Prenatal and Postnatal Care: A Woman-Centered Approach, 2nd Edition

 

Description:

Prenatal and Postnatal Care

Situate pregnancy in the emotional and physical life of the whole person with this bestselling guide

Prenatal and postnatal care are important and dynamic areas in healthcare research and practice. The needs of the childbearing person before and after birth are complex and intensely personal, combining significant physiological impact with broader emotional needs. In order to supply optimal care, providers must account not only for physiological factors, but also for cultural, social, experiential, and psychological ones.

Prenatal and Postnatal Care takes a holistic, person-centered approach to prenatal and postnatal care. Emphasizing the pregnant person and their unique needs, this book presents prenatal and postnatal care as foundational care for a healthy start to family life. This accessible, comprehensive book provides unique knowledge and skills to practitioners so that they can make a positive difference to the people they serve.

Readers of the third edition of Prenatal and Postnatal Care will also find:

New chapters covering health equity, ethics in perinatal care, exercise, and more

All chapters updated to reflect evidence concerning health disparities and inequities

Concrete ways for clinicians to disrupt the systems of harm and exclusion that can mediate care at every level

Prenatal and Postnatal Care is essential for midwives, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and other healthcare providers who work with childbearing people.

 

Table of Contents:

 

The Need for This Text

New in the Third Edition

References

About the Companion Website

Part I: Foundational Approaches to Prenatal and Postnatal Care

1 Health Equity

Introduction

Key Conceptual Frameworks and Theories

Systems of Oppression and Their Impact on Health

Race‐Associated Perinatal Health Disparities

Strategies to Address Racism in Perinatal Health

Ableism

Social Determinants of Perinatal Health

Medical Mistrust

Affirming Individual, Family, and Community Strengths

Summary

Resources for Clients and their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

2 Ethics in Perinatal Care

Starting with a Case Study

Ethics and the Healthcare Clinician

Ethics Codes

Basic Principles

Ethical Practice

Ethics Consultation

Health Equity

Return to the Case Study

Summary

Resources for Healthcare Professionals

Resources for the Pre‐ and Postnatal Family

References

3 Reproductive Tract Structure and Function

Anatomy of the Reproductive System

Menstrual Cycle Physiology

Resources for Clients and Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

4 Conception, Implantation, and Embryonic and Fetal Development

Introduction

Conception and Implantation

The Placenta

The Embryo

The Fetus

Summary

Resources for Healthcare Providers

Resources for Clients, Their Families, and Healthcare Providers

References

5 Physiologic Alterations during Pregnancy

Introduction

Hematologic System Adaptations

Iron Requirements

Folate Requirements

Changes in Clotting Factors

Cardiovascular System Adaptations

Respiratory System Adaptations

Renal System Adaptations

Gastrointestinal System Adaptations

Metabolic System Adaptations

Skin Changes

Immune System Adaptations

Neurological System and Sensory Adaptations

Musculoskeletal System Adaptations

Endocrine System Adaptations

Reproductive System Adaptations

Breast Adaptations

Summary

Resources for Clients and Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

6 Physiologic Alterations during the Postnatal Period

Introduction

Uterus

Lochia

Cervix

Vagina

Labia and Perineum

Pelvic Floor

Rectal Anatomy

Additional Physiologic Alterations during the Postpartum Period

Summary

Resources for Clients and Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

Part II: Preconception, Prenatal Care, and Postnatal Care

7 Preconception and Interconception Care

Introduction

Challenges to Providing Preconception Care

Benefits of Preconception Healthcare

Evidence Supporting Preconception Healthcare

Preconception Care

Risk Assessment and Screening

Preconception Healthcare for Individuals with Chronic Illnesses

Preconception Health Promotion and Counseling

Unique Considerations

Summary

Resources for Individuals and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

8 Prenatal Care: Goals, Structure, and Components

Introduction

A Brief History of Prenatal Care

Current Goals of Prenatal Care

Goals of Prenatal Care

Structure of Prenatal Care

Group Prenatal Care: CenteringPregnancy

Other Alternative Models of Prenatal Care Delivery

Components of Prenatal Care Assessment

Health History: Subsequent Visits

Preventative Care

Health Promotion and Education

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

9 Nutrition during Pregnancy

Introduction

Prenatal Nutrition and Health Outcomes

Nutritional Needs in Pregnancy

Weight Gain in Pregnancy

Food Safety During Pregnancy

Factors Influencing Nutritional Intake

Completing a Nutritional Assessment

Using Nutrition Resources

Counseling for Optimal Prenatal Nutrition

Special Issues in Prenatal Nutrition

Vegetarian and Vegan Diets in Pregnancy

Pregnancy after Bariatric Surgery

Eating Disorders

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

10 Pregnancy Diagnosis and Gestational Age Assessment

Introduction

Benefits of Early Pregnancy Diagnosis and Gestational Age Assessment

Pregnancy Diagnosis

Gestational Age Assessment

Counseling for Pregnancy Diagnosis

Adoption Counseling

Pregnancy Termination Counseling

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

11 Risk Assessment during Pregnancy

Introduction

Process and Purpose of Risk Assessment

Benefits of Risk Assessment

Limitations of Risk Assessment

Disadvantages of Risk Assessment and Risk Management

The Label of High Risk

Misapplication of Risk Assessment and Risk Management

Perspective of Risk and Risk Assessment

Explaining Risk to Clients

Informed Consent

Summary

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

12 Prenatal Ultrasound

Introduction

The Physics and Mechanics of Ultrasound

Types of Scans

Use of Prenatal Ultrasound

Pregnancy Dating in the Second Trimester

Soft Markers

Interpreting and Communicating Results

The Experience of Prenatal Ultrasound

Safety

Overuse of Ultrasound

Recreational Prenatal Ultrasound

Who Performs Prenatal Ultrasounds

Adding Ultrasound to Scope of Practice

Summary

Resources for Clients and their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

13 Genetic Counseling, Screening, and Diagnosis

Introduction

Family History and Risk Evaluation

Genetic Screening Tests

Screening for Neural Tube Defects

Screening for Aneuploidy

Genetic Screening by Ultrasound

Carrier Screening

Diagnostic Prenatal Genetic Testing

Psychosocial Considerations in Genetic Testing

Considerations for Genetic Testing

The Role of Professional Genetic Counselors

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People, Their Families, and Healthcare Providers

References

14 Assessment of Fetal Well‐Being

Introduction

Physiologic Principles

Indications

Interprofessional Care

Fetal Assessment Methods

Education and Counseling

Cultural, Personal, and Family Considerations

Health Disparities and Vulnerable Populations

Legal and Liability Issues

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

15 Common Discomforts of Pregnancy

Introduction

Back Pain and Pelvic Girdle Pain

Bleeding Gums

Breast Tenderness

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Cervical Pain

Constipation

Dizziness/Syncope

Edema

Emotional Changes

Epistaxis

Fatigue

Flatulence

Headache

Heartburn

Heart Palpitations

Hemorrhoids

Increased Warmth and Perspiration

Leukorrhea

Leg Cramps

Nasal Congestion

Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

Ptyalism

Restless Leg Syndrome

Round Ligament Pain

Shortness of Breath

Skin, Hair, and Nail Changes

Sleep Disturbances

Supine Hypotension Syndrome

Urinary Frequency and Nocturia

Urinary Incontinence

Varicosities (Legs and Vulva)

