Handbook of Fractures

 

Description:

 

With practical coverage of both adult and pediatric fractures, Handbook of Fractures, Sixth Edition is the must-have reference for residents and anyone—nurse practitioners and physician assistants, for example—in either the orthopaedic or emergency medicine setting. The book’s easy-to-read review provides fast access to information on all aspects of fracture management and classification—from anatomy and mechanism of injury to clinical and radiologic evaluation and treatment.

 

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Tabel of Contents:

 

 

Part One: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

1.  Closed Reduction, Casting, and Traction

PRINCIPLES OF CLOSED REDUCTION

COMMON SPLINTING TECHNIQUES

CASTING

BELOW-KNEE (SHORT LEG) CAST

ABOVE-KNEE (LONG LEG) CAST

SHORT AND LONG ARM CASTS

COMPLICATIONS OF CASTS AND SPLINTS

POSITIONS OF FUNCTION

TRACTION

SKIN TRACTION (BUCK)

SKELETAL TRACTION

Tibial Skeletal Traction

Femoral Skeletal Traction

Calcaneal Skeletal Traction

Olecranon Traction

Gardner-Wells Tongs

Halo

Spanning External Fixation

2.  Multiple Trauma

FIELD TRIAGE

MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES

TRAUMA DEATHS

GOLDEN HOUR

THE TEAM

RESUSCITATION

AIRWAY CONTROL

BREATHING

CIRCULATION

INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT IN SHOCK

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOTENSION IN TRAUMA

CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

NEUROGENIC SHOCK

SEPTIC SHOCK

HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK

CLASSIFICATION OF HEMORRHAGE

BLOOD REPLACEMENT

PNEUMATIC ANTISHOCK GARMENT OR MILITARY ANTISHOCK TROUSERS (USED IN FIELD ONLY)

INDICATIONS FOR IMMEDIATE SURGERY

DISABILITY (NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT)

INJURY SEVERITY SCORE

EXPOSURE

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

STABILIZATION

DECISION TO OPERATE

CONCOMITANT INJURIES

HEAD INJURIES

Evaluation

THORACIC INJURIES

Evaluation

ABDOMINAL INJURIES

Evaluation

GENITOURINARY INJURIES

Evaluation

COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

Evaluation

FAT EMBOLISM SYNDROME

Evaluation

3.  Open Fractures

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

VASCULAR INJURY

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

GUSTILO AND ANDERSON (OPEN FRACTURES)

TSCHERNE CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN FRACTURES

TSCHERNE CLASSIFICATION OF CLOSED FRACTURES

TREATMENT

EMERGENCY ROOM MANAGEMENT

Important

Antibiotic Coverage for Open Fractures

OPERATIVE TREATMENT

Irrigation and Debridement

Foreign Bodies

Fracture Stabilization

Soft Tissue Coverage and Bone Grafting

Limb Salvage

COMPLICATIONS

4.  Gunshot Wounds

BALLISTICS

ENERGY

TISSUE PARAMETERS

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

TREATMENT OF ORTHOPAEDIC GUNSHOT INJURIES

LOW-VELOCITY WOUNDS

HIGH-VELOCITY AND SHOTGUN WOUNDS

COMPLICATIONS

5.  Pathologic Fractures

DEFINITION

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

LABORATORY EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

SPRINGFIELD

Systemic

Localized

CLASSIFICATION BY PATHOLOGIC PROCESS

Systemic Skeletal Disease

Local Disease

Miscellaneous

TREATMENT

INITIAL TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT

OPERATIVE TREATMENT

ADJUVANT THERAPY: RADIATION THERAPY AND CHEMOTHERAPY

METASTASES OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN

MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC PATHOLOGIC FRACTURES

Femur Fractures

Humerus Fractures

Spine Fractures

6.  Periprosthetic Fractures

TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Surgical Considerations (to Avoid Periprosthetic Fracture during Revision Surgery)

Classification

Treatment Principles

ACETABULAR FRACTURES

TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

SUPRACONDYLAR FEMUR FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Classification

Treatment

TIBIAL FRACTURES

Risk Factors

Classification

Treatment

PATELLA FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Classification

Treatment

TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

RISK FACTORS

CLASSIFICATION

University of Texas San Antonio Classification of Periprosthetic Shoulder Fractures

