Mycobacterial Skin Infections

 

Description:

 

 

This well-illustrated book is a comprehensive guide to the cutaneous clinical presentations of mycobacterial infections. The Mycobacterium genus includes over 170 species, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) having been added to the obligate human pathogens such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. NTM are widely distributed in the environment with high isolation rates worldwide; the skin is a major target with variable clinical manifestations. A current  resurgence in tuberculosis is aggravated by the synergy with human immunodeficiency virus, the breakdown of health care systems, and the rise in multidrug-resistant disease, as the incidence of leprosy remains stable, at around 250,000 new cases annually, regardless of effective antibiotic therapy. Presentations  of various cutaneous infections caused by mycobacteria may be overlooked by clinicians owing the lack of familiarity with tuberculosis, leprosy, and the related  NTM clinical features. This handy guide will help  the dermatologist to spot the different clinical manifestations, make a prompt diagnosis, and apply effective treatment.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Contributors

1: Mycobacteria

1.1 Habitat and Diffusion

1.2 Cellular Structure

1.3 Antigenic Structure

1.4 Sensitivity to Antibiotics

1.5 Nontubercular Bacteria

1.6 Classification

1.7 Complexes

1.8 Microscopic Examination

1.9 Culture Media

1.10 Biological Testing

1.11 Identification

1.12 Rapid Methods

References

2: Cutaneous Tuberculosis

2.1 History

2.2 Epidemiology

2.2.1 Impact of the HIV Epidemic

2.2.2 Impact of Drug and Multidrug Resistance

2.2.3 Impact of Solid Organ Transplantation

2.3 Risk Factors

2.3.1 Immunosuppressive Drugs and Corticosteroids

2.3.2 Age and Sex

2.3.3 Contact Tracing

2.3.4 Occupational Tuberculosis

2.3.5 Tuberculosis and Air Travel

2.3.6 Genetic Factors

2.3.7 Other Factors

2.4 Etiology

2.4.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2.4.1.1 Mycobacterium africanum

2.4.1.2 Mycobacterium caprae

2.4.1.3 Mycobacterium microti

2.4.1.4 Mycobacterium pinnipedii

2.4.1.5 Mycobacterium canettii

2.5 Transmission

2.6 Pathophysiology

2.6.1 Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2.6.2 Stages of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2.6.3 Susceptibility to Tuberculosis

