Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health

 

 

Description:

 

Nutrition plays a key role in prevention of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Diet influences a broad spectrum of cardiometabolic risk factors, notably a cluster including excess adiposity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism and high blood pressure. In the face of the rapidly increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes, maintaining cardiometabolic health through adoption of a healthy lifestyle is a top public health priority. In this book, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, international experts present state-of-the-art scholarly reviews of dietary and lifestyle effects on metabolic systems associated with cardiovascular health and disease. It covers a broad range of topics including biological and behavioral processes regulating food intake; lifestyle and surgical approaches to weight loss; nutritional considerations for optimal cardiometabolic health across the lifespan; the relationship of macronutrients, whole foods and dietary patterns to diabetes and cardiovascular disease; and diet as a modulator of gene expression, epigenetics and the gut microbiome and the relationship of these traits to disorders of metabolism. This book provides its readers with an authoritative view of the present state of knowledge of dietary effects on cardiometabolic health and will be of interest to nutrition and healthcare professionals alike.  

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

SECTION I Energy Balance, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Health

Chapter 1 Regulation of Food Intake: The Gut–Brain Axis

Introduction

Central Nervous System Regulation of Food Intake

Brainstem Regulation

Hypothalamus

Arcuate Nucleus

Paraventricular Nucleus

Lateral Hypothalamus

Dorsal Medial Nucleus and Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Neurotransmitters and Homeostatic Control of Food Intake

Neuropeptide Y and Agouti-Related Peptide

Proopiomelanocortin and Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript

Gastrointestinal Signals That Regulate Food Intake

Gut Hormones

Ghrelin

Cholecystokinin

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Peptide YY

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1

Peptide YY

Oxyntomodulin

GIP

Amylin

Mechanical Mechanisms

The Ileal-Brake Reflex

The Role of Mechanoreception in Appetite Control

Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Hormones

Diet and the Gut–Brain Axis: Are All Macronutrients Equal?

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2 Overeating Behavior and Cardiometabolic Health: Mechanisms and Treatments

Abbreviations

Introduction

Types of Overeating

Mindless Overeating

Portion Size

Proximity and Visibility

Ambient Factors

Palatability

Categorization Cues and Health Halo Effects

Distracted Eating

Social Influences

Stress-Induced Overeating

Neurobiological Mechanisms Linking Stress and Overeating

Studies of Stress-Induced Overeating in Humans

Stress-Induced Overeating and Cardiometabolic Health

Compulsive Overeating

Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Compulsive Overeating

Compulsive Overeating and Cardiometabolic Health

Behavioral Interventions for Overeating

Environmental Approaches

Institutional-Level Environmental Interventions

Individual-Level Environmental Interventions

Environmental Interventions and Cardiometabolic Outcomes

Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches

Cognitive Restructuring

Self-Monitoring

Goal Setting and Goal Striving

Stimulus Control

Problem Solving

Cognitive-Behavioral Protocols for Binge Eating

Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions and Cardiometabolic Outcomes

Independent and Combination Mindfulness Approaches

Independent Mindfulness Approaches

Combination Mindfulness Approaches

Mindfulness Approaches and Cardiometabolic Outcomes

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3 Energy Balance and Regulation of Body Weight: Are All Calories Equal?

Introduction

Energy Balance as a Conceptual Framework

Regulation of Macronutrient Metabolism: Is a Calorie a Calorie?

Models of Obesity That Implicate Individual Macronutrients

The Carbohydrate–Insulin Model

The Protein Leverage Model

The Dietary Fat Model

Body Weight Regulation

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 4 Diets for Weight Loss

Introduction

Reducing Body Weight Is a Function of Reducing Calorie Intake

Key Factors That Influence Weight Loss

Reduced-Calorie Regimens

Does the Macronutrient Composition of Diets Influence Weight Loss?

