The Clinical Practice of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing

 

Description:

 

Base your care of neurological patients on evidence-based best practices, with the completely updated, fully illustrated The Clinical Practice of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing , 8th Edition . This is the most current and comprehensive neuroscience nursing text, written to support you in the everyday high-level assessments, information processing and decision making required of the neurological nurse. A must-have for offering accurate, efficient care of adult/geriatric neuroscience patients, this is ideal for both beginning and advanced neuro nurses and nursing students.

 

Table of Contents:

 

SECTION 1 NEUROSCIENCE NURSING: CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE

CHAPTER 1 The State of the Science of Neuroscience Nursing Practice

INTRODUCTION

THE STATE OF HEALTH CARE AND PRACTICE

THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

TRENDS SHAPING HEALTH CARE DELIVERY

Legislation and Regulations

Economic Trends

Demographics

Sociologic Trends

Technologic Trends

NATIONAL AGENDA FOR HEALTH

PROFESSIONAL NURSING AND NEUROSCIENCE SPECIALTY PRACTICE

Professional Practice and Specialization

Interprofessional Practice

Transformation of Care into Evidence-Based Care

Application of Knowledge in Professional Practice

The Neuroscience Nurse: Present and Future

CHAPTER 2 Ethical Perspectives and End-of-Life Care

INTRODUCTION

NATIONAL INITIATIVES AND TRENDS

AN ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NEUROSCIENCE PRACTICE

ETHICS, MORALITY, AND LEGALITY

Ethics

Morality

Legality

FRAMEWORK FOR ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

Decision Making in General

Process of Ethical Decision Making

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM

Nursing

Advanced Practice Registered Nurses

Social Workers

Physicians

DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY AND ADVANCE DIRECTIVES AND LIVING WILLS

Patient’s Capacity to Make Decisions

Advance Directives and Living Wills

END-OF-LIFE CARE

NATIONAL PALLIATIVE CARE GUIDELINES

REFERRAL TO PALLIATIVE CARE

Artificial Hydration and Nutrition

Summary and Evidence-Based Recommendations: Stopping Artificial Nutrition and Hydration at the End of Life

Promotion of Comfort and Relief of Pain

Demystifying the Fears of Addiction

Stages of Active Dying

Preparing the Family for What to Expect

Hunger and Thirst

Social Interaction

Terminal Delirium

Reduced Senses

“Death Rattle”

Symptom Management

Dyspnea

Terminal Extubation

FOSTERING PROFESSIONAL GROWTH IN ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

Professional Development and Ethical Caring

Institutional Ethics Committee

Ethics Rounds

Ethics Educational Programs and Discussion Groups

Current Research

Future Trends for Research and Practice

CHAPTER 3 Beyond the Hospital: Preparing and Caring for Neuroscience Patients After Acute Care

INTRODUCTION

MAGNITUDE OF THE CHALLENGE: THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

Person- and Family-Centered Care

PATIENT- OR PERSON-CENTERED CARE? CONCEPTS IN EVOLUTION

PERSON- AND FAMILY-CENTERED CARE ENGAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES

PERSON- AND FAMILY-CENTERED CARE: EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE

Continuity of Care

Care Coordination

AGENDA FOR NURSE-LED CARE COORDINATION

CARE COORDINATION COMMUNICATION

Planning for Transition From the Hospital (Discharge Planning)

CAREGIVING SETTINGS BEYOND CRITICAL AND ACUTE CARE

Institutional Settings

Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals (LTACH)/Transitional Hospitals