Vision Changes

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

16 Oral Health

Introduction

Anatomy of the Oral Cavity

Initial Assessment of the Oral Cavity

Dental Care during Pregnancy

Influence of Oral Health on Pregnancy Outcomes

Oral Health and Cultural Beliefs

Pregnancy Conditions Affecting Oral Health

Postpartum and Newborn Oral Health

Inequities in Oral Health

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

17 Medication Use during Pregnancy

Introduction

Types of Pharmaceutical Agents

Prescriptive Authority

Governmental Oversight of Pharmaceutical Agents

Premarketing Drug Testing

The Prescription: Essential Components

Medication Use during Pregnancy

Teratology

Pharmacokinetics in Pregnancy

Common Medications Used during Pregnancy

Vaccines during Pregnancy

Rational Use of Drugs in Pregnancy

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

18 Substance Use during Pregnancy

Introduction

Harm Reduction Approach to Perinatal Substance Use

Reproductive Justice Approach to Perinatal Substance Use

Prevalence of Prenatal Substance Use

Terminology

Historical Approaches to Prenatal Substance Use

Criminalization of Substance Use in Pregnancy and Impact on Child Welfare

Prenatal Screening

Treatment Types

Common Factors Affecting People Who Use Substances

Commonly Used Substances, Pregnancy Implications, and Recommended Treatment

Perinatal Care of Pregnant and Birthing People with SUDs

Summary

Resources for Clients and Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

19 Culture and Community

Introduction

Healthcare System Culture

Developing Cultural Competence, Sensitivity, and Humility

Communication

Cultural Appreciation versus Appropriation

Food and Culture in Childbearing

Cultural Traditions in the Childbearing Year

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

20 Physical Activity and Exercise in the Perinatal Period

Introduction

Assessing Sources of Energy Expenditure and PA Intensity

Assisting Pregnant People to Meet Their PA Goals

Exercise Prescription for Gestational Diabetes

Common Conditions that Impact Adherence to Exercise

Fatigue

Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

Musculoskeletal Changes

Returning to Physical Activity and Exercise in the Postpartum Period

0–2 Weeks Postpartum

2–4 Weeks Postpartum

4–6 Weeks Postpartum

6–12 Weeks Postpartum

Lactation and Exercise

Common Postpartum Conditions that Complicate Physical Activity

Common Questions and Concerns for Selected Activities

The Multidisciplinary Team

Pelvic Floor Physical Therapists

Fitness Professionals Specializing in the Perinatal Period

Additional Tools for Healthcare Providers

Summary

Resources for Healthcare Providers

Resources for Clients

Fitness Programs for Clients and Additional Training for Healthcare Providers

References

21 Sexuality

Introduction

Historical Context

Human Sexuality

Taking a Sexual History in the Perinatal Period

Sexual Response

Sexual Dysfunctions

Screening Tools

Evaluation and Treatment

Summary

Resources for Clients

Resources for Clinicians

References

22 Occupational and Environmental Health in Pregnancy

Introduction

Environmental Exposures

Inclusion into Practice

Environmental Exposures

Laboratory

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Referral

Anticipatory Guidance

Climate Change

The Workplace and Pregnancy

Workplace Exposures

Assessing Occupational Conditions

Resources for Clients and Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

23 Psychosocial Adaptations in Pregnancy

Introduction

Attachment and Adaptation

Maternal Role Development

Body Image

Sibling Preparation

Partner Adaptation and Attachment

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

24 Health Education during Pregnancy

Introduction

Sources and Quality of Consumer Childbirth Education

Delivery of Health Education

Developmental Considerations

Special Populations

Issues Integral to Prenatal Education

Responding to Questions

Discussing Health and Safety Issues

Anticipatory Guidance

Providing Additional Information for Future Use

Summary

References

25 Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Care of LGBTQ+ Individuals

Introduction

Why Language Matters

Gender‐ and Sexuality‐Related Biases

Discrimination

Violence

Medical Trauma

Health Disparities

Resiliency

Gender‐Affirming Practices

Clinical Care

Family Building and Preconception

Prenatal Care

Postpartum Care

Contraception

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

26 Violence and Trauma in the Perinatal Period

Introduction

Intimate Partner Violence during Pregnancy and Postpartum

Reproductive Coercion

Institutional and Provider‐Level Coercion

Human Trafficking

Pregnancy and a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

27 Planning for Physiologic Birth

Introduction

What Is Physiologic Birth?

Benefits of Physiologic Birth

Fear of Childbirth

Confidence for Physiologic Birth

Evidence Related to Prenatal Confidence for Physiologic Birth

Enhancing Confidence for Physiologic Birth

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

28 Triage during Pregnancy

Introduction

Objectives and Goals of Triage Care and Evaluation

Prenatal and Postpartum Triage in the Hospital Setting

Primary Responsibilities of Professionals during Triage and Evaluation

Common Reasons People Seek Urgent/Emergent Care during Pregnancy

Collaboration between Perinatal and Emergency Departments

Obstetric Triage Unit Organization

Elements of Triage

Elements of Healthcare Provider Evaluation

Best Practices in Triage Units

Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act

Liability Issues in Pregnancy Triage and Evaluation

Quality Measures in Triage

Anticipatory Guidance about Triage during Prenatal Care

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

29 Assessment and Care at the Onset of Labor

Introduction

Determining the Onset of Labor

Timing of Admission to the Birth Setting

Reframing “False Labor”