Low-Fat versus Low-Carbohydrate Diets

Higher-Protein Diets

Low–Glycemic Index Diets

The Mediterranean Diet

Conclusions

References

Chapter 5 Weight Loss by Surgical Intervention: Nutritional Considerations and Influence on Health

Introduction

Bariatric Surgeries

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch

Biliopancreatic Diversion

Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding

Sleeve Gastrectomy

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass vs. Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding

Eating Behavior, Protein Consumption Post-Surgery, and Resistance Exercise

Dietary Compliance Post-Surgery

Initial Consultation

Preoperative Screening and Predictors of Postoperative Outcomes

Postoperative Screening

Pre- and Post-Interventions

Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Calcium

Iron

Zinc

Vitamin K

Vitamin A

Vitamin B12

Folate

Vitamin B6

Thiamine

Conclusion

Future Research

References

Chapter 6 Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health

Introduction

Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health

Physical Activity and Abdominal Obesity

Aerobic Exercise and Abdominal Obesity

Resistance Exercise and Abdominal Obesity

Physical Activity and Insulin Resistance

Aerobic Exercise and Insulin Resistance

Resistance Exercise and Insulin Resistance

Physical Activity and Dyslipidemia

Aerobic Exercise and Dyslipidemia

Resistance Exercise and Dyslipidemia

Physical Activity and Hypertension

Aerobic Exercise and Hypertension

Resistance Exercise and Hypertension

Influence of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity on PA-Induced CVD Reduction

Efficacy and Effectiveness

High-Intensity Interval Training and Cardiometabolic Health

Sedentary Time as an Independent Risk Factor for Chronic Disease

Sedentary Behavior and Health Risk

Examination of Epidemiological Evidence

Examination of Intervention Studies

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7 Diet as a Potential Modulator of Body Fat Distribution

Abbreviations

Introduction

Macronutrients and Their Relevance for Body Fat Distribution

Lipids

Types of Fatty Acids

Medium-Chain Triglycerides vs. Long-Chain Triglycerides

n-3 Fatty Acids

Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Carbohydrates

Percentage of Energy Intake as Carbohydrates

Glycemic Index/Load

Fructose and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

Protein

Percentage of Energy Intake as Protein

Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Dietary Patterns

Food Item Subgroups

Mediterranean Diet

Other Nutrients or Food Items

Alcohol

Dairy Products, Calcium, and Vitamin D

Soy and Isoflavones

Dietary Fiber and Whole Grains

Vitamins A and C

Probiotics and the Gut Microbiota

Infant Feeding Practices

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8 Nutritional Considerations for Cardiometabolic Health in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity

Abbreviations

Definition of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence

Prevalence and Trends of Childhood Obesity

Critical Periods for the Onset of Childhood Obesity

Adiposity Rebound

Causes of Childhood Obesity

Treatment of Child and Adolescent Obesity

Weight Management Goals in Children and Adolescents

Dietary Modification

Semi-Structured Diet Regimens

Meal Replacements

Macronutrient Composition

Fruits and Vegetables

Sweetened Beverages

Physical and Sedentary Activity

Screen Time

Medications for Obesity Treatment

Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

Surgical Criteria

Cardiometabolic Comorbidities in Childhood Obesity

Hypertension

Cardiovascular Risk

Dyslipidemia of Obesity

Metabolic Syndrome

Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Dietary Intervention and Physical Activity

Pharmacotherapy and Surgery

Summary

References

Chapter 9 Aging and Cardiovascular Disease: Lessons from Calorie Restriction

Aging and Cardiovascular Disease

Calorie Restriction and Human Aging

Proposed Mechanisms by Which CR May Affect Human Aging and CVD

Extension of Life Span due to Slowing of the Rate of Aging

Extension of Life Span due to Prevention or Slowing of Age-Related Disease Onset

Evidence for the Antiaging Effects of CR in Humans

An Unintended Study of CR from the Biosphere 2 Experiment

Self-Administered CR in the Calorie Restriction Optimal Nutrition Society

Short-Duration Interventions with Calorie Restriction

Longer-Duration Interventions with Calorie Restriction

CALERIE 1

CALERIE 2

Alternative Strategies for CR

Timed Eating Paradigms

Alternate-Day Fasting

CR Mimetics

Conclusion

References

SECTION II Dietary Fats and Cardiometabolic Health

Chapter 10 Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Roles in Cardiometabolic Disease

Introduction

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Effects on Lipids

Effects on Inflammatory Markers

Linoleic Acid Metabolites

Associations with CHD Events in Prospective Observational Studies

Randomized Trials

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Effects on Lipids

Effect on Inflammatory Markers

Associations with CHD Events in Prospective Observational Studies

Randomized Trials

Assessing Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Status

Summary

References

Chapter 11 Evolving Role of Saturated Fatty Acids

Primer on SFA Biochemistry and Physiology

Evolving History of Studies of SFA Effects on Lipids, Lipoproteins, and CVD Risk

Metabolic Studies Evaluating Diet and Lipid Profiles

Diet and CVD Studies

Refined CVD Risk Assessment

SFAs in Context

Replacement Nutrient

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and the Obesity and Diabetes Epidemics

Food Sources of SFAs and Dietary Patterns

SFA Effects on Other Cardiometabolic Health Risk Factors

Variability in Response of LDL-C to Saturated Fat

Applying New Knowledge to Dietary Guidelines

Conclusions

References

Chapter 12 Effects of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk

Abbreviations

Introduction

TFA and Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease

Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins

Mechanistic Studies

LDL Particle Size

LDL Oxidation

Lipoprotein(a)

Glucose Homeostasis

Blood Pressure

Hemostatic Function

Vascular Function

Inflammation

TFA and Cardiovascular Disease

Intakes and Recommendations

Conclusion

References

SECTION III Dietary Carbohydrates and Cardiometabolic Health

Chapter 13 Epidemiologic and Mechanistic Studies of Sucrose and Fructose in Beverages and Their Relation to Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk

Introduction

Effects Attributable to the Energy in Beverages

Epidemiology

Clinical Studies and Randomized Clinical Trials

Mechanisms for Weight Gain Associated with Soft Drinks

Cardiometabolic Effects Attributable to the Sucrose (Sugar) and Fructose in Beverages

Epidemiology

Mechanisms for the Effects of Sucrose and Fructose

Schematic Model of the Relation of Sugar, Caffeine, and Fructose to Cardiometabolic Disorders

Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Chapter 14 Effects and Mechanisms of Fructose-Containing Sugars in the Pathophysiology of Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction

Description of Metabolic Syndrome

Affirmed Concepts

MetS Risk Factors

Formally Defined Diagnostic Criteria

Other Risk Factors That Are Not Formally Recognized

Residual Risk Factors

Lifestyle Risk Factors

Added Sugars

Consumption Levels of Added Sugars

Sources of Added Sugars

Plausible Mechanisms by Which Consumption of Fructose-Containing Sugar May Promote the Development of MetS.

Unregulated Hepatic Uptake and Metabolism of Fructose

DNL, Hepatic Lipids, and Hepatic Insulin Resistance

Very Low–Density Lipoprotein Production and Secretion

Dyslipidemia

Intramyocellular Lipid Accumulation and Whole-Body Insulin Resistance

Hyperuricemia

Visceral Adipose Accumulation

Inflammation

Fructose Overload versus the Established Paradigm

Dietary Sugar Consumption as a Modifiable Risk Factor for MetS: Scientific Evidence

Observational Studies

Dietary Intervention Studies

Effects of Sugar Consumption on the Formally Defined Components of MetS

Effects of Sugar Consumption on Components of MetS That Are Not Formally Defined: Liver Lipid Accumulation, Insulin Resistance, and other Biomarkers of MetS

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

References

Chapter 15 Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction in the Management of NAFLD and Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction

Scope of Disease

Hepatic Triglyceride Accumulation

Risk Factors and Etiology

Epidemiology

NAFLD in Children

Treatment

Effect of Carbohydrate Restriction on NAFLD

Low-Carbohydrate Diets in NAFLD

Carbohydrate Quality

Recommendations

Other Dietary Treatments

Antioxidants

Probiotics and Prebiotics

Pharmaceutical Approaches to the Management of NAFLD

Insulin-Sensitizing Agents

Bile Acid Analogs

Pentoxifylline

Summary

References

Chapter 16 Dietary Starches and Grains: Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk

Introduction

Carbohydrate Quantity

Lipid and Lipoprotein Risk Factors

CVD Risk

Glycemic Control

Diabetes Risk

Glycemic Index

Lipid and Lipoprotein Risk Factors

Inflammation

CVD Outcomes

Glucose Homeostasis and Glycemic Control

Diabetes Risk

Whole Grains

Lipid and Lipoprotein Risk Factors

CVD Risk

Glycemic Control

Diabetes Risk

Conclusion

References

SECTION IV Dietary Protein and Cardiometabolic Health

Chapter 17 Interaction of Dietary Protein and Energy Balance

Introduction

Protein Intake in Negative Energy Balance

Protein Intake in Neutral Energy Balance

Mechanisms behind Protein-Induced Appetite Control and Energy Expenditure

Appetite

Energy Intake

Energy Expenditure

Body Composition

Protein Intake and Protein Turnover

Protein Intake in Positive Energy Balance

Reward Homeostasis Related to Dietary Protein

Protein Intake and Cardiovascular Diseases

Adverse Effects of Protein Diets

Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 18 A Protein-Centric Perspective for Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Health

Abbreviations

Introduction

Protein, Weight Loss, and Muscle Mass

Developing an Amino Acid Perspective about Cardiometabolic Health

Optimizing Meal Pattern of Protein for Body Composition and Sarcopenia

Leucine Defining a Meal Threshold for Dietary Protein

Impact of Protein versus Carbohydrates on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Glycemic Regulations

Blood Lipids

Conclusions

References

Chapter 19 Protein Sources, CVD, Type 2 Diabetes, and Total Mortality

Abbreviations

Introduction

Scope of Review

Red and Processed Meat

Epidemiological Studies

Total Mortality/CVD Mortality/CVD Events

Diabetes

Characteristics of Red Meat Eaters

Possible Mechanisms of a Harmful Effect of Red Meat

Red Meat and CVD/Diabetes Risk Factors

Dietary Interventions and Biomarkers of CVD and Diabetes Risk

Dairy

Epidemiological Studies

Total Mortality/CVD Mortality/CVD Events

Type 2 Diabetes

Dairy and Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

Dietary Interventions and Biomarkers of CVD and Diabetes

Longer-Term Feeding Studies

Acute Feeding Studies

Poultry

Eggs

Fish

Epidemiological Studies of Fish Consumption and CVD and Diabetes

Diabetes

Dietary Interventions

Soy Intake, Heart Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes

Dietary Patterns Containing Soy

Isoflavonoid Excretion

Interventions with Soy on Cardiovascular and Diabetes Risk Markers

Nontraditional Risk Factors

Acute Studies with Soy

Conclusion

References

SECTION V Dietary Food Groups, Patterns, and Cardiometabolic Health

Chapter 20 Consumption of Foods, Food Groups, and Cardiometabolic Risk

Introduction

Beverages

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

Coffee

Alcohol

Foods

Fruits and Vegetables

Dairy (Cheese, Milk, Yogurt)

Eggs

Meats

Fish

Grains and Fiber

Nuts and Legumes

Conclusion

References

Chapter 21 Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Disease

Introduction

Dietary Patterns Methodology

Major Study Designs

Mediterranean Diet

Other Commonly Used A Priori Dietary Patterns

Dash Diet

Healthy Eating Index

Alternate Healthy Eating Index

Cardiovascular Disease

CVD Risk Factors

Type 2 Diabetes

Body Fatness and Body Mass Index

Blood Pressure, Blood Lipids, and Inflammation

Other Popular Diets

A Posteriori Patterns

Cardiovascular Disease

CVD Risk Factors

Type 2 Diabetes

Body Fatness and Body Mass Index

Blood Pressure, Blood Lipids, and Inflammation

Implications and Directions for Future Research

References

Chapter 22 The Mediterranean Diet to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Introduction

The Mediterranean Diet Pattern: History, Epidemiology, and Randomized Trials

The Mediterranean Diet in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

Conclusions

References

Chapter 23 The DASH Diet

Development of the DASH Diet and Validation in the DASH-Sodium Study

The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Trial

The DASH-Sodium Trial

Subsequent Studies with the DASH Diet Concept: PREMIER and Weight Loss Maintenance

PREMIER Clinical Trial

Other Trials Using the DASH-Type Diet

DASH Diet Compared to a High-Fat DASH Diet

DASH-Type Diet with Alternative Protein Sources

The Omni-Heart (Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease) Study

Effect of the DASH Diet on Cardiometabolic Health

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

References

Chapter 24 Nut Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk and Mortality

Introduction

Early Epidemiological Associations

More Recent Epidemiological Studies

Nut Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Nut Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome Risk

Clinical Trials on Nut Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease

CVD Events

Major CVD Risk Factors

Other CVD Risk Factors

Lipoprotein Particles

Lipoprotein Function

Oxidation and Inflammation

Vascular Health

Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Response

Body Weight

Summary

References

Chapter 25 Dairy Product Consumption, Dairy Fat, and Cardiometabolic Health

Abbreviations

Introduction

Cardiometabolic Risk

Dairy and Plasma Lipid Levels

Dairy and Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation

Dairy and Glucose–Insulin Homeostasis

Dairy, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function

Dairy Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk

Conclusions

References

Chapter 26 Paleolithic Diets

Introduction

Nutrition during Human Evolution

Carbohydrate-Rich Foods

Other Plant Foods of the Paleolithic Diet

Meat

Fish and Shellfish

Insects and Larvae

Alcohol

Foods with No or Minimal Contribution in Paleolithic Diets

Paleolithic Diets and Absence of Grains

Paleolithic Diets and Absence of Dairy

Nutritional Characteristics of Paleolithic Diets

Contemporary Hunter–Gatherers and other Non-Western Groups

The Kitava Study

Effects of Urbanization

Controlled Trials of “Paleolithic Diets”

Conclusion

References

Chapter 27 Fasting Intermittently or Altering Meal Frequency: Effects on Plasma Lipids

Introduction

Methods

Results

Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Plasma Lipids

Mechanisms for Modulation of Plasma Lipids due to Intermittent Fasting

Effects of High Meal Frequency on Plasma Lipids

Mechanisms for Modulation of Plasma Lipids due to High Meal Frequency

Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Conflicts of Interest

References

SECTION VI Other Nutritional Influences of Cardiometabolic Health

Chapter 28 Early-Life Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Later Cardiometabolic Health

Background

Evidence from Epidemiology and Clinical Cohorts

Cardiometabolic Outcomes

Evidence from Animal Models

Cardiometabolic Outcomes

Maternal Undernutrition

Maternal Overweight/Obesity

Inflammation and Programming

Transgenerational Effects

Paternal Effects

Strategies for Intervention

Discussion

References

Chapter 29 Gene–Diet Interactions

Abbreviations

Introduction

Genetics of CVD and CVD Risk Factors

Gene–Diet Interactions and CVD Risk

Gene–Diet Interactions and Energy Balance

Gene–Diet Interactions and Glucose-Related Risk Factors

Gene–Diet Interactions and Lipid Metabolism

CVD Risk Has Rhythm

Translation of Knowledge

References

Chapter 30 Gut Microbiome: Its Relationship to Health and Its Modulation by Diet

Introduction

Gut Microbiome

Inflammation and the Microbiome

The Gut as a Metabolically Active Tissue

Microbiota and Their Metabolites Can Affect CVD Risk

Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Functional Studies of the Microbiome and Cardio-metabolic Health: Study Designs to Understand and Test Mechanisms

Gnotobiotics to Test Microbiota

Human Fecal Transplants

Effects of Diet on Microbiota

Specific Effects of Diet and Potential Interaction with Cardiometabolic Health

Fiber

Polyphenols

Pre-/Probiotics

Food Additives

Interactions between Host Genetics and Microbiota

Host Genetics and Microbial Composition

Altered Microbiota across Life Span

Newborns and Early Childhood

Maternal Diet

Microbiota and Elderly Populations

Summary

Glossary

References

Chapter 31 Alcohol: Associations with Blood Lipids, Insulin Sensitivity, Diabetes, Clotting, CVD, and Total Mortality

Introduction

Blood Lipids

Insulin Sensitivity

Research on Alcohol and Morbidity and Mortality

Diabetes

Clotting

Cardiovascular Disease

Coronary Heart Disease

All-Cause Mortality

Conclusion

References

Chapter 32 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Obesogens, and the Obesity Epidemic

Abbreviations

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Human Health

The Obesity Epidemic

Obesogens, Adipogenesis, and Obesity

In Vitro Exposure to Obesogens and Adipogenesis

In Vivo Exposure to Obesogens during Adulthood and Obesity

Developmental Origins of Obesity

Energy Balance during Development

Obesogens and the Developmental Origins of Obesity

Obesogens and the Transgenerational Transmission of Obesity

Obesogens and Cardiovascular Disease

Conclusion and Future Directions

References

 

An aparitie	30 Jun. 2021
Autor	Nathalie Bergeron (Editor), Patty W. Siri-Tarino (Editor), George A. Bray (Editor), Ronald M. Krauss (
Dimensiuni	17.8 x 3.71 x 25.4 cm
Editura	CRC Press
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781032096131
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	646