Endovascular Management of Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Based Approach

 

Description:

A case-based guide to the interventional management of stroke from leading international experts!

Stroke is the most prevalent cerebrovascular emergency, impacting an estimated 15 million people worldwide every year. Endovascular treatment (EVT) of ischemic stroke has expanded at an unforeseen pace, with EVT the most common neurointerventional procedure performed at most large centers. Endovascular Management of Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Based Approach by renowned stroke pioneer Vitor Mendes Pereira and distinguished co-editors features contributions from a "who's who" of global experts. This practical resource provides straightforward guidance for clinicians who need to learn and master state-of-the-art endovascular interventions reflecting the new, evidenced-based treatment paradigm for acute stroke.

This carefully crafted reference takes readers on a journey from the early building blocks that led to modern stroke interventions to meticulous step-by-step descriptions of the latest approaches. Fifty high-yield cases mirror real-life scenarios trainees and professionals are likely to encounter in clinical practice. Seven sections encompass a full spectrum of diverse patient presentations, anatomical variations, advanced techniques, complex pathologies, complications, and stroke mimics.

Key Highlights

Discussion of emerging techniques likely to stand the test of time such as SAVE, ARTS, transradial access, and transcarotid access

Stroke mimics important for differential diagnoses, including hemiplegic migraine, MELAS, RCVS, seizure, and more

An appendix that covers fundamental terms, trials, and tools

This cutting-edge resource is essential reading for trainee and early-career interventionalists, as well as seasoned practitioners in interventional radiology, neuroradiology, endovascular neurosurgery, and interventional neurology.

 

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Section I Evolution of Endovascular Management

1 Intra-arterial Tissue Plasminogen Activator: The First Step

1.1 Case Description

1.1.1 Clinical Presentation

1.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

1.1.3 Diagnosis

1.1.4 Management

1.1.5 Technique

1.1.6 Outcome

1.1.7 Discussion

1.2 References

2 Transcatheter MERCI Clot Retrieval: The Early Generation

2.1 Case Description

2.1.1 Clinical Presentation

2.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

2.1.3 Diagnosis

2.1.4 Management

2.1.5 Technique

2.1.6 Outcome

2.1.7 Discussion

2.2 References

3 Penumbra Clot Aspiration Technique: The Dark Days

3.1 Case Description

3.1.1 Clinical Presentation

3.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

3.1.3 Diagnosis

3.1.4 Management

3.1.5 Technique

3.1.6 Outcome

3.1.7 Discussion

3.1.8 Further Attempts and Critiques

3.2 References

4 Trevo Stent-Retriever Thrombectomy: Light on the Horizon

4.1 Case Description

4.1.1 Clinical Presentation

4.1.2 Imaging and Workup

4.1.3 Diagnosis

4.1.4 Technique

4.1.5 Outcome

4.1.6 Discussion

4.2 References

5 Solitaire Stent-Retriever Thrombectomy: Building the Evidence

5.1 Case Description

5.1.1 Clinical Presentation

5.1.2 Imaging and Workup

5.1.3 Diagnosis

5.1.4 Technique

5.1.5 Outcome

5.1.6 Discussion

5.2 References

Section II Case Selection

6 Timing in Stroke and the Tissue Clock

6.1 Case Description

6.1.1 Clinical Presentation

6.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

6.1.3 Diagnosis

6.1.4 Treatment

6.1.5 Outcome

6.2 Companion Case

6.2.1 Clinical Presentation

6.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

6.2.3 Diagnosis

6.2.4 Treatment

6.2.5 Endovascular

6.2.6 Outcome

6.2.7 Discussion

6.2.8 Pearls and Pitfalls

6.3 References

7 Role of Leptomeningeal Collaterals

7.1 Case Description

7.1.1 Clinical Presentation

7.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

7.1.3 Diagnosis

7.1.4 Treatment

7.2 Postprocedure Care/Outcome

7.3 Companion Case

7.3.1 Clinical Presentation

7.3.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

7.3.3 Diagnosis

7.3.4 Treatment

7.4 Postprocedure Care/Outcome

7.4.1 Discussion

7.4.2 Workup and Diagnosis

7.4.3 Imaging Findings

7.4.4 Decision-Making Process

7.4.5 Management

7.4.6 Postprocedural Care

7.4.7 Literature Synopsis

7.4.8 Pearls and Pitfalls

7.5 Further Reading

8 Importance of Clot Burden and Clot Location

8.1 Case Description

8.1.1 Clinical Presentation

8.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

8.1.3 Diagnosis

8.1.4 Treatment

8.1.5 Discussion

8.1.6 Workup and Diagnosis

8.1.7 Imaging Findings

8.1.8 Decision-Making Process

8.1.9 Postprocedural Care

8.1.10 Pearls and Pitfalls

8.2 References

9 ASPECTS: When Not to Treat

9.1 Case Description

9.1.1 Clinical Presentation

9.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

9.1.3 Diagnosis

9.1.4 Management

9.1.5 Endovascular Treatment

9.1.6 Postprocedural Care

9.1.7 Outcome

9.1.8 Background

9.1.9 Discussion

9.1