2.6.4 Primary and Post-Primary Tuberculosis

2.7 Immunology

2.7.1 Cell-Mediated Immunity

2.7.2 Innate Immune Response

2.8 Laboratory Diagnosis

2.8.1 Bacteriological Identification

2.8.1.1 Specimen Collection

2.8.1.2 Culture

Solid Media

Broth Media

2.8.1.3 Staining Procedure

2.8.2 Radiological Imaging

2.8.3 Hematological Examination

2.8.4 Molecular Methods

2.8.5 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

2.8.6 The Tuberculin Skin Test

2.8.6.1 Mantoux Test

2.8.7 Interferon-Gamma Assays

2.9 Histopathology

2.10 Cutaneous Tuberculosis

2.10.1 Epidemiology

2.10.2 Historical Aspects

2.10.3 Classification

2.10.4 Primary Inoculation Tuberculosis

2.10.5 Tuberculosis Verrucosa

2.10.6 Scrofuloderma

2.10.7 Orificial Ulcerative Tuberculosis

2.10.8 Miliary Tuberculosis

2.10.9 Lupus Vulgaris

2.10.9.1 Pathogenesis

2.10.9.2 Histopathology

2.10.9.3 Clinical Features

2.10.9.4 Clinical Forms

2.10.9.5 Mucosal Involvement

2.10.9.6 Prognosis and Complications

2.10.9.7 Diagnosis

2.10.10 Tuberculous Gumma

2.10.11 Unusual Forms of Cutaneous Tuberculosis

2.10.12 Tuberculids

2.10.12.1 Lichen Scrofulosorum

2.10.12.2 Papulonecrotic Tuberculid

2.10.12.3 Nodular Tuberculids

Erythema Induratum of Bazin

Nodular Tuberculid

Erythema Nodosum

2.10.12.4 Other Possible Tuberculids

2.11 Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity

2.12 Cutaneous Tuberculosis in Pediatric Age

2.12.1 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Induced Skin Lesions

2.13 Diagnosis and Prognosis

2.14 Management

2.14.1 General Measures and Principles of Chemotherapy

2.14.2 Drugs

2.14.2.1 Isoniazid

2.14.2.2 Rifampicin

2.14.2.3 Pyrazinamide

2.14.2.4 Ethambutol

2.14.2.5 Streptomycin

2.14.3 Alternative Drugs in First-Line Regimens

2.14.4 Second-Line Drugs

2.14.5 Treatment Regimens

2.14.6 Treatment Failure and Relapse

2.14.7 Treatment in Special Circumstances

2.14.8 Therapy of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis

2.15 Chemoprophylaxis

2.16 Vaccination

References

3: Mycobacterium bovis Skin Infection

3.1 The Organism

3.2 Molecular Typing Methods

3.3 Epidemiology and Transmission

3.4 Clinical Features

3.5 Susceptibility and Treatment

3.6 Control and Recommendations

References

4: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

4.1 Immunoprotection Against Tuberculosis

4.2 BCG Vaccine

4.3 Immune Response to BCG Vaccination

4.4 Efficacy of BCG

4.5 Administration and Side Effects of BCG

4.6 Current Use of BCG

4.7 New Vaccines Against Tuberculosis

References

5: Leprosy

5.1 History

5.2 Epidemiology

5.3 Modes of Transmission

5.3.1 Modes of Direct and Environmental Skin Transmission

5.4 Mycobacterium leprae and Armadillos

5.4.1 Zoonotic Leprosy

5.5 Etiology

5.5.1 Biological Properties of Mycobacterium leprae

5.5.2 Chemical Composition of Mycobacterium leprae

5.5.3 Bacteriological Aspects

5.5.3.1 Bacterial Index

5.5.3.2 Morphological Index

5.5.3.3 Skin Biopsy Specimens

5.5.3.4 Smears of Nasal Secretions

5.5.4 Biochemistry of Mycobacterium leprae

5.5.5 Lepromins

5.6 Transmission

5.6.1 Exit Portals

5.6.2 Entry Portals

5.6.3 Subclinical Infection and Re-Infection

5.6.4 Incubation Period

5.6.5 Scientific Investigation and Antileprosy Campaign

5.6.6 Inactivation of Disease and Mortality

5.7 Genetics

5.7.1 Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes

5.7.2 Non-HLA Genes

5.7.3 Genetics of Leprosy Reactions

5.8 Immunopathogenesis

5.8.1 Innate Immune Response

5.8.2 Acquired Immune Response

5.8.3 Antibody Responses

5.8.4 Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

5.8.5 Advances for New Mycobacterium leprae-Specific Antigens

5.8.6 Cytokine Profiles

5.8.7 Leprosy Reactions

5.8.8 Immunopathology of Cutaneous Lesions

5.8.9 Nerve Damage

5.9 Classification

5.9.1 Clinical Assessment

5.9.2 How to Examine the Patient

5.9.2.1 Skin

5.9.2.2 Peripheral Nerves

5.9.2.3 Number of Mycobacterium leprae

5.9.2.4 Lepromin Test

5.9.2.5 Mucosa of the Nasal Fossae

5.9.2.6 Other Examinations

5.9.2.7 Classifications Inside the Spectrum

5.10 Histopathology

5.10.1 Indeterminate Leprosy

5.10.2 Histological Criteria That Aid Classification

5.10.2.1 Number of Bacilli

5.10.2.2 Cellular Composition of the Infiltrate

5.10.2.3 Nerve Alterations

5.10.2.4 Epidermis and Subepidermal Zone

5.10.3 Tuberculoid Leprosy

5.10.4 Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy

5.10.5 Borderline Borderline Leprosy

5.10.6 Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy

5.10.7 Lepromatous Leprosy

5.10.8 Leprosy Reactions

5.10.8.1 Type 1 Reaction (T1R)

5.10.8.2 Type 2 Reaction (T2R)

5.10.9 Particular Forms of Leprosy

5.10.9.1 Histoid Leprosy