Subacute Rehabilitation in a Skilled Nursing Facility

Long-Term Care

Skilled Nursing Facilities for Ventilator-Dependent Patients

Community Settings

At Home With Home Health Services

At Home With Supportive “Paid” Home Care

At Home Requiring Outpatient Therapy and Other Health Services

At Home With “Informal” Unpaid Caregivers

UNIQUE DISCHARGE CHALLENGES

Ambulatory Care Clinics

INTERPROFESSIONAL TEAM

TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION

Formal Caregiving Perspectives: What Works and What Doesn’t

CAREGIVING BY FAMILY AND FRIENDS

Paid Informal Caregivers

Nonpaid Informal Caregivers

Consequences of Caregiving

Specific Neuroscience Patient Population Examples

CARE FOR THE CAREGIVER

Assessment of Their Well-Being

Caregiver Information Needs and Support

Technology Support

RESEARCH GAPS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF NEUROSCIENCE PATIENTS

CHAPTER 4 Overview of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology

INTRODUCTION

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Neuroglia Cells

Neurons

COMPONENTS OF THE CELL BODY

CELL PROCESSES: AXONS AND DENDRITES

PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE IMPULSES

Resting Membrane Potential of the Neurons

Action Potential of the Neuron

Saltatory Conduction

Synapse

Neurotransmitters

Postsynaptic Membrane—Excitation and Inhibition

Presynaptic Inhibition

FUNCTIONS AND DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CRANIAL AND SPINAL BONES

Skull

Sutures of the Skull

SPINE

LIGAMENTS OF THE SPINE

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

MENINGES

Spaces of the Meninges

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Ventricular System

Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption

CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION

Internal Carotid Arteries

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION

Vertebral Arteries

Circle of Willis

Venous Drainage

Meningeal Blood Supply

Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord, Spinal Roots, and Spinal Nerves

BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER, THE BBB

BRAIN (ENCEPHALON)

Cerebrum

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ACCORDING TO LOBES

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

DOMINANCE OF A CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

CORPUS CALLOSUM

BASAL GANGLIA

DIENCEPHALON

Thalamus

Epithalamus

Hypothalamus

Subthalamus

INTERNAL CAPSULE

HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY GLAND)

Relationship Between the Hypothalamus and Hypophysis in Neuroendocrine Control

Hypothalamohypophyseal Tract

Hypophyseal Portal System

BRAINSTEM (MIDBRAIN, PONS, AND MEDULLA)

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

CEREBELLUM

SPECIAL SYSTEMS WITHIN THE BRAIN

SPINAL CORD

The Spinal Cord in Cross-Section

Spinal Nerves

DORSAL (SENSORY) ROOTS

VENTRAL (MOTOR) ROOTS

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE FIBERS

Plexuses

MOTOR SYSTEM

Descending Motor Pathways: Upper Motor Neurons and Lower Motor Neurons

SENSORY SYSTEM

Pain and Temperature

Proprioception

Coordination of Muscle Contraction

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Spinal Reflexes

Micturition

Defecation

CRANIAL NERVES

Olfactory Nerve (Sensory) (CN I)

Optic Nerve (Sensory) (CN II)

Oculomotor Nerve (Motor) (CN III)

Trochlear Nerve (Motor) (CN IV)

Trigeminal Nerve (Mixed) (CN V)

Abducens Nerve (Motor) (CN VI)

Facial Nerve (Mixed) (CN VII)

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Sensory) (CN VIII)

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Mixed) (CN IX)

Vagus Nerve (Mixed) (CN X)

Spinal Accessory Nerve (Motor) (CN XI)

Hypoglossal Nerve (Motor) (CN XII)

CHAPTER 5 Diagnostics for Patients With Neurological Disorders

INTRODUCTION

PATIENT AND FAMILY TEACHING

Focus of Patient Teaching

Outpatient Procedures

Hospitalized Patients and Procedures

X-RAYS OF THE HEAD AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Skull/Facial X-Rays

Spinal X-Rays

Fluoroscopy

STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Computed Tomography

Other Uses of Computed Tomography Technology in Diagnostics

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES OF THE BRAIN

Positron Emission Tomography

Single-Photon Computed Emission Tomography

Functional MRI

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND SPINAL PROCEDURES

Lumbar Puncture

CT Myelography

CEREBROVASCULAR NEUROIMAGING

Ultrasonography

Carotid Ultrasound

Transcranial Dopplers

Cerebral Angiography

BIOPSIES

Patient Preparation and Postprocedural Care

NERVOUS SYSTEM ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND CONDUCTION