TREATMENT

Nonoperative Treatment

Operative Treatment

TOTAL ELBOW ARTHROPLASTY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

RISK FACTORS

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

Nonoperative Treatment

Operative Treatment

7.  Orthopaedic Analgesia

PHARMACOLOGY: CLASSES OF DRUGS

LOCAL ANESTHETICS

VASOCONSTRICTORS

OPIOIDS

SEDATIVES

NITROUS OXIDE

REGIONAL BLOCKS AND CONSCIOUS SEDATION

HEMATOMA BLOCK

REGIONAL BLOCKS

Digital Block

Wrist Block

Elbow Block

Axillary Block

Ankle Block

Popliteal Block

Bier Block

MODERATE SEDATION

Part Two: AXIAL SKELETON FRACTURES

8.  General Spine

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

PRIMARY INJURY

SECONDARY INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

SPINAL SHOCK

NEUROGENIC SHOCK

BULBOCAVERNOSUS REFLEX

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

GRADING OF NEUROLOGIC INJURY

SPINAL CORD INJURY: COMPLETE

SPINAL CORD INJURY: INCOMPLETE

PATTERNS OF INCOMPLETE SPINAL CORD INJURY

BROWN-SÉQUARD SYNDROME

CENTRAL CORD SYNDROME

ANTERIOR CORD SYNDROME

POSTERIOR CORD SYNDROME

CONUS MEDULLARIS SYNDROME

NERVE ROOT LESIONS

CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME

GRADING SYSTEMS FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY

FRANKEL CLASSIFICATION

AMERICAN SPINAL INJURY ASSOCIATION IMPAIRMENT SCALE

AMERICAN SPINAL INJURY ASSOCIATION NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT

TREATMENT

IMMOBILIZATION

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY

COMPLICATIONS

CLEARING THE SPINE

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY

9.  Cervical Spine

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES

INJURIES TO THE OCCIPUT–C1–C2 COMPLEX

OCCIPITAL CONDYLE FRACTURES

CLASSIFICATION

OCCIPITOATLANTAL DISLOCATION (CRANIOVERTEBRAL DISSOCIATION)

ATLAS FRACTURES

TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT RUPTURE (TRAUMATIC C1–C2 INSTABILITY)

ATLANTOAXIAL ROTARY SUBLUXATION AND DISLOCATION

FRACTURES OF THE ODONTOID PROCESS (DENS)

C2 LATERAL MASS FRACTURES

TRAUMATIC SPONDYLOLISTHESIS OF C2 (HANGMAN’S FRACTURE)

INJURIES TO C3–C7

CLASSIFICATION (ALLEN-FERGUSON)

TREATMENT: GENERAL CERVICAL SPINE

INITIAL TREATMENT

STABILIZATION OF THE UPPER CERVICAL SPINE (OCCIPUT–C2)

Anterior Approach

Posterior Approach

Osteosynthesis

STABILIZATION OF THE LOWER CERVICAL SPINE (C3–C7)

COMPLICATIONS

10.  Thoracolumbar Spine

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF THORACIC AND LUMBAR SPINE INJURIES

MCAFEE ET AL.

MCCORMACK ET AL.

THORACOLUMBAR INJURY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

SPINAL STABILITY

WHITE AND PUNJABI

DENIS

McAFEE

AOSPINE THORACOLUMBAR CLASSIFICATION

Fracture Morphology

GUNSHOT WOUNDS

PROGNOSIS AND NEUROLOGIC RECOVERY

BRADFORD AND McBRIDE

DALL AND STAUFFER

CAMISSA ET AL.

KEENEN ET AL.

COMPLICATIONS

Part Three: UPPER EXTREMITY FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS

11.  Clavicle Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

ASSOCIATED INJURIES

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

ALLMAN

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF CLAVICLE FRACTURES

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

COMPLICATIONS

12.  Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Joint Injuries

ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT INJURY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

ASSOCIATED FRACTURES AND INJURIES

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT INJURY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Anatomic

Etiologic

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

13.  Scapula and Thorax Fractures

SCAPULA FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

ASSOCIATED INJURIES

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Anatomic Classification: Zdravkovic and Damholt

Ideberg Classification of Intra-articular Glenoid Fractures

Classification of Acromial Fractures

Classification of Coracoid Fractures

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of Scapula Fractures

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

Surgical considerations

COMPLICATIONS

Scapulothoracic Dissociation

Intrathoracic Dislocation of the Scapula

RIB FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

ASSOCIATED INJURIES

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

14.  Glenohumeral Dislocation

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

ANTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION

INCIDENCE

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

POSTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION

INCIDENCE

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Etiologic Classification

Anatomic Classification

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

INFERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION (LUXATIO ERECTA)

