ExpertDDx: Brain and Spine

Description:



Designed with the busy practitioner in mind, ExpertDDx: Brain and Spine, third edition, quickly guides you to the most likely differential diagnoses based on key imaging findings and clinical information. This superbly illustrated resource covers more than 275 of the top differential diagnoses across a broad spectrum of central nervous system diseases, presenting parallel groups of anatomically based differentials, generic imaging patterns, modality-specific findings, and clinically based differentials for each area. Now fully revised and up-to-date, this practical reference clearly guides you through useful, actionable differential diagnoses that lead to definitive findings in every area of the brain and spine. 

Features:

• Presents multiple clear, sharp, succinctly annotated images for each diagnosis; a list of diagnostic possibilities sorted as common, less common, and rare but significant; and brief, bulleted text offering helpful diagnostic clues 
• Reflects changes in 2021 WHO CNS tumor grading and nomenclature 
• Contains newly identified entities, new differential diagnoses, and updated references 
• Shows both typical and variant manifestations of each possible diagnosis 
• Includes more than 7,000 high-quality print and online images  
• Features updated genetic information now available in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 
• Separates adult and pediatric DDx lists for even faster reference 
• Assists you in building either a definitive diagnosis from an imaging study or a carefully refined list of reasonable differential diagnoses 
• Includes an digital version that enables you to access all text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud 

Table Of Contents:

SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAIN

SCALP, SKULL

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

4 Skull Normal Variants

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

6 Scalp Mass, Child

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

10 Scalp Mass, Adult

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

12 Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

18 "Hair on End"

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

20 Thick Skull, Generalized

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

24 Thick Skull, Localized

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

26 Thin Skull, Generalized

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

28 Thin Skull, Localized

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

30 Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

34 Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

38 Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

42 Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

44 Macrocrania/Macrocephaly

Luke L. Linscott, MD

50 Microcephaly

Luke L. Linscott, MD

MENINGES

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

56 Dural Calcification(s)

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

58 Dural-Based Mass, Solitary

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

62 Dural-Based Masses, Multiple

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

66 Falx Lesions

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

68 Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

70 Pial Enhancement

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

74 Dural Tail Sign

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

VENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONS

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

76 Ventricles, Normal Variants

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

80 Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child

Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

82 Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

84 Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

90 Lateral Ventricle Mass

Karen L. Salzman, MD

94 Thick Septum Pellucidum

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

96 Foramen of Monro Mass

Troy A. Hutchins, MD

100 3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior

Karen L. Salzman, MD

104 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior

Karen L. Salzman, MD

106 Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD

112 4th Ventricle Mass, Child

Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

116 4th Ventricle Mass, Adult

Karen L. Salzman, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

118 Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular Mass

Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

122 Ependymal Enhancement

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

126 Ventriculomegaly

Luke L. Linscott, MD

132 Small Ventricles

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

134 Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

138 Irregular Lateral Ventricles

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

142 Periventricular Enhancing Lesions

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

146 Intraventricular Calcification(s)

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

150 Periventricular Calcification(s)

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

154 Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense Lesions

Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

EXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNS

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

158 Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

160 Epidural Mass

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC

164 Enlarged Sulci, Generalized

Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

168 Effaced Sulci, Generalized

Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

172 Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts

Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

176 CPA Mass, Adult

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

180 Cystic CPA Mass

Karen L. Salzman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

184 Prepontine Cistern Mass

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

190 Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MD

194 Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Karen L. Salzman, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

198 Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

200 Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

204 CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

206 Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

210 CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

212 Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC

216 Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

218 Pneumocephalus

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

220 Extraaxial Flow Voids

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

222 T1-Hyperintense CSF

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

224 FLAIR-Hyperintense Sulci

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

228 T2-Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

232 Hyperdense CSF

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

234 Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

236 Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

BRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

240 Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General

Karen L. Salzman, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

244 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

250 Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

254 Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

260 CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)

Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

266 Cyst With Nodule

Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

270 Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

272 Solitary Parenchymal Calcification

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

276 Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications

Blair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

280 Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

286 Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions

Troy A. Hutchins, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

292 Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

296 Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions

Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

300 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

306 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

312 Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

318 Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD

320 Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD

324 T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

328 T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

332 T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal Lesions

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

336 Restricted Diffusion, General

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

342 Restricted Diffusion, Cortex

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

344 Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia

Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

348 T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

352 Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

358 Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

364 Epilepsy, Child

Luke L. Linscott, MD

370 Epilepsy, Adult

Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

SUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

372 Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA

378 Thick Cerebral Cortex

Luke L. Linscott, MD

384 Thin Cortex

Karen L. Salzman, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

390 Focal Cortical Mass

Chang Yueh Ho, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD

396 Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR

Karen L. Salzman, MD

400 Cortical Enhancement

Karen L. Salzman, MD

402 Solitary White Matter Lesion

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD and Marinos Kontzialis, MD

406 Confluent White Matter Lesions

Karen L. Salzman, MD

412 Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum

Luke L. Linscott, MD

418 Corpus Callosum Holes

Troy A. Hutchins, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

420 Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect

Karen L. Salzman, MD

422 Corpus Callosum Mass

Karen L. Salzman, MD

424 Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion

Troy A. Hutchins, MD

428 Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

434 Hippocampal Lesion

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

438 Basal Ganglia Calcification

Karen L. Salzman, MD

442 Hyperdense Basal Ganglia

Karen L. Salzman, MD

444 Hypodense Basal Ganglia

Karen L. Salzman, MD

448 T1-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia

Karen L. Salzman, MD

452 T2-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia

Karen L. Salzman, MD

456 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces

Karen L. Salzman, MD

458 Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions

Karen L. Salzman, MD

462 Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD

466 Putamen Lesion(s)

Karen L. Salzman, MD

468 Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)

Karen L. Salzman, MD

472 Unilateral Thalamic Lesion

Karen L. Salzman, MD

474 Bithalamic Lesions

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

478 Pulvinar Sign

Karen L. Salzman, MD

480 Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion

Karen L. Salzman, MD

INFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

482 Large Brainstem

Karen L. Salzman, MD

484 Small Brainstem

Karen L. Salzman, MD

486 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal

Karen L. Salzman, MD

488 T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse

Karen L. Salzman, MD

490 Midbrain Lesion

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD

494 Pontine Lesion

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD

500 Medulla Lesion

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD

504 Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)

Nancy J. Fischbein, MD

508 Cerebellar Atrophy

Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

512 Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

518 Vermis Mass

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

522 Low Cerebellar Tonsils

Luke L. Linscott, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

524 Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion

Luke L. Linscott, MD

CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

530 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult

Tabassum A. Kennedy, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

534 Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

SELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGION

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

540 Pineal Region Mass, General

Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA

544 Pineal Gland Mass

Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

546 Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

548 Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions

Karen L. Salzman, MD

550 Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

552 Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

556 Enlarged Pituitary Gland

Karen L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

558 Intrasellar Lesion

Blair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

560 Cystic Intrasellar Mass

Karen L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

562 Suprasellar Mass, Child

Chang Yueh Ho, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

568 Suprasellar Mass, Adult

Karen L. Salzman, MD

572 Suprasellar Cystic Mass

Tabassum A. Kennedy, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

576 Calcified Suprasellar Mass

Blair A. Winegar, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

578 Enhancing Suprasellar Mass

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

580 Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

584 Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk

Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

586 Thick Infundibular Stalk

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

588 Hypothalamus Lesion

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Chang Yueh Ho, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

592 Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

594 T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass

Karen L. Salzman, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

ARTERIES

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

596 Multifocal Arterial Narrowing

Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD

600 Vessel Wall Abnormalities

Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and J. Scott McNally, MD, PhD

604 Fusiform Arterial Enlargement

Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

606 Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery

Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS, Sheri L. Harder, MD, FRCPC, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

VEINS, VENOUS SINUSES

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

608 Dural Sinus Lesion, General

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

612 Enlarged Cortical Veins

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

614 Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins

Karen L. Salzman, MD and James D. Eastwood, MD

618 Abnormally Enhancing Medullary Veins

Hediyeh Baradaran, MD, MS

620 Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass

Santhosh Gaddikeri, MD, Marinos Kontzialis, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

624 Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions

Blair A. Winegar, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

628 Meckel Cave Lesion

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

632 Hyperdense Dural Sinus

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Karen L. Salzman, MD

636 GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities

Kalen Riley, MD, MBA and Miriam E. Peckham, MD

CRANIAL NERVES

CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

638 Hemifacial Spasm

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

642 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

646 Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

652 Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia

Blair A. Winegar, MD and Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD

658 Homonymous Hemianopsia

Tabassum A. Kennedy, MD

662 Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

668 Trigeminal Neuralgia

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

672 Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

678 Horner Syndrome

Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

SECTION 2: SPINE
TRANSSPATIAL

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

686 Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

688 Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

690 Thoracic Bony Trauma

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

692 Lumbar Bony Trauma

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

694 Kyphosis

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

696 Kyphoscoliosis, Child

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

698 Platyspondyly, Diffuse

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

700 Sacral Mass, Adult

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

704 Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

708 Sacral Deformity

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

712 Multicompartmental Mass

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

718 Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

724 Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

730 Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

736 Lower Extremity Pain

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

740 Back Pain, Adult

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

746 Back Pain, Pediatric

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

750 Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

754 Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, General

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

758 Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

762 C1-C2 Instability

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

766 Odontoid Deformity

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

VERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTS

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

768 Congenital Vertebral Anomalies

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

770 Cervical Bony Fusion

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

772 Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

774 Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

776 Dysmorphic Vertebral Body

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Kevin R. Moore, MD, and Julia R. Crim, MD

778 Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
782 Enlarged Neural Foramen

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

784 Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

786 Spondylolisthesis

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

790 Bony Lesion, Aggressive

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

794 Fracture, Vertebral Body

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

798 Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

800 Fracture, Posterior Element

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Julia R. Crim, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

802 Pedicle Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

806 Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

810 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

814 Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

816 Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

818 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

820 Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Focal

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

822 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Diffuse

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

826 Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Focal

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATE

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

828 Disc Contour Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

832 Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

836 Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Julia R. Crim, MD

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

840 Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

842 Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

844 Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

EXTRADURAL

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

846 Epidural Mass

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

852 Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

854 Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

856 Extradural Lesions, Multiple

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

858 Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

860 Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

864 Epidural Fluid

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

868 Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

870 Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

874 Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

878 Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

880 Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

884 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

888 Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Bryson Borg, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

890 Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

894 Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

898 Subarachnoid Space Narrowing

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

900 Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

904 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

908 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

912 Intradural Lesion, Serpentine

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

914 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

918 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

922 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

924 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

928 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

930 Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

932 Cauda Equina Syndrome

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

INTRAMEDULLARY

ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

934 Intramedullary Mass

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

938 Conus Abnormality

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

942 Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

944 Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

948 Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

950 Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

954 Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

956 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

958 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

960 Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

964 Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

970 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

972 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

976 Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

982 Myelopathy

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD