Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics

 

 

Description:

Part of the renowned The Basics series, Nuclear Medicine Physics helps build foundational knowledge of how and why things happen in the clinical environment. Ideal for board review and reference, the 8th edition provides a practical summary of this complex field, focusing on essential details as well as real-life examples taken from nuclear medicine practice. New full-color illustrations, concise text, essential mathematical equations, key points, review questions, and useful appendices help you quickly master challenging concepts in nuclear medicine physics.

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Table of Contents:

 

1 Basic Review

Matter, Elements, and Atoms

Simplified Structure of an Atom

Molecules

Binding Energy, Ionization, and Excitation

Forces or Fields

Electromagnetic Forces

Characteristic X-Rays and Auger Electrons

Interchangeability of Mass and Energy

2 Nuclides and Radioactive Processes

Nuclides and Their Classification

Nuclear Structure and Excited States of a Nuclide

Radionuclides and Stability of Nuclides

Radioactive Series or Chain

Radioactive Processes and Conservation Laws

Alpha (α) Decay

Beta (β) Decay, or More Appropriately, Isobaric Transition

Gamma (γ) Decay, or More Appropriately, Isomeric Transition

Decay Schemes

3 Radioactivity: Law of Decay, Half-Life, and Statistics

Radioactivity: Definition, Units, and Dosage

Law of Decay

Calculation of the Mass of a Radioactive Sample

Specific Activity

The Exponential Law of Decay

Half-Life

Problems on Radioactive Decay

Average Life (Tav)

Biologic Half-Life

Effective Half-Life

Statistics of Radioactive Decay

Poisson Distribution, Standard Deviation, and Percent Standard Deviation

Propagation of Statistical Errors

Error in Count Rate

Room Background

4 Production of Radionuclides

Methods of Radionuclide Production

Reactor-Produced Radionuclides

Accelerator- or Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides

Fission-Produced Radionuclides

General Considerations in the Production of Radionuclides

Production of Short-Lived Radionuclides, Using a Long-Lived Radionuclide via a Generator

Principles of a Generator

Description of a Typical 99Mo–99mTc Generator

5 Radiopharmaceuticals

Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical

Selection of a Radionuclide

Selection of a Chemical

Development of a Radiopharmaceutical

Chemical Studies

Animal Distribution and Toxicity Studies

Human or Clinical Studies

Quality Control of a Radiopharmaceutical

Radionuclidic Purity

Radiochemical Purity

Chemical Purity

Sterility

Apyrogenicity

Labeling of Radiopharmaceuticals with Technetium-99m

Technetium-99m-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals

Technetium-99m Pertechnetate (99mTcO–4)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Sulfur Colloid

Technetium-99m-Labeled Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA, Macrotec, or Technescan)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Pyrophosphate (PYP), Methyl Diphosphonate (MDP) and Oxidronate (HDP)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Human Serum Albumin

Technetium-99m-Labeled Red Cells

Technetium-99m-Labeled 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA, Pentetate or Techniplex)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Mertiatide (MAG3 or TechneScan MAG3)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Mebrofenin (Choletec) and Disofenin (Heptolite)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Sestamibi (Cardiolite)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Tetrofosmin (Myoview)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Brain Imaging Agents, Exametazime (HMPAO or Ceretec), and Bicisate (ECD or Neurolite)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Tilmanocept (Lymphoseek)

Radioiodine123-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals (123I replacing 131I)

Iodine-123-Labeled Sodium Iodide

Iodine-123-Labeled MIBG (Metaiodobenzylguanidine, Iobenguane, or Andreview)

Iodine-123-Labeled Ioflupane (DaTscan)

Compounds Labeled with Other Radionuclides

Gallium-67 Citrate

Thallous-201 Chloride

Chromium-51-Labeled Red Cells

Indium-111-Labeled Platelets and Leukocytes

Indium-111-Labeled DTPA (111In-Pentetate)

Indium-111-Labeled Pentetreotide (OctreoScan)

Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies (111In-ProstaScint)

Radioactive Gases and Aerosols

Radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging

18FDG (Fludeoxyglucose)

18F-Florbetapir (Amyvid), 18F-Florbetaben (NeuraCeq), and 18F-Flutemetamol (Vizamyl)

18F-Labeled Sodium Fluoride

13N-Ammonia

82Rb (Cardiogen-82)

11C-Choline

18F-Labeled Fluciclovine (FACBC or Axumin)

68Ga-Labeled DOTATATE and DOTATOC

Radiopharmaceuticals in Pregnant or Lactating Women

Therapeutic and Theranostic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals

Design of a Radiopharmaceutical for Therapeutic Uses

Problems and Uses

Misadministration of Radiopharmaceuticals

6 Interaction of High-Energy Radiation with Matter

Interaction of Charged Particles (10 keV to 10 MeV)

Principal Mechanism of Interaction (Ionization and Excitation)

Differences Between Lighter and Heavier Charged Particles

Range R of a Charged Particle

Factors That Affect Range, R

Bremsstrahlung Production

Stopping Power (S)

Linear Energy Transfer

Difference Between LET and Stopping Power, S

Annihilation of Positrons

Cerenkov Radiation

Interaction of X- or γ-Rays (10 keV to 10 MeV)

Attenuation and Transmission of X- or γ-Rays

Attenuation Through Heterogeneous Medium

Mass Attenuation Coefficient, µ (mass)

Atomic Attenuation Coefficient, µ (atom)

Mechanisms of Interaction

Dependence of µ (mass) and µ (linear) on Z

Relative Importance of the Three Processes

Interaction of Neutrons

7 Radiation Dosimetry

General Comments on Radiation Dose Calculations

Definitions and Units

Radiation Dose, D

Radiation Dose Rate, dD/dt

Parameters or Data Needed

Calculation of the Radiation Dose

Step 1—Rate of Energy Emission

Step 2—Rate of Energy Absorption

Step 3—Dose Rate, dD/dt

Step 4—Average Dose, D

Cumulated Radioactivity

Simplification of Radiation Dose Calculations Using “S” Factor

Some Illustrative Examples

Radiation Doses in Routine Imaging Procedures

Radiation Doses in Children

Radiation Dose to a Fetus

Computer Program (OLINDA/EXM)

8 Detection of High-Energy Radiation

What Do We Want to Know About Radiation?

Simple Detection

Quantity of Radiation

Energy of the Radiation

Nature of Radiation

What Makes One Radiation Detector Better than Another?

Intrinsic Efficiency or Sensitivity

Dead Time or Resolving Time

Energy Discrimination Capability or Energy Resolution

Other Considerations

Types of Detectors

Gas-Filled Detectors

Mechanism of Gas-Filled Detectors

Types of Gas-Filled Detectors

Scintillation Detectors (Counters)

Scintillator

Associated Electronics

Response to Monochromatic (Single-Energy) γ-Rays

Response to γ-Rays of Two Energies and Secondary Peaks

Semiconductor Detectors

9 In Vitro Radiation Detection

Overall Efficiency E

Intrinsic Efficiency

Geometric Efficiency

Well-Type NaI(Tl) Scintillation Detectors (Well Counters)

Liquid Scintillation Detectors

Basic Components

Preparation of the Sample Detector Vial

Problems Arising in Sample Preparation

10 In Vivo Radiation Detection: Basic Problems, Probes, and Scintillation Camera

Basic Problems

Collimation

Scattering

Attenuation

Organ Uptake Probes

NaI(Tl) Detector

Collimator

Miniature Surgical Probes

Organ Imaging and Scintillation Camera

Components of a Scintillation Camera

Collimators

Detector, NaI(Tl) Crystal

Position-Determining Circuit (X, Y Coordinates)

Display

Imaging with a Scintillation Camera

11 Computer Interfacing and Image Processing

Interfacing with a Computer

Digital Images from the Scintillation Camera

Pixel and Matrix

Acquisition Modes

Display of Images

Digital Image Processing

Scaling, Addition or Subtraction, and Smoothing

Display of Volumetric Data

Regions of Interest

Registration of Images

Tracer Kinetic Modeling

12 Operational Characteristics and Quality Control (QC) of a Scintillation Camera

Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Spatial Resolution

PSF and FWHM as Measures of Spatial Resolution, R

MTF

Resolution of an Imaging Chain

Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Sensitivity

Point Sensitivity Sp

Line Sensitivity, SL

Plane Sensitivity, SA

Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imager

Scintillation Camera

Uniformity and High Count Rate Performance of a Scintillation Camera

Uniformity

High Count Rates and Issues of Dead Time and Pulse Pile-up

QC of a Scintillation Camera

Peaking

Field Uniformity

Spatial Resolution

13 Emission Computed Tomography (ECT), General Principles

Basic Principles

Considerations in Data Acquisition

Pixel Width, Matrix, and Number of Projections

Pixel Width, Resolution, and Sensitivity

Image Reconstruction Methods

Back-Projection (a Simple Explanation)

Filtered Back-Projection (An Improved Reconstruction Method): Actual Steps

Practical Challenges

Iterative Methods

Quantitation

14 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Data Acquisition With a Scintillation Camera

Collimators

Sources of Error and Needed Quality Control

Corrections for Accurate Image Reconstruction

Attenuation Correction

Scatter Correction

Resolution Recovery (also known as Collimator-Detector Response Correction)

Dedicated SPECT Systems

D-SPECT

GE Discovery NM 530c

Other Novel Designs

15 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Basic Principles

Positron Emission and Annihilation

Coincidence Detection

Standard PET Instrumentation

Data Acquisition

2D versus 3D Mode

Time-of-flight (TOF) PET

PET/CT Imaging

Correction Methods

Normalization or Uniformity Correction

Attenuation Correction

Scattered Coincidence Correction

Random Coincidence Correction

Resolution in PET and its Recovery by PSF Modeling

Quality Control (QC) of a PET Scanner

Performance Characteristics of PET Scanners

16 Detectability or Final Contrast in an Image

Parameters that Affect Detectability of a Lesion

Object Contrast

Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imaging Device

Statistical (Quantum) Noise

Projection of Volume Distribution into Planar Distribution

Compton Scattering of γ-Rays

Attenuation

Object Motion

Display Parameters

Contrast–Detail Curve

Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve

17 Biologic Effects of Radiation and Risk Evaluation from Radiation Exposure

Mechanism of Biologic Damage

Factors Affecting Biologic Damage

Radiation Dose

Dose Rate

LET or Type of Radiation

Type of Tissue

Amount of Tissue

Rate of Cell Turnover

Biologic Variation

Chemical Modifiers

Deleterious Effects in Humans

Acute Effects

Late Effects

Low Dose Relationship for Stochastic Effects

Radiation Effects in the Fetus

Different Radiation Exposures and the Concepts of Equivalent Dose (Dose Equivalent) and Effective Dose (Effective Dose Equivalent)

Equivalent Dose (Dose Equivalent)

Effective Dose, Effective Dose Equivalent, and Tissue Weighting Factors

Methodology for Comparison of Different Exposures

Committed Equivalent Dose and Committed Effective Dose

Sources of Radiation Exposure to U.S. Population and Average Effective Dose

Natural Background Radiation

Medical Exposure

Technological Exposures

Average Total Effective Dose per Person

Effective Doses in Nuclear Medicine and Comparison with Other Sources of Exposure

18 Methods of Safe Handling of Radionuclides and Pertaining Rules and Regulations

Principles of Reducing Exposure from External Sources

Exposure

Calculation of Exposure from External Sources

Avoiding Internal Contamination

The Radioactive Patient

Rules and Regulations

U.S. Regulatory Agencies

Exposure or Dose Limits: Annual Limit on Intake and Derived Air Concentration

ALARA Principle

Types of Licenses

Radiation Safety Committee and Radiation Safety Officer

Personnel Monitoring

Receipt, Use, and Disposal of Radionuclides

Control and Labeling of Areas Where Radionuclides Are Stored and/or Used

Contamination Survey and Radiation-Level Monitoring

Receiving and Shipping (Transport) of Radioactive Packages

Accidental Radioactive Spills

Appendix A: Physical Characteristics of Some Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine

Appendix B: CGS and SI Units

Appendix C: Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine

Answers

Suggestions for Further Reading

 

An aparitie	1 Nov. 2017
Autor	CHANDRA
Dimensiuni	17.53 x 1.02 x 25.15 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781496381842
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	256
Versiune digitala	DA