects

The Future of Echocardiography in Ischemic Heart Disease

Assessment of Left Ventricle Function and Geometry Using 3DE

Hybrid Imaging with Coronary Tomography and 3D Speckle-Tracking Stress Echocardiography Fusion

The Future of Echocardiography in Valvular Heart Disease

Echocardiography in the Assessment of Valve Stenosis

Echocardiography in the Assessment of Valve Regurgitation

Repercussion of Valve Lesions on Cardiac Function

Semiautomated Valve Software Analysis

The Future of Echocardiography in Structural Heart Disease Interventions

Percutaneous Closure of Interatrial Shunts

Left Atrial Appendage Closure

Percutaneous Closure of Paravalvular Leakages

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

Other Future Perspectives

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Flow Visualization through Echocardiography

Conclusions/Final Remarks

References

29: Artificial Intelligence and Echocardiography: Current Status and Future Directions

Learning and Validation

Limitations of AI Systems

AI-Guided Examination

Image Analysis

Echocardiographic Measurements

Comprehensive Echocardiography Reporting Using AI

AI-Enhanced Echo Reading

Future Directions

Conclusions

References

Appendix

Index

 

An aparitie	31 Decembrie 2018
Autor	Jae K. Oh and Garvan C. Kane
Dimensiuni	21.6 x 3.2 x 28.6 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardback
ISBN	9781496312198
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	528