ICG Fluorescence Imaging and Navigation Surgery

 

Description:

This book presents a comprehensive overview and outlook for the future of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence navigation surgery, which is attracting clinical interest as a safe and less invasive procedure not only in detecting cerebral vessels, coronary arteries, and biliary trees, but also in identifying sentinel lymph nodes in cancer. The book starts with the characteristics of ICG and photodynamic cameras/endoscopes, followed by detailed descriptions of the applications of ICG fluorescence imaging in various areas such as ocular surgery, neurosurgery, cardiovascular surgery, and plastic surgery. It also covers identifying sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer as well as cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, and provides valuable information for hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgeons, such as identifying tattooing of liver segments and bile leakage. Written entirely by experts in their respective areas, ICG Fluorescence Imaging and Navigation Surgery offers an essential resource for surgeons operating on cancers and vascular disorders in the brain and cardiovascular systems and in plastic surgery.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part I: Basis of ICG Fluorescence Method

Chapter 1: Photodynamic Characteristics of ICG Fluorescence Imaging

1.1 Indocyanine Green (ICG)

1.2 Optical Characteristics of ICG

1.3 How ICG Generates Fluorescence

1.4 Considerations of the ICG Fluorescence Method

1.4.1 Toxicity

1.4.2 Concentration and Dose of ICG Injection for Fluorescence Imaging

1.4.3 Quenching Effect

References

Chapter 2: Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Properties

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Materials and Methods

2.2.1 Experimental Protocol

2.2.2 Preliminary Study of the Clinical Applications of Fluorescence Imaging Using the Optimal Conce

2.3 Results

2.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 3: Characteristics of the Photodynamic Eye Camera

3.1 History of Development of the pde-neo

3.2 The Basic Configuration of pde-neo

3.3 Camera Unit

3.4 Controller Part

3.5 User Directions for the pde-neo

References

Part II: Neurosurgery

Chapter 4: ICG Videoangiography in Neurosurgical Procedures

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Patients and Methods (Experience in our Hospital)

4.3 Results and Discussion

4.3.1 ICG-VAG for Clipping Cerebral Aneurysm

4.3.2 ICG-VAG for Bypass Surgery

4.3.3 ICG-VAG for Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)

4.3.4 ICG-VAG for Vascular Malformations

4.3.5 ICG-VAG for Spinal Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF)

4.3.6 ICG-VAG for Cavernous Malformations (CMs)

4.3.7 ICG-VAG for Tumors in the Central Nervous System

4.4 Conclusion and Future Considerations

References

Part III: Head and Neck Surgery

Chapter 5: ICG Fluorescent Image-Guided Surgery in Head and Neck Cancer

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) Navigation Surgery

5.3 ICG Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Surgery for Parapharyngeal Space Tumors

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 Methods

5.3.3 Results

5.3.4 Discussion

5.3.5 Conclusion

5.4 Lymphatic Chemotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer

5.4.1 Methods

5.4.2 Results

5.4.3 Discussion

5.4.4 Conclusion

5.5 Significant Contribution to Superselective Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Advanced Head and Nec

5.5.1 Introduction

5.5.2 Results

5.5.3 Discussion

5.6 Conclusion

References

Part IV: Cardiovascular Surgery

Chapter 6: Innovative SPY Intraoperative Imaging and Validation Technologies for Coronary Artery Byp

6.1 Introduction

6.2 About SPY System

6.3 Intraoperative SPY Images and Postoperative Angiography or MDCT

6.4 Usefulness of the SPY System

6.5 Our Experiences Using SPY System

6.6 The World´s First Two Cases with Nine-Anastomosis Off-Pump CABG

6.7 Intraoperative Graft Assessment Tools Comparison

6.8 SPY System for Arrested Heart

6.9 DICOM Movie Network System

6.10 Future Directions

6.11 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Application of an Angiographic Blood Flow Evaluation Technique in Cardiovascular Surgery

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Usefulness of HEMS Angiography in CABG

7.2.1 Setup and Imaging by HEMS Angiography for CABG

7.2.2 Evaluation of Coronary Artery Bypass Patency by HEMS Angiography

7.2.3 Pitfalls of HEMS Angiography

7.2.3.1 Penetration Depth and Fluorescent Luminescence

7.2.3.2 Time Lag of ICG Fluorescence

7.2.3.3 Impact of Imaging Velocity and Fluorescent Luminescence

7.2.4 General Assessment with Concomitant TTF

7.3 Application to Peripheral Artery Bypass Surgery

7.4 Evaluation of Blood Flow in Abdominal Organs

7.5 Conclusion

References

Part V: Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery: Breast Cancer

Chapter 8: Principle and Development of ICG Method

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Principle

8.2.1 Molecular Fluorescence of ICG

8.2.2 Optical Properties of ICG in the Living Tissue

8.3 Clinical Development for Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer

8.3.1 Equipment

8.3.2 Surgical Procedures

8.3.3 Initial Results

8.4 Axillary Compression Technique

8.4.1 Principle and Procedures

8.4.2 Clinical Results

8.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Practice of Fluorescence Navigation Surgery Using Indocyanine Green for Sentinel Lymph No