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

SUPERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

15.  Proximal Humerus Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

NEER

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES

TREATMENT

SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

COMPLICATIONS

16.  Humeral Shaft Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

PATIENT POSITIONING

IMAGE POSITIONING

Surgical Techniques

Intramedullary Fixation

Postoperative Rehabilitation

COMPLICATIONS

17.  Distal Humerus

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS

GENERAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES

SPECIFIC FRACTURE TYPES

EXTRA-ARTICULAR SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE

Treatment

Complications

TRANSCONDYLAR FRACTURES

Mechanism of Injury

Treatment

INTERCONDYLAR FRACTURES

Mechanism of Injury

Classification

Treatment

Complications

Mechanism of Injury

Classification

Treatment

Complications

CAPITELLUM FRACTURES

Mechanism of Injury

Classification

Treatment

Complications

TROCHLEA FRACTURES (LAUGIER FRACTURE)

Mechanism of Injury

Treatment

Complications

LATERAL EPICONDYLAR FRACTURES

Mechanism of Injury

Treatment

Complications

MEDIAL EPICONDYLAR FRACTURES

Mechanism of Injury

Treatment

Complications

FRACTURES OF THE SUPRACONDYLAR PROCESS

Mechanism of Injury

Treatment

Complications

18.  Elbow Dislocation

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

ASSOCIATED INJURIES

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS

TYPES OF ELBOW INSTABILITY

Posterolateral Rotatory Instability

Varus, Posteromedial Rotational Instability

Transolecranon Fracture-Dislocations (Anterior)

Instability Scale (Morrey)

GENERAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES

SIMPLE ELBOW DISLOCATION

Nonoperative

Operative

ELBOW FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS IN GENERAL

Nonoperative

Operative

“TERRIBLE TRIAD” FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS

COMPLICATIONS

19.  Olecranon

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

MAYO CLASSIFICATION

SCHATZKER: BASED ON FRACTURE PATTERN

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF PROXIMAL RADIUS/ULNA FRACTURES

TREATMENT

OBJECTIVES

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

COMPLICATIONS

20.  Radial Head

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

MASON

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF PROXIMAL RADIUS/ULNA FRACTURES

TREATMENT GOALS

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

OPEN REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION

Isolated Partial Radial Head Fractures

Partial Radial Head Fracture as Part of a Complex Injury

Fractures Involving the Entire Head of the Radius

Prosthetic Replacement

Radial Head Excision

Essex-Lopresti Lesion

Postoperative Care

COMPLICATIONS

21.  Radius and Ulna Shaft Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

FRACTURES OF BOTH THE RADIUS AND ULNA SHAFTS

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification ofFractures of the Radial and Ulna Shaft

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

RISK FACTORS

FRACTURES OF THE ULNA SHAFT

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION OF ULNA FRACTURES

Descriptive

Bado Classification of Monteggia Fractures

CLASSIFICATION

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of Fractures of the Ulna Shaft

TREATMENT

Nightstick Fractures

Monteggia Fractures

COMPLICATIONS

FRACTURES OF THE RADIAL SHAFT

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of Fractures of the Radial Shaft

TREATMENT

Proximal Radius Fracture

Galeazzi Fractures

COMPLICATIONS

22.  Distal Radius Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

FRYKMAN CLASSIFICATION OF COLLES FRACTURES

FERNANDEZ CLASSIFICATION

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA

EPONYMS

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

Operative Techniques

COMPLICATIONS

23.  Wrist Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF CARPAL FRACTURES AND FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS

SPECIFIC FRACTURES

SCAPHOID

Treatment

PROXIMAL FRACTURES (PRONE TO NONUNION AND OSTEONECROSIS)

LUNATE

TRIQUETRUM

PISIFORM

TRAPEZIUM

TRAPEZOID

CAPITATE

HAMATE

PERILUNATE DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS

SCAPHOLUNATE DISSOCIATION

LUNOTRIQUETRAL DISSOCIATION

ULNOCARPAL DISSOCIATION

24.  Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

METACARPALS

PHALANGES

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

OPEN FRACTURES

Swanson, Szabo, and Anderson

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification ofMetacarpal and Phalangeal Fractures

GENERAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES

MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC FRACTURE PATTERNS

METACARPALS

Metacarpal Head

Metacarpal Neck

Metacarpal Shaft

Metacarpal Base

PROXIMAL AND MIDDLE PHALANGES

Intra-articular Fractures

Proximal Interphalangeal Fracture-Dislocations

Extra-articular Fractures

DISTAL PHALANX

Intra-articular Fractures

Extra-articular Fractures

NAIL BED INJURIES

METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT DISLOCATIONS

THUMB METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT DISLOCATIONS

PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT DISLOCATIONS

DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL AND THUMB INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT DISLOCATIONS

Nonoperative Treatment

Operative Treatment

COMPLICATIONS

Part Four: LOWER EXTREMITY FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS

25.  Pelvis Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

PELVIC STABILITY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

HEMODYNAMIC STATUS

NEUROLOGIC INJURY

GENITOURINARY AND GASTROINTESTINAL INJURY

BOWEL INJURY

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

YOUNG AND BURGESS

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF PELVIC FRACTURES

FACTORS INCREASING MORTALITY

ASSOCIATED MOREL-LAVALLÉE LESION (SKIN DEGLOVING INJURY)

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

Absolute Indications for Operative Treatment

Relative Indications for Operative Treatment

OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

COMPLICATIONS

26.  Acetabulum Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

JUDET-LETOURNEL

Elementary Fractures

Associated Fractures

TREATMENT

INITIAL MANAGEMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

Stability

Congruity

Surgical Approaches

Postoperative Care

COMPLICATIONS

27.  Hip Dislocations

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

ANTERIOR DISLOCATIONS

POSTERIOR DISLOCATIONS

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

THOMPSON AND EPSTEIN CLASSIFICATION OF POSTERIOR HIP DISLOCATIONS

EPSTEIN CLASSIFICATION OF ANTERIOR HIP DISLOCATIONS

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF HIP DISLOCATIONS

TREATMENT

CLOSED REDUCTION

OPEN REDUCTION

PROGNOSIS

COMPLICATIONS

28.  Femoral Head Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

PIPKIN

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF FEMORAL HEAD FRACTURES

TREATMENT

PIPKIN TYPE I

PIPKIN TYPE II

PIPKIN TYPE III

PIPKIN TYPE IV

FEMORAL HEAD FRACTURES ASSOCIATED WITH ANTERIOR DISLOCATIONS

COMPLICATIONS

29.  Femoral Neck Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

ANATOMIC LOCATION

PAUWEL

GARDEN

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES

TREATMENT

FATIGUE/STRESS FRACTURES

IMPACTED/NONDISPLACED FRACTURES

DISPLACED FRACTURES

OPERATIVE TREATMENT PRINCIPLES

COMPLICATIONS

30.  Intertrochanteric Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

EVANS

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES

UNUSUAL FRACTURE PATTERNS

BASICERVICAL FRACTURES

REVERSE OBLIQUE FRACTURES

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

Timing of Surgery

Fixation Implants

Prosthetic Replacement

External Fixation

Special Considerations

Rehabilitation

COMPLICATIONS

GREATER TROCHANTERIC FRACTURES

LESSER TROCHANTERIC FRACTURES

31.  Subtrochanteric Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

RUSSELL-TAYLOR (HISTORICAL)

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF SUBTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE (HISTORICAL)

OPERATIVE

Implants

Bone Grafting

Open Subtrochanteric Fractures

COMPLICATIONS

LOSS OF FIXATION

NONUNION

MALUNION

32.  Femoral Shaft Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

ASSOCIATED INJURIES

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

WINQUIST AND HANSEN

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

Skeletal Traction

OPERATIVE

INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING

Antegrade Inserted Intramedullary Nailing

Retrograde Inserted Intramedullary Nailing

External Fixation

Plate Fixation

Femur Fracture in Multiply Injured Patient

Ipsilateral Fractures of the Proximal or Distal Femur

Open Femoral Shaft Fractures

REHABILITATION

COMPLICATIONS

33.  Distal Femur Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

NEER

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF DISTAL FEMORAL FRACTURES

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

Implants

Associated Vascular Injury

Supracondylar Fractures Above a Total Knee Replacement

Postoperative Management

COMPLICATIONS

34.  Knee Dislocation (Femorotibial)

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

MODIFIED SCHENCK

DESCRIPTIVE

Utility of Anatomic Classification

TREATMENT

GENERAL TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

Treatment Recommendations of Specific Patterns

COMPLICATIONS

35.  Patella and Extensor Mechanism Injuries

PATELLAR FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of Patellar Fractures