Electroencephalography

Motor and Sensory Nerve Conduction Studies

Electromyography

Evoked Potentials

GENETIC TESTING

NEUROPSYCHOLOGIC EXAMINATION

Common Neuropsychological Deficits Associated With Cerebral Dysfunction

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 6 Comprehensive Neurological Examination

PURPOSES

THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION

Circumstances of the Examination

Types of Examinations

Role of the Nurse During the Examination

Equipment

Approach

CONDUCTING THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION

LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS

MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION

General Impression of Patient Awareness and Mental Function

Reception and Interpretation of Sensory Stimuli

Higher-Level Cognitive Functions

CRANIAL NERVE EXAMINATION

Olfactory Nerve (Sensory) (CN I)

Optic Nerve (Sensory) (CN II)

Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN IV), and Abducens (CN VI) Nerves (All Motor)

Trigeminal Nerve (Mixed) (CN V)

Facial Nerve (Mixed) (CN VII)

Acoustic Nerve (Sensory) (CN VIII)

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and Vagus (CN X) Nerves (Both Mixed)

Spinal Accessory Nerve (Motor) (CN XI)

Hypoglossal Nerve (Motor) (CN XII)

MOTOR SYSTEM EXAMINATION

Muscle Size

Muscle Tone

Muscle Strength

UPPER EXTREMITIES

LOWER EXTREMITIES

Gait and Posture

Involuntary Movements

SENSORY SYSTEM EXAMINATION

Superficial Sensation

Deep Sensation

Discriminative Sensation (Usually, Not All Modalities are Tested)

CEREBELLAR SYSTEM EXAMINATION

Upper Extremities

Lower Extremities

Balance

REFLEXES

Muscle Stretch Reflexes

Superficial Reflexes

Pathologic Reflexes

THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE COMATOSE PATIENT

Components of the Neurological Examination for a Comatose Patient

Reflexes

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CHAPTER 7 Neurological Assessment

INTRODUCTION

ESTABLISHING A NURSING DATABASE

OVERVIEW OF NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Purposes

Components of the Neurological Assessment

FREQUENCY OF ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTATION

CONCEPT OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Anatomic and Physiologic Basis of Consciousness

Alterations in Consciousness

IDENTIFYING THE LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE

CHANGES IN LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Special States of Altered Consciousness

Cognition

RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION

BEHAVIOR AND STREAM OF MENTAL ACTIVITY

CRANIAL NERVE ASSESSMENT

ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL FIELDS (OPTIC NERVE)

ASSESSMENT OF PUPILS (OCULOMOTOR NERVE)

Size

Shape

Reaction to Light

ASSESSMENT OF EXTRAOCULAR MOVEMENT (OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR, AND ABDUCENS NERVES)

ASSESSMENT OF THE CONSCIOUS, COOPERATIVE PATIENT

The Eyeballs

Eyelids

Movement of the Eyes

Abnormal Movements

ASSESSMENT OF THE UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT

General Observations

Assessment of Facial Movement (Facial Nerve)

Selected Reflexes

ASSESSMENT OF MOTOR FUNCTION

Muscle Size and Tone

ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH

Upper Extremities

Lower Extremities

INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT, POSTURE, AND GAIT

SENSORY ASSESSMENT

FREQUENCY AND DOCUMENTATION OF SENSORY DATA

ASSESSMENT OF CEREBELLAR FUNCTION

VITAL SIGNS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

CNS Ischemic Response

Cushing’s Response (Reflex)

Cushing’s Triad

Anatomy and Physiology Related to Vital Signs

Assessment of Vital Signs

SUMMARY

SECTION 3 NEUROSCIENCE NURSING: COMMON MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

CHAPTER 8 Intracranial Hypertension: Theory and Management of Increased Intracranial Pressure