9.1 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer

9.2 Conventional Methods for SLN Detection

9.3 SLN Detection with the Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Navigation Method

9.3.1 Device Used

9.3.2 Use of ICG as a Tracer

9.3.3 Tracer Preparation and Injection

9.3.4 Surgical Procedures

9.4 Comparison of SLNB Guided by the ICG Method Versus BD or RI Method

9.5 Summary

References

Chapter 10: A Perspective on Current Status and Future Directions of Sentinel Node Biopsy Using Fluo

10.1 Introduction

10.2 A Perspective on Current Status of the ICG Fluorescence Imaging

10.2.1 Comparison Between ICG Fluorescence and Blue Dye

10.2.2 Comparison Between ICG Fluorescence and RI

10.2.3 Clinical Issue for the ICG Fluorescence Method

10.3 Future Direction

References

Chapter 11: Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Axillary Reverse Mapping for Sentinel Node Navigation Sur

11.1 Introduction

11.1.1 History of Axillary Reverse Mapping

11.2 Patients and Methods

11.2.1 Patients

11.2.2 Methods

11.3 Results

11.4 Discussion

11.4.1 Prospects for the Future

References

Chapter 12: A New Concept for Axillary Treatment of Primary Breast Cancer Using Indocyanine Green Fl

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sentinel Node Identification by the fICG Method

12.3 Axillary Staging by the fICG Method

12.4 SLN Biopsy After Preoperative Systemic Therapy

12.5 Conclusions

References

Part VI: Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery and Other Applications for Gastrointestial Tract Cancers:

Chapter 13: Function-Preserving Curative Gastrectomy Guided by ICG Fluorescence Imaging for Early Ga

13.1 The Need for Function-Preserving Gastrectomy

13.2 SN Concept in Early Gastric Cancer

13.3 Clinical Application of SN Navigation Surgery

13.4 Technical Difficulty of Combination Mapping for Laparoscopic Gastrectomy

13.5 Feasibility of ICG Fluorescence Mapping for Early Gastric Cancer

13.6 Unsolvable Issues of ICG Fluorescence Mapping

13.7 The Future of Laparoscopic Gastric Surgery

References

Part VII: Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery and Other Applications for Gastrointestial Tract Cancers:

Chapter 14: Fluorescent Navigation Surgery for Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers: Detection of Sentinel

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Materials and Methods

14.2.1 The Detection of SLNs

14.2.2 Tattooing the Tumor Region Using ICG Fluorescence

14.2.3 ICG Fluorescence-Assisted Ex Vivo Lymph Node Harvest in Gastric Cancer

14.3 Results

14.3.1 The Detection of SLNs

14.3.2 The Tattooing of the Tumor Region by ICG Fluorescence

14.3.3 ICG Fluorescence-Assisted Ex Vivo Lymph Node Harvest in Gastric Cancer

14.4 Discussion

References

Part VIII: Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery and Other Applications for Gastrointestial Tract Cancers

Chapter 15: Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery for Rectal Cancer: Indications for Lateral Node Dissect

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Patients and Methods

15.2.1 Patients

15.2.2 Detection of the SN with ICG Using the Near-Infrared Camera System

15.2.3 Division of the Lateral Pelvic Region

15.2.4 Statistical Analysis

15.3 Results

15.3.1 Patient Characteristics

15.3.2 Feasibility

15.3.3 Detection of Lateral SNs

15.3.4 Correlations Between the Tumor-Positive Lymph Nodes and Dissected Lymph Nodes

15.4 Discussion

References

Part IX: Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery: Skin Cancer

Chapter 16: Indocyanine Green Fluorescence-Navigated Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery (SNNS) for Cut

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Objectives

16.3 Methods

16.3.1 Administration of ICG

16.3.2 Observation of the Lymph Tracts (Fig.16.1)

16.3.3 Surgical Resection of SLNs

16.3.4 Histopathologic Evaluation of SLNs

16.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 17: Regional Lymph Node Dissection Assisted by Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Lymphography a