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

PATELLA DISLOCATION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

QUADRICEPS TENDON RUPTURE

EPIDEMIOLOGY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

COMPLICATIONS

PATELLA TENDON RUPTURE

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

36.  Tibial Plateau Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

ASSOCIATED INJURIES

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

SCHATZKER

HOHL AND MOORE

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURES (TYPE 43)

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

COMPLICATIONS

37.  Tibia and Fibula Shaft Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF TIBIAL FRACTURES

GUSTILO AND ANDERSON CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN FRACTURES (FINAL GRADING DONE AFTER DEBRIDEMENT)

TSCHERNE CLASSIFICATION OF CLOSED FRACTURES

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

Acceptable Fracture Reduction

Time to Union

Tibia Stress Fracture

Fibula Shaft Fracture

OPERATIVE

Intramedullary Nailing

Flexible Nails (Enders, Rush Rods)

External Fixation

Plates and Screws

Proximal Tibia Fractures

Distal Tibia Fractures

Tibia Fracture with an Intact Fibula

Fasciotomy

COMPLICATIONS

38.  Injuries about the Ankle

ROTATIONAL ANKLE FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Lauge-Hansen (Rotational Ankle Fractures)

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of Ankle Fractures

Fracture Variants

TREATMENT

Acute Care (Emergency Department)

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

PLAFOND (PILON) FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of Distal Tibia Fractures

Treatment

Complications

LATERAL ANKLE LIGAMENT INJURIES

Mechanism of Injury

Classification

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Treatment

SYNDESMOSIS SPRAINS

Classification

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Treatment

ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Clinical Evaluation

Treatment

PERONEAL TENDON SUBLUXATION

Clinical Evaluation

Treatment

39.  Calcaneus Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

ASSOCIATED INJURIES

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

EXTRA-ARTICULAR FRACTURES

INTRA-ARTICULAR FRACTURES

Essex-Lopresti Classification

Sanders Classification

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF CALCANEAL FRACTURES

TREATMENT

NONOPERATIVE

OPERATIVE

SPECIFIC FRACTURES

Extra-articular Fractures

Intra-articular Fractures

COMPLICATION

40.  Talus Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

ANATOMIC

HAWKINS CLASSIFICATION OF TALAR NECK FRACTURES

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF TALAR FRACTURES

TREATMENT

FRACTURES OF THE TALAR NECK AND BODY

Nondisplaced Fractures (Hawkins Type I)

Displaced Fractures (Hawkins Types II to IV)

TALAR BODY FRACTURES

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

LATERAL PROCESS FRACTURES

POSTERIOR PROCESS FRACTURES

TALAR HEAD FRACTURES

COMPLICATIONS

SUBTALAR DISLOCATION

TOTAL DISLOCATION OF THE TALUS

41.  Fractures of the Midfoot and Forefoot

MIDTARSAL (CHOPART) JOINT

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Medial Stress Injury

Longitudinal Stress Injury

Lateral Stress Injury

Plantar Stress Injury

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

TARSAL NAVICULAR

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification of Navicular Fractures

Anatomic Classification

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

NAVICULAR DISLOCATION

CUBOID FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

CUNEIFORM FRACTURES

ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION OF CUNEIFORM FRACTURES

TARSOMETATARSAL (LISFRANC) JOINT

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

ASSOCIATED INJURIES

CLASSIFICATION

Quenu and Kuss

Myerson

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

Postoperative Management

COMPLICATIONS

FRACTURES OF THE FOREFOOT

METATARSALS

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Specific Metatarsal Injuries

METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS

First Metatarsophalangeal Joint

FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE LESSER METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

SESAMOIDS

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

PHALANGES AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

Dislocation of the Interphalangeal Joint

Part Five: PEDIATRIC FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS

42.  Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery: General Principles

OVERVIEW

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

SALTER-HARRIS AND PETERSON

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

43.  Pediatric Shoulder

PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Salter-Harris

Neer-Horowitz Classification of Proximal Humeral Plate Fractures

TREATMENT

Newborns

Age 1 to 4 Years

Age 5 to 12 Years

Age 12 Years to Maturity

Acceptable Deformity

Open Treatment

PROGNOSIS

COMPLICATIONS

CLAVICLE FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

Allman

TREATMENT

Newborn to 2 Years

Age 2 to 12 Years

Age 12 Years to Maturity

Open Treatment

COMPLICATIONS

ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT INJURIES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION (DAMERON AND ROCKWOOD)