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE

Physiologic Considerations

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Pathophysiology: Cerebral Ischemia and Cerebral Infarction

HERNIATION SYNDROMES OF THE BRAIN

Supratentorial Herniation

Infratentorial Herniation

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE

Perspective

Clinical Variations in Increased Intracranial Pressure

MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIVE PROBLEM

Assessment, Management Strategies, and Interventions for Intracranial Hypertension

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Strategies and Interventions for Increased Intracranial Pressure and Intracranial Hypertension

MONITORING INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE

Calibration

Pressure Waves

Complications of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: Infection Control and Hemorrhage

Nursing Management of the Patient During Intracranial Pressure Monitoring

SPECIAL SYNDROMES: BENIGN INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION AND HYDROCEPHALUS

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)

CHAPTER 9 Hydrocephalus

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

ETIOLOGIES

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCEPHALUS

COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS

Obstruction of CSF

Without Obstruction of CSF

Overproduction of CSF

NONCOMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS

ASSESSMENT

Diagnostic Studies

Specific Studies for Evaluation of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

OPERATIVE PROCEDURES

CSF Shunt

Types of Shunts

Shunt Valves

SHUNT MALFUNCTION

Other Shunt Complications

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 10 Management of Patients With an Altered Level of Consciousness

INTRODUCTION

IMMOBILITY

SPECIALTY BEDS AND SUPPORT SURFACES

Impact and Cost

THE CONSEQUENCES OF IMMOBILITY: MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS

Respiratory Function

QUESTIONS

Cardiovascular Function

The Skin and Related Structures

Fingernails and Toenails

Musculoskeletal Function

Urinary Function

Gastrointestinal Function

Metabolic Problems

Nosocomial Infections

Pain Management

Psychosocial Considerations

THE CARE ENVIRONMENT

COMMUNICATIONS

REGAINING CONSCIOUSNESS

SUMMARY

Case Study Answers

CHAPTER 11 Neuroendocrine Disorders in Neuroscience Patients

INTRODUCTION

HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY AXIS

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

Adrenal Gland

HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS

FLUID AND SODIUM REGULATION

Distribution of Water

Basic Concepts

Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance

Sensors for Control of Fluid and Sodium Balance

DYSFUNCTION OF HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY AXIS

SODIUM DISTURBANCES

Hyponatremia

Treatment Principles

SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE SECRETION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

Treatment

Nursing Management

CEREBRAL SALT WASTING

HYPERNATREMIA

Treatment Principles

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

Treatment

Nursing Management

OTHER COMMON ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES

Correction of Electrolyte Imbalances

HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS DYSFUNCTION

Sympathetic Storming

Neurogenic Stress Cardiomyopathy

Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 12 Neurosurgical Procedures: Patient Care Management

THE PREOPERATIVE PHASE

Informed Consent

Preoperative Teaching and Support

Preoperative Preparations

THE PERIOPERATIVE PHASE

Arrival in the Preoperative Area

Arrival in the Operating Room Suite

Positioning During Surgery

Ongoing Neurophysiological Monitoring

Neuroanesthesia

Cerebral Protection

NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES AND OTHER RELATED THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES

POSTOPERATIVE PHASE

Admission to the Intensive Care Unit

Assessment and Monitoring in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit

Transfer from the Intensive Care Unit to an Acute Care Unit

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS

Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Management

Neurological Complications

Other Complications

NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD

NURSE’S ROLE IN REHABILITATION AND DISCHARGE PLANNING

Independent Nursing Role

Collaborative and Interdisciplinary Role

SELECTED NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES

Transsphenoidal Surgery

CSF Diversion

FUTURE TRENDS

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 13 Rehabilitation of Patients With Neurological Disorders