17.1 Introduction

17.2 En-bloc Lymph Node Dissection

17.3 Decision of the Levels of Dissection of Regional Lymph Basin

17.4 Blood Flow Evaluation of Skin Flap in Groin Dissection

References

Part X: Assessment of Blood Supply to Tissue and Reconstructed Organ with Application of Plastic Sur

Chapter 18: Blood Supply Visualization for Reconstruction During Esophagectomy

18.1 Introduction

18.1.1 Background

18.1.2 Laser Doppler Flowmetry

18.1.3 Intraoperative Fluorescent Imaging

18.2 Methods

18.2.1 Patient Characteristics

18.2.2 Operative Procedures

18.2.3 Modified Procedure

18.2.4 ICG Imaging

18.3 Results

18.3.1 Operative Procedures

18.3.2 Intraoperative Fluorescent Imaging

18.3.3 Patient Outcomes

18.4 Discussion

18.4.1 Intraoperative Visualization of Blood Supply

18.4.2 Rate of Anastomotic Leakage

18.4.3 Evaluation of Microvascular Anastomosis

18.4.4 Literature Review

18.4.5 Evaluation of ICG Fluorescence

18.4.6 Benefits of ICG Fluorescence

18.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 19: Evaluation of Viability of Reconstruction Organs During Esophageal Reconstruction

19.1 Background

19.2 The LED-Excitation ICG-Fluorescence Video Navigation System

19.2.1 Application of the LED-Excitation ICG-Fluorescence Video Navigation System

19.3 Surgical Procedure

19.4 ICG-Based Assessment of Perfusion of the Small-Diameter Gastric Tube

19.4.1 Assessment of Gastric Tube Perfusion: Results in 48 Patients

19.5 ICG-Based Assessment of Intestinal Perfusion Associated with Vascular Anastomosis

19.6 Discussion

19.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 20: ICG Fluorescence Navigation Surgery in Breast Reconstruction with TRAM Flaps

20.1 Methods

20.2 Observation

20.3 Evaluation

20.4 Results

20.5 Discussion

20.6 Summary

References

Chapter 21: Intraoperative Evaluation of Flap Circulation by ICG Fluorescence Angiography in the Bre

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Vascular Anatomy of TRAM Flap

21.3 Operative Procedures

21.3.1 Preoperative Markings and Preparations

21.3.2 Elevation of TRAM Flap

21.3.3 Evaluation of Flap Circulation by ICG Fluorescence Angiography

21.3.4 Flap Inset and Abdominal Closure

21.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 22: Pre- and Intraoperative Identification of Perforator Vessels Using MRA/MDCTA, Doppler So

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Materials and Methods

22.2.1 Preoperative Identification of Perforator Vessels (MRA/MDCTA and Doppler Sonography)

22.2.2 Intraoperative Identification of Perforator Vessels (Doppler Sonography and ICG Fluorescence

22.2.3 ICG Fluorescence Dosing Method

22.2.4 Concrete Method by Flap Type

22.2.4.1 Freestyle Pedicled Perforator Flap

22.2.4.2 Free Perforator Flap

References

Chapter 23: Intraoperative Assessment of Intestinal Perfusion Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence A

23.1 Introduction

23.2 The Techniques Used for ICG-AG

23.3 Case Presentation

23.3.1 Case 1

23.3.2 Case 2

23.3.3 Case 3

23.4 Discussion

References

Part XI: Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery: Liver

Chapter 24: Basic Aspects of ICG Fluorescence Imaging of the Liver

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Fluorescence Images of the Liver After ICG Injected Intravenously

24.2.1 Early Hepatic Phase

24.2.2 Biliary Phase

24.2.3 Late Hepatic Phase

24.3 Microscopic Fluorescence Findings of the Liver

24.3.1 Uptake of ICG in Hepatocytes

24.3.2 Microscopic Findings of Time-Dependent Changes of Fluorescent Images in Hepatocytes

24.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 25: Intraoperative Liver Segmentation Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging

25.1 Introduction

25.1.1 Anatomical Liver Resection

25.1.2 Conventional Procedures for Hepatic Segmentation

25.1.3 A Novel Method for Hepatic Segmentation Using ICG and NIRF

25.2 Materials and Methods

25.2.1 ICG as a Fluorescent Agent

25.2.2 NIRF Imaging System

25.3 Techniques of ICG Injection for Intraoperative Liver Segmentation

25.3.1 Counterperfusion Method

25.3.2 Direct Perfusion Method

25.4 Imaging Results

25.4.1 Images of the Counterperfusion Method During Liver Resection

25.4.2 Images of the Direct Staining Method During Liver Resection

25.5 Discussion

References

Chapter 26: Liver Parenchymal Staining Using Fusion ICG Fluorescence Imaging

26.1 Background

26.2 Methods

26.2.1 Instruments

26.2.2 Surgical Technique

26.2.3 IV Method

26.2.4 PV Method

26.2.5 Vein-Oriented Staining

26.2.6 Acquisition of Fusion IGFI Images

26.2.7 Acquisition of Conventional Demarcation Images

26.3 Case Presentations

26.3.1 Case 1: IV Method

26.3.2 Case 2: PV Method

26.3.3 Case 3: Vein-Oriented Staining Method

26.4 Comment

References

Part XII: Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery: Liver Tumors

Chapter 27: Anatomical Hepatectomy Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Imaging and Needle-Guiding Te

27.1 Anatomical Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

27.2 Fluorescent Imaging System

27.3 ICG Staining

27.4 Needle-Guiding Technique

27.5 Hepatectomy

27.6 ICG Counterstaining

27.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 28: Microscopic Findings of Fluorescence of Liver Cancers

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Materials and Methods

28.3 Results

28.3.1 Clinicopathological Characteristics

28.3.2 Macroscopic Findings of Fluorescence: Liver Sections

28.3.3 Microscopic Findings of Fluorescence

28.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 29: Intraoperative Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescenc

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Technique of ICG Fluorescence Imaging for HCC Detection

29.3 Detection of HCC Nodules Using ICG Fluorescence Imaging

29.4 Correlation Between the ICG Fluorescence Pattern and HCC Differentiation

29.5 Newly Detected Lesions on ICG Fluorescence Imaging

29.6 Detection of Extrahepatic HCC Tumors Using ICG Fluorescence Imaging

29.7 Future Perspectives

29.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 30: Laparoscopic Intraoperative Identification of Liver Tumors by Fluorescence Imaging

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Materials

30.3 Evaluation of ICG Fluorescence Imaging During Laparoscopic Liver Navigation

30.3.1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma

30.3.2 Intrahepatic Cholangiocellular Carcinoma

30.3.3 Liver Cyst

References

Chapter 31: Application of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging to Pediatric Hepatoblastoma Surger

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Clinical Applications

31.2.1 Primary Lesions

31.2.1.1 Evaluation of Residual Tumors

31.2.1.2 Intraoperative Cholangiography

31.2.1.3 Evaluation of Extrahepatic Spreading of the Tumor

31.2.2 Metastatic Lesions

31.2.2.1 Lung Metastases

31.2.2.2 Lymph Node Metastases

31.2.2.3 Peritoneal Metastases

31.3 Problems

31.3.1 False-Positive

31.3.2 False-Negative

31.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 32: Indocyanine Green-Related Transporters in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

32.1 Introduction

32.2 ICG Fluorescent Pattern

32.3 ICG Pharmacokinetics

32.4 ICG Fluorography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

32.5 Expression of Hepatic Transporters in HCC

32.5.1 Influx Transporter

32.5.2 Efflux Transporter

32.6 Conclusion

References

Part XIII: Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery: Liver Transplantation

Chapter 33: Liver Transplantation Guided by ICG Fluorescence Imaging: Assessment of Hepatic Vessel R

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Fluorescence Angiography During Recipient Surgery

33.2.1 Background

33.2.2 Administration of ICG

33.2.3 Visualization of Hepatic Blood Flow After Reconstruction of Hepatic Vessels

33.3 Intraoperative Visualization of Veno-occlusive Regions in the Liver Graft

33.3.1 Background

33.3.2 Administration of ICG

33.3.3 Visualization of Regions with Venous Flow After Reconstruction of the Hepatic Venous Tributar

33.4 Conclusion

References

Part XIV: Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery: Biliary Tract

Chapter 34: Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Identification of Pancreatic Leak

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Pancreatic Chymotrypsin as a Target Substance for Fluorescence Imaging

34.3 Application of the Chymotrypsin Probe for Pancreatic Resection in a Swine Model

34.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 35: Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Imaging for Prevention of Bile Leakage Afte

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Materials and Methods

35.2.1 Patients

35.2.2 Surgical Techniques

35.3 Results

35.3.1 Patterns of Fluorescence

35.3.2 Postoperative Bile Leakage

35.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 36: ICG Fluorescence Cholangiography During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Materials and Methods

36.2.1 Laparoscopic Approach

36.3 Results

36.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 37: Usefulness of ICG Fluorescence Imaging in Laparoscopic Liver Resection