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

SCAPULA FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Classification by Location

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

Anterior Dislocation

Posterior Dislocation

Atraumatic Dislocation

Superior and Inferior (Luxatio Erecta) Dislocation

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

44.  Pediatric Elbow

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

SPECIFIC FRACTURES

SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

LATERAL CONDYLAR PHYSEAL FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Treatment

MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSEAL FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

TRANSPHYSEAL FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

MEDIAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSEAL FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSEAL FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

CAPITELLUM FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

RADIAL HEAD AND NECK FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Prognosis

Complications

RADIAL HEAD SUBLUXATION

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

ELBOW DISLOCATIONS

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

OLECRANON FRACTURES

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of Injury

Clinical Evaluation

Radiographic Evaluation

Classification

Treatment

Complications

45.  Pediatric Forearm

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

RADIUS AND ULNA SHAFT FRACTURES

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT

OPERATIVE TREATMENT

Indications

Techniques

COMPLICATIONS

MONTEGGIA FRACTURE

CLASSIFICATION

Bado Classification

Monteggia Fracture Equivalents

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

GALEAZZI FRACTURE

DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES

PHYSEAL INJURIES

METAPHYSEAL INJURIES

46.  Pediatric Wrist and Hand

INJURIES TO THE CARPUS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

SCAPHOID FRACTURE

Classification

Treatment

Complications

LUNATE FRACTURE

TRIQUETRUM FRACTURE

PISIFORM FRACTURE

TRAPEZIUM FRACTURE

TRAPEZOID FRACTURE

CAPITATE FRACTURE

HAMATE FRACTURE

INJURIES TO THE HAND

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

TREATMENT

General Principles

Management of Specific Fracture Patterns

COMPLICATIONS

47.  Pediatric Hip Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC HIP FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Delbet Classification of Pediatric Hip Fractures

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION OF THE HIP

EPIDEMIOLOGY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

48.  Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DESCRIPTIVE

ANATOMIC

TREATMENT

AGE

AGES 6 MONTHS TO 4 YEARS

AGES 4 TO 12 YEARS

AGES 12 YEARS TO MATURITY

REDUCTION CRITERIA

OPERATIVE INDICATIONS

OPERATIVE OPTIONS

COMPLICATIONS

49.  Pediatric Knee

OVERVIEW

DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Salter-Harris

Displacement

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

Acute

Late

PROXIMAL TIBIAL FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Salter-Harris

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

Acute

Late

TIBIAL TUBERCLE FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Watson-Jones

Ogden

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

TIBIAL SPINE (INTERCONDYLAR EMINENCE) FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Meyers and McKeever

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

PATELLA FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Based on Pattern

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

TREATMENT

PATELLA DISLOCATION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

KNEE DISLOCATION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

50.  Pediatric Tibia and Fibula

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSEAL FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

TODDLER’S FRACTURE

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

STRESS FRACTURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

TREATMENT

COMPLICATIONS

51.  Pediatric Ankle

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

DIAS-TACHDJIAN

Supination–Inversion

Pronation–Eversion–External Rotation

Supination–Plantar Flexion

Supination–External Rotation

DESCRIPTIVE

Axial Compression

Juvenile Tillaux Fractures

Triplane Fractures

TREATMENT

LATERAL MALLEOLAR (DISTAL FIBULA) FRACTURE

Salter-Harris Type I or II

Salter-Harris Type III or IV

MEDIAL MALLEOLAR (DISTAL TIBIA) FRACTURE

Salter-Harris Type I or II

Salter-Harris Type III or IV

JUVENILE TILLAUX FRACTURE

TRIPLANE FRACTURE

COMPLICATIONS

52.  Pediatric Foot

TALUS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

Hawkins Talar Neck Fractures

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

CALCANEUS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Schmidt and Weiner

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

Complications

TARSOMETATARSAL (LISFRANC) INJURIES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Quenu and Kuss

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

METATARSALS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

PHALANGES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ANATOMY

MECHANISM OF INJURY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION

CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive

TREATMENT

Nonoperative

Operative

COMPLICATIONS

Part Six: INTRAOPERATIVE IMAGING

53.  Intraoperative Patient Positioning and Fluoroscopy for Common Fracture Surgeries

Index

 

 

An aparitie	11 Nov. 2019
Autor	Kenneth Egol MD
Dimensiuni	12.7 x 2.54 x 20.32 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781496384850
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	925