INTRODUCTION

FRAMEWORK FOR DISABILITY

CONCEPTS OF REHABILITATION

A PHILOSOPHY OF REHABILITATION

Terminology of Rehabilitation

Framework for Rehabilitation Decisions

Interprofessional Team and Outcomes

ASSESSMENT OF ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING

PRINCIPLES OF REHABILITATION NURSING

Nursing Management of Patients With Impaired Physical Mobility

THE BASIS OF MOVEMENT AND TREATMENT OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS

Neurophysiological and Developmental Treatment Approaches

Positioning

Exercise Programs

Mobility: Transfer and Ambulation

MANAGEMENT OF THE SKIN

Nursing Management of the Patient With Altered Skin Integrity

SENSORY–PERCEPTUAL DEFICITS

Nursing Management of Patients With Perceptual Deficits

COMMUNICATION DEFICITS

Nursing Management of Patients With Altered Communication

SWALLOWING DEFICITS

Nursing Management of the Patient With Impaired Swallowing

BLADDER DYSFUNCTION AND RETRAINING

Normal Bladder Function

Summary of Effects of Neurological Lesions on Micturition

Nursing Management of Patients With Altered Urinary Elimination Patterns

Treatment Options for Management of Altered Urinary Elimination Patterns

BOWEL ELIMINATION AND DYSFUNCTION

Normal Function

Types of Altered Bowel Function Patterns

Nursing Management of Patients With Altered Bowel Elimination Pattern

COGNITIVE REHABILITATION

Nursing Management of Patients With Cognitive Deficits

HOME-BASED CARE OF THE PATIENT WHO IS VENTILATOR DEPENDENT

DISCHARGE PLANNING

REHABILITATION LEGISLATION AND ENTITLEMENT PROGRAMS

SUMMARY

Rehabilitation Research Agenda

Trends in Rehabilitation Research

Trends in Rehabilitation Practice

SECTION 4 NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH INJURY TO THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 14 Craniocerebral Injuries

SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM

OVERVIEW OF CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA

Definitions and Classification

Anatomic Correlations

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

PRIMARY BRAIN INJURY

SECONDARY BRAIN INJURY

PRIMARY INJURY: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

Scalp Lacerations

Skull Fracture

Traumatic Brain Injuries

OTHER INJURIES RELATED TO TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

Facial Fractures

Cranial Nerve Injuries Associated With Skull Fractures

MANAGEMENT OF THE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY PATIENT: THE CONTINUUM OF CARE

Severity of Injury

Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries

PREHOSPITAL MANAGEMENT

Airway

Breathing

Circulation

Disability

EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OR TRAUMA CENTER MANAGEMENT

INTENSIVE CARE UNIT MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

Monitoring

Management of Intracranial Hypertension

Seizure Management

Multisystem Management

MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY DURING THE POSTACUTE PHASE

REHABILITATION

PREDICTING OUTCOME FROM TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

PREVENTION OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: A DYNAMIC PROCESS THROUGH RESEARCH

ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL REASONING: KEY ROLE OF THE NEUROSCIENCE NURSE IN PATIENT CARE

Vital Signs

Neurological Signs

Other Observations

NURSING MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

NURSING MANAGEMENT FOR SPECIAL PROBLEMS

Basal Skull Fractures

Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

Hygroma

SUMMARY AND FUTURE TRENDS

CHAPTER 15 Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries

A PERSPECTIVE

Comprehensive Evidence-Based Practice

UNDERSTANDING THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD INJURIES

Anatomic Considerations

Kinetics of Movement

SPECIFIC CATEGORIES OF INJURIES

Soft-Tissue Injuries

Vertebral Injuries

Mechanistic Classification of Vertebral Injury

Radiographic Classification

Compression Fractures

Stability of the Spine Classification

Classification According to Spinal Segment

Thoracic, Thoracolumbar, and Lumbar Spine Fractures

Spinal Cord Injuries

ACUTE SPINAL CORD TRAUMA

Terminology

Immediate Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Cord Trauma

EARLY MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY

Prehospital Management

Emergency Department Management

Pharmacologic Neuroprotection in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