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Materials

37.3 Role of ICG Fluorescence Imaging in Laparoscopic Liver Resection

37.3.1 Identification of Anatomic Domain in the Liver

37.3.1.1 Background

37.3.1.2 Mechanism

37.3.1.3 Method

37.3.1.4 Case Presentation

37.3.1.5 Assessment

37.3.2 Detection of Liver Tumors

37.3.2.1 Background

37.3.2.2 Mechanism

37.3.2.3 Method

37.3.2.4 Case Presentation

37.3.2.5 Assessment

37.3.3 Visualization of Biliary Leakage

37.3.3.1 Background

37.3.3.2 Mechanism

37.3.3.3 Method

37.3.3.4 Case Presentation

37.3.3.5 Assessment

37.4 Conclusion

References

Part XV: Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery: Pancreas

Chapter 38: Detection of Hepatic Micrometastases from Pancreatic Cancer

38.1 Rationale for the Detection of Hepatic Micrometastases from Pancreatic Cancer

38.2 Procedures

38.3 Detection of Hepatic Micrometastases

38.4 Histopathological Features of Hepatic Micrometastases

38.5 Clinical Impact of Hepatic Micrometastases

38.6 Future Perspectives

References

Part XVI: Surgery for Lymphedema

Chapter 39: Superficial Lymph Flow of the Upper Limbs Observed by an Indocyanine Green Fluorescence

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Materials and Methods

39.3 Results

39.3.1 The Normal IF Lymphography of Superficial Lymph Flows

39.3.2 Characteristic ICG Fluorescence Images of BCRL Patients

39.3.3 Evaluation of the Effect of CDP for the Upper Limbs Using the IF Method

39.4 Discussion

References

Chapter 40: Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Lymphography and Microsurgical Lymphaticovenous Anastomosi

40.1 Introduction: History of Lymphatic Imaging Techniques

40.2 Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Lymphography

40.3 Surgical Operations for Lymphedema and ICG Lymphography

40.4 Protocol of ICG-LG

40.4.1 Preparation of Examination

40.4.1.1 Examination Reagent

40.4.1.2 Pain Control

40.4.1.3 Setup of Examination Room

40.4.2 Ladder of Examination and Operation

40.4.2.1 Injections

40.4.2.2 Observations and Selection of Lymphatic Vessels for LVA

40.4.3 Skin Incision, Preparation, and Anastomosis of Lymphatic Vessels

40.5 Outcomes of LVA

40.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 41: Comprehensive Lymphedema Evaluation Using Dynamic ICG Lymphography

41.1 ICG Lymphography for Lymphedema Evaluation

41.2 Dynamic ICG Lymphography

41.2.1 Assessment of Lymph Pump Function

41.2.2 Assessment of Lymph Circulation

41.2.2.1 Pathophysiological Severity Staging Systems for Secondary Lymphedema (Dermal Backflow Stage

41.2.2.2 ICG Lymphography Classification for Primary Lymphedema

41.2.3 Navigation for Lymphatic Supermicrosurgery

41.3 Lymphedema Management Using ICG Lymphography

References

Chapter 42: Lymphatic Pumping Pressure in the Legs and Its Association with Aging, Edema, and Qualit

42.1 Background

42.2 Methods

42.2.1 Measuring the Human Lymph Pumping Pressure

42.2.2 The Effect of Aging on Human Lymph Pumping Pressure

42.2.3 Value of Human Lymphatic Pumping Pressure in Association with Leg Edema and Quality of Life

42.2.3.1 Methods

42.2.3.2 Quality of Life with or Without Leg Edema

42.2.3.3 Quality of Life and Leg Plymph pump

42.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 43: ICG Fluorescence Lymphography for Confirming Mid- to Long-term Patency of LymphaticVenou

43.1 LymphaticVenous Side-to-End Anastomosis

43.1.1 Indications for LVSEA

43.1.2 Perioperatively Locating Sites for Anastomosis

43.1.3 Side-to-End Anastomosis (Fig.43.1)

43.1.4 Intraoperative Confirmation of Patency

43.2 Postoperative Evaluations

43.2.1 Postoperative Patency

43.2.2 Other Findings in Postoperative ICG Fluorescence Lymphography

43.3 Case Presentation

43.3.1 Mid-term Results (Fig.43.5)

43.3.2 Long-term Results

43.4 Conclusions

References

 

An aparitie	2016
Autor	Kusano
Dimensiuni	15.82 x 3.15 x 24.18 cm
Editura	Springer
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9784431555278
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	487