Determining Active Labor

Anticipatory Guidance during the Prenatal Period

Assessment of the Pregnant Person with Report of Labor Onset

Plan of Care

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

30 Components of Postnatal Care

Introduction

Immediate Postpartum Care

Later Postpartum Care

Assessment of Physical and Emotional Adjustment

Infant Feeding

Activity and Exercise

Diet and Nutrition

Lochia

Afterbirth Pain

Perineal Discomfort

Diuresis and Diaphoresis

Constipation and Hemorrhoids

Sleep

Sexuality

Resumption of Menses and Ovulation

Contraception

Postpartum Physical Examination

Postpartum Mental Health Disorders

Intimate Partner Violence Screening

Postpartum Warning Signs

Cultural Considerations

Health Disparities and Vulnerable Populations

Interprofessional Care

Employment Considerations

Summary

Resources for Clients and Families

References

31 Lactation and Breastfeeding

Introduction

Breastfeeding as a Public Health Issue

Racial Disparities

LGBTQIA+ Families

Hospital‐Based Care

Composition of Human Milk

Contraindications to Breastfeeding

Anatomy of the Breast

Physiology of Lactation

Infant Contribution to Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding Basics

Breastmilk Production

Breastfeeding Patterns

Assessing Intake

Nutrition for Optimal Lactation

Smoking and Vaping

Alcohol

Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)

Substance Use Disorders

Prescription Medications

Employment and Lactation

Summary

Resources for Healthcare Providers

Resources for Clients and Families

References

32 Contraception in the Postnatal Period

Introduction

Postpartum Care and Return to Fertility after Childbirth

Access to Postpartum Contraception

Breastfeeding and Contraception

Physiologic Postpartum Changes

Immediate Postpartum LARC Insertion

Contraceptive Methods

Tier 1 Methods

Tier 2 Methods

Tier 3 Methods

Summary

Resources for Clients and Healthcare Providers

Recommended Apps for Providers

Recommended App for Clients

References

Part III: Complex Prenatal and Postnatal Conditions

33 Bleeding during Pregnancy

Introduction

Early Pregnancy Bleeding

Subchorionic Hemorrhage

Leiomyomas

Spontaneous Pregnancy Loss

Ectopic Pregnancy

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Bleeding during the Second Half of Pregnancy

Impact of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Supreme Court Decision on Management of Early Pregnancy Loss, Ectopic Pregnancy, and Emergency Termination of Pregnancy