Imaging Examination

Early Medical Management of Spinal Cord Injury

Selection of Treatment Approach: Surgical or Nonsurgical

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL CORD INJURY

Types of Procedures

NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL FRACTURES AND SPINAL CORD INJURIES

Nonoperative Treatment Options

Approaches to Management Based on the Level of Injury

Placement of Halo Ring

FOCUS ON COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT IN THE ACUTE AND POSTACUTE PHASES

Acute Phase

MAJOR PATIENT MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NURSE

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Spinal Cord Trauma

Nursing Assessment

Nursing Interventions

Psychological Responses

RESEARCH

Future Trends

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 16 Back Pain and Spinal Disorders

INTRODUCTION

CONDITIONS RELATED TO BACK OR NECK PAIN

Degenerative Changes Associated With Aging

Osteoporosis

LOW BACK PAIN

Diagnosis of Back Problems

Initial Management

NECK PAIN

HERNIATED INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Signs and Symptoms by Location

Diagnosis

Treatment

Lumbar

Cervical

ADDITIONAL COMMON DIAGNOSES

Surgical Intervention

RECURRENT SYMPTOMS AFTER SURGERY

RESEARCH AND FUTURE TRENDS IN PRACTICE

SUMMARY

SECTION 5 NURSING MANAGEMENT OF CRANIAL NERVE DISORDERS AND PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES

CHAPTER 17 Cranial Nerve Diseases

TRIGEMINAL NERVE

TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA

Course of the Disease

Treatment

Nursing Management

The Facial Nerve

BELL’S PALSY

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Nursing Management

MÉNIÈRE’S DISEASE

Diagnosis

Treatment

Nursing Management

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NEURALGIA

Treatment

Nursing Management

CHAPTER 18 Peripheral Nerve Injuries

INTRODUCTION

NERVE ANATOMY

Peripheral Nerves

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE NERVE INJURY

Classification of Acute Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Nerve Response to Acute Injury

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC NERVE INJURY

APPROACH TO PATIENT CARE

History and Physical Examination

Assessment of Function

DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES

General Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Nerve Trauma

TYPES OF PERIPHERAL NERVE TRAUMA

Common Traumatic Syndromes

Brachial Plexus Injuries

Upper Extremity Injuries

Lower Extremity Injuries

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION TREATMENT

ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHIES

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome/Ulnar Neuropathy

Radial Nerve Entrapment Syndrome

Sciatic Neuropathy

Femoral Neuropathy

Peroneal Neuropathy

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Lower Trunk Brachial Plexus—Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

SELECTED CHRONIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES

Diabetic Neuropathy

Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Neuropathies

COLLABORATIVE AND NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH PERIPHERAL NERVE TRAUMA AND CHRONIC ILLNESS–RELATED NEUROPATHIES

Rehabilitation

RESEARCH AND FUTURE TRENDS IN PRACTICE

Diagnosis

Treatment Trends

Outcomes

SUMMARY

SECTION 6 NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH NEOPLASMS OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 19 Brain Tumors

OVERVIEW OF BRAIN TUMORS

Epidemiology

Brain Metastases

Primary Brain Tumors

Classification of Brain Tumors

Pathophysiology of Brain Tumors

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BRAIN TUMOR

General Signs and Symptoms

Focal Signs and Symptoms

Temporal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Pituitary and Hypothalamus Region

Lateral and Third Ventricles

Brainstem

Midbrain

Fourth Ventricle

Cerebellum

ASSOCIATED INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE SIGNS

Papilledema

Obstruction to Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid

APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH A BRAIN TUMOR

Diagnosis

Medical Treatment

Medical Management Along the Illness Continuum

NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH A BRAIN TUMOR

An Overview

Nursing Management During Diagnosis

Nursing Management Before and After Surgery

Nursing Management During Radiation Therapy

Nursing Management During Chemotherapy

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 20 Spinal Cord Tumors

EPIDEMIOLOGY

CLASSIFICATION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Rate of Growth and Density