5.10.9.2 Lucio-Latapi Leprosy

5.10.9.3 Lucio-Alvarado Phenomenon

5.10.10 Histopathology of the Lymph Nodes

5.10.11 Histopathology of the Internal Organs

5.11 Serology

5.12 Clinical Features

5.12.1 Indeterminate Leprosy

5.12.2 Tuberculoid Leprosy

5.12.3 Borderline Leprosy

5.12.3.1 Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy

5.12.3.2 Mid-Borderline Leprosy

5.12.3.3 Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy

5.12.4 Lepromatous Leprosy

5.12.4.1 Skin Lesions

5.12.4.2 Nerve Involvement

5.12.4.3 Other Disturbances

5.12.4.4 Bones

5.12.5 Pure Neural Leprosy

5.12.6 Wade’s Histoid Leprosy

5.12.7 Lucio-Latapi Leprosy

5.12.7.1 Clinical features

5.12.7.2 Histopathology

5.12.7.3 Diagnosis

5.13 Relapse

5.14 Leprosy in Pregnancy

5.15 Leprosy and HIV Coinfection

5.16 Leprosy Reactions

5.16.1 Type 1 Reaction

5.16.2 Type 2 Reaction

5.16.3 Lucio’s Phenomenon

5.17 Nerve Damage

5.17.1 Pain

5.17.2 Sensory Component

5.17.3 Autonomic Component

5.17.4 Motor Component

5.18 Ocular Leprosy

5.18.1 Eyeball Adnexa Changes

5.18.2 Leprosy of the Surface of the Eye

5.18.3 Intraocular Changes

5.19 Ear, Nose and Throat Involvement

5.19.1 The Ear

5.19.2 The Nose

5.19.3 The Throat

5.20 Systemic Involvement

5.20.1 Lymph Nodes

5.20.2 Liver and Spleen

5.20.3 Bones

5.20.4 Testicles and Other Organs

5.21 Diagnosis and Prognosis

5.22 Differential Diagnosis

5.22.1 Macular Lesions

5.22.2 Plaques and Annular Lesions

5.22.3 Nodules

5.22.4 Nerves

5.22.5 Eye Involvement

5.23 Treatment

5.23.1 Chemotherapy: First-Line Drugs

5.23.1.1 Dapsone (4,4-Diaminodiphenylsulfone, or DDS)

5.23.1.2 Clofazimine

5.23.1.3 Rifampicin

5.23.2 Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium leprae

5.23.3 Multidrug Therapy

5.23.4 Novel Drugs and Treatment Regimens

5.23.5 Special Treatment Regimens

5.23.6 Treatment of Leprosy Reactions

5.23.6.1 Type 1 Reaction (Reversal Reaction)

5.23.6.2 Type 2 Reaction (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum)

5.23.6.3 Lucio’s Phenomenon

5.23.6.4 Leprosy Reactions in Pregnancy

5.23.7 Surgical Treatment

5.23.7.1 Nerve Surgery

5.23.7.2 Palliative Surgery

5.23.7.3 Surgery of Sequelae

5.24 Prophylaxis

5.24.1 Chemoprophylaxis

5.24.2 Immunoprophylaxis

5.25 Control

References

6: Nontuberculous Mycobacteria and Skin Infection

6.1 Taxonomy

6.2 Epidemiology

6.3 Pathogenesis

6.4 Diagnosis

6.5 Clinical Features

6.5.1 Lymphadenitis

6.5.2 Skin and Soft Tissue Disease

6.6 Prevention

6.7 Transplant Recipients

6.8 HIV-Infected Individuals

6.9 Treatment

References

7: Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Infection

7.1 The Organism

7.2 Epidemiology

7.3 Clinical Features

7.3.1 Lymphadenitis

7.3.2 Skin Disease

7.4 Histopathology

7.5 Treatment

References

8: Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria and Skin Infection

8.1 Taxonomy

8.2 Epidemiology

8.3 Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Clinical Infection

8.4 Mycobacterium abscessus

8.4.1 Clinical Features

8.4.2 Histopathological Remarks

8.4.3 Treatment

8.5 Mycobacterium chelonae

8.5.1 Clinical Features

8.5.2 Culture and Histopathology

8.5.3 Treatment

8.6 Mycobacterium fortuitum

8.6.1 Clinical Features

8.6.2 Histopathology

8.6.3 Treatment

8.7 Diagnosis

References

9: Mycobacterium marinum Skin Infection

9.1 Taxonomy

9.2 Genetics

9.3 Microbiology

9.4 Pathogenesis

9.5 Epidemiology

9.6 Clinical Features

9.6.1 Disease in Fish

9.6.2 Disease in Humans

9.7 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

9.8 Histopathology

9.9 Treatment

9.10 Surgery

9.11 Prevention

9.12 Personal Data

9.13 Mycobacterium marinum and Sea-Urchin Granulomas

9.14 Piscine and Aquarium Mycobacteriosis

References

10: Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection

10.1 History

10.2 Epidemiology

10.3 The Organism

10.4 Ecology and Route of Transmission

10.5 Pathogenesis

10.6 Clinical Manifestations

10.7 Histopathology

10.8 Laboratory Tests

10.9 Diagnosis

10.10 HIV Infection and Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection

10.11 Treatment

10.12 Prevention

References

11: Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria and Skin Infection

11.1 Mycobacterium avium Complex

11.2 Mycobacterium kansasii

11.3 Mycobacterium haemophilum

11.4 Mycobacterium gordonae

11.5 Mycobacterium malmoense

11.6 Mycobacterium smegmatis

11.7 Mycobacterium szulgai

References

 

An aparitie	15 Sept. 2017
Autor	Domenico Bonamonte, Gianni Angelini
Dimensiuni	16.36 x 2.69 x 24.64 cm
Editura	Springer
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9783319485379
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	413