Placenta Previa

Placental Abruption

Vasa Previa

Diagnosis and Management of Bleeding in the Second Half of Pregnancy

Interprofessional Care

Resources for Healthcare Providers

Resources for Clients and Their Families

References

34 Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Growth Disorders

Introduction

Amniotic Fluid Dynamics

Placentation and Perinatal Outcomes

Amniotic Fluid Disorders

Fetal Growth Disorders

Diagnosis and Management

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

35 Spontaneous Preterm Birth

Introduction

Social and Racial/Ethnic Disparities

Pathophysiology of Preterm Birth

Perinatal Morbidity Related to Prematurity

Risk Factors for Preterm Birth

Predicting Preterm Birth

Primary Prevention of Spontaneous Preterm Birth

Secondary Prevention of Spontaneous Preterm Birth

Prenatal Education on Signs and Symptoms of Preterm Labor and Related Conditions

Diagnosis and Management of Individuals with Preterm Labor

Diagnosis and Management of Individuals with PPROM

Diagnosis and Management of Individuals with Cervical Insufficiency

Interprofessional Care

Summary

Resources for Clients, Families, and Healthcare Providers

References

36 Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Introduction

Classification of Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy

Screening for Hypertensive Disorders

Gestational Hypertension

Preeclampsia/Eclampsia

Chronic Hypertension

Chronic Hypertension with Superimposed Preeclampsia

HELLP Syndrome

Interprofessional Care

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

37 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction

Pathophysiology and Potential Problems

Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis

Management

Pharmacologic Treatments

Social Determinants

Fetal Surveillance and Timing of Birth

Labor and Birth

Interprofessional Care

Care of the Pregnant Person with Pregestational Diabetes

Postpartum Follow‐Up

Perspective on GDM Risk

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

38 Multifetal Gestation

Introduction

Risks to the Pregnant Individual

Risks to the Fetuses/Neonates and Antepartum Management

Prenatal Care

Psychosocial Aspects

Summary

Resources for Pregnant Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

39 Postterm Pregnancy

Introduction

Potential Problems

Prevention, Intervention, and Management Options

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

40 Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Introduction

Etiology and Risk Factors

Potential Complications

Differential Diagnoses

Evaluation

Care and Management

Summary

Resources for Clients and Families

Resource for Healthcare Providers

References

41 Abdominal Pain

Introduction

Evaluation

Appendicitis

Abdominal Trauma

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Pregnancy

Pancreatitis

Resources for Healthcare Providers

Resources for Clients and Their Families

References

42 Pregnancy after Infertility

Introduction

Prevalence of Infertility

Context and Course of Infertility

Preexisting Conditions and Perinatal Issues

Pharmacologic Considerations

Lifestyle Considerations

Psychological Impacts of Infertility Treatment and Transition to Pregnancy

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

43 Common Complications during the Postnatal Period

Introduction

Postpartum Morbidity and Mortality

Postpartum Cultural Considerations

Postpartum Disorders

Clinical Presentation and Management

Abdominal Wound Infection

Perineal Wound Infection

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

44 Common Lactation and Breastfeeding Problems

Introduction

Common Infant‐Related Breastfeeding Problems

Common Maternal Breastfeeding Problems

Summary

Resources for Healthcare Providers

Resources for Clients and Families

References

45 Perinatal Loss and Grief

Introduction

Stillbirth

Care and Management of Individuals with Stillbirth

Grieving and Emotional Care after Perinatal Loss

Physical Care after Stillbirth

Follow‐Up Care

Interconception and Subsequent Pregnancy Care

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

46 Obesity in the Perinatal Period

Introduction

Prevalence

Health Disparities, Nutritional Inequity, and Cultural Considerations

Personal and Family Considerations

Obesity Physiology

Potential Problems

Management of Pregestational Obesity

Bariatric Surgery and Pregnancy Issues

Prolonged Pregnancy

Intrapartum and Postpartum Issues

Interprofessional Care

Legal and Liability Issues

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

47 Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Introduction

Care Concerns during Pregnancy

Depression during Pregnancy

Bipolar Disorder in Pregnancy

Anxiety and Trauma‐Related Disorders

Screening for GAD

Management of GAD

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

48 Hematologic and Thromboembolic Disorders

Introduction

Health Disparities in Prenatal Diet

Anemia

Alloimmunization of Pregnancy

Hemoglobinopathies

Bleeding Disorders

Thromboembolic Disorders

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Healthcare Providers

References

49 Respiratory Disorders

Introduction

Respiratory Physiology and Pregnancy

Asthma

Influenza

Upper Respiratory Infection

Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis

Pneumonia

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

50 Urinary Tract Disorders

Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection

Evaluation

Care of Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy

Recurrent UTI

Care of Pregnant People with Suspected Acute Pyelonephritis

Nephrolithiasis

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Their Families

Resource for Healthcare Providers

References

51 Gastrointestinal Disorders

Introduction

Initial Evaluation

Gastroenteritis

Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy

Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis

Summary

Resources for Healthcare Providers

Resources for Pregnant Clients and Their Families

References

52 Endocrine Disorders

Introduction

Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy

Overt Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Postpartum Thyroiditis

Iodine in Pregnancy

Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus

Summary

Resources for Pregnant People and Healthcare Providers

References

53 Neurological Disorders

Introduction

Seizure Disorders

Headache

Multiple Sclerosis

Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis‐Ekbom Disease

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Central Nervous System Imaging in Pregnancy and Lactation

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

References

54 Dermatologic Disorders

Introduction

Atopic Eruption of Pregnancy

Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy

Pemphigoid Gestationis

Pustular Psoriasis of Pregnancy

Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy

Summary

Resources for Clients and Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

55 Infectious Diseases

Introduction

Cytomegalovirus

Group B Streptococcus

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Parvovirus B19

Rubella

Toxoplasmosis

Varicella

COVID‐19

Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases

Ebola

Zika

Monkeypox

Summary

Resources for Clients and Their Families

Resources for Healthcare Providers

References

56 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Vaginitis

Introduction

Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections

Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections

Sexually Transmitted Parasitic Infection

Fungal Vaginitis

Bacterial Vaginitis

Partner STI Treatment

Legal Requirements for Reporting STI Diagnosis

Psychosocial Impact of STI Diagnosis

Summary

Resources for Healthcare Providers

Resource for Patients and Partners

References

Index

End User License Agreement

 

An aparitie	2 noi 2023
Autor	K Grace
Dimensiuni	216 x 277 x 43 mm
Editura	Wiley
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781119852698
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	864