Metastatic Spinal Cord Tumors

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH SPINAL CORD TUMORS

Pain

Motor Deficits

Sensory Deficits

Autonomic Dysfunction: Respiratory, Bowel, Bladder, and Sexual Dysfunction

Other Findings

DIAGNOSIS

Clinical Findings

Diagnostics

PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT

Preservation of Neurological Function

Treatment Options

Prognosis and Discharge Planning

NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH A SPINAL CORD TUMOR

Assessment

Collaborative and Patient Problems

Management

Follow-Up in the Community

SECTION 7 NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

CHAPTER 21 Transient Ischemic Attacks and Acute Ischemic Stroke

DISEASE-SPECIFIC CERTIFICATION: STROKE CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE

PUBLIC AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Risk Factors for Acute Ischemic Stroke

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF STROKE

Acute Ischemic Stroke

ISCHEMIC STROKE SUBTYPES

Arterial Dissection

ANATOMY, ATHEROGENESIS, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RELATED TO ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE

Anatomical and Physiologic Basis for Ischemic Stroke

Pathophysiology of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Infarction and Ischemic Penumbra

Neuronal Death

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STROKE SYNDROMES ACCORDING TO THE INVOLVED VESSEL

Comparison of Left-Sided and Right-Sided Stroke

Diagnostics for Transient Ischemic Attack and Acute Ischemic Stroke

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE

Supportive Care

Medical Management

Surgical and Endovascular Interventions

GENERAL NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE STROKE PATIENT

Primary and Secondary Prevention of Stroke

Initial Acute Care Management

Early Focus on Rehabilitation

Discharge Planning and Continuity of Care

Patient Education

Recovery

CHAPTER 22 Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

ETIOLOGY OF INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGIC STROKE

Site of ICH

CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF ICH

Putaminal Hemorrhage

Thalamic Hemorrhage

Pontine Hemorrhage

Cerebellar Hemorrhage

Other Locations of Hemorrhage: Lobar Hemorrhage

Clinical Assessment

DIAGNOSTICS

Acute Management of ICH Stroke

Prehospital and Emergency Department Management

Medical Treatment

Hemostatic Therapeutic Approaches to Coagulopathies

Factor Deficiency- or Thrombocytopenia-Related ICH

Heparin-Related ICH

Antiplatelet-Related ICH

VKA-Related ICH

New Oral Anticoagulant Drugs

Other AHA/ASA Recommendations Related to Coagulopathies

Blood Pressure Management

Inpatient Management and Prevention of Secondary Brain Injury

Seizure, Glucose, and Temperature Control

Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH)

Surgery

NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE HEMORRHAGIC STROKE PATIENT

Initial Acute Care Management

Assessment and Monitoring

Implementation and Titration of Protocols

Safety and Prevention of Complications Related to Immobilization

Early Rehabilitation and Recovery

COORDINATION AND TRANSITIONS IN CARE AND DISCHARGE PLANNING

Prevention of Recurrent ICH

Clinical Performance Measures for Adults Hospitalized With ICH

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 23 Intracranial Aneurysms

CHAPTER 24 Arteriovenous Malformations and Other Cerebrovascular Anomalies

SECTION 8 NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PAIN, SEIZURES, AND CNS INFECTIONS

CHAPTER 25 Chronic Pain

CHAPTER 26 Headaches

CHAPTER 27 Seizures and Epilepsy

CHAPTER 28 Infections of the Central Nervous System

SECTION 9 NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MOVEMENT DISORDERS, NEURODEGENERATIVE AND NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES

CHAPTER 29 Parkinson’s Disease

CHAPTER 30 Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias

CHAPTER 31 Multiple Sclerosis

CHAPTER 32 Guillain–Barré Syndrome

CHAPTER 33 Myasthenia Gravis

CHAPTER 34 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Index

 

An aparitie	25 July 2019
Autor	Joanne V. Hickey
Dimensiuni	213 x 276 x 35 mm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781975100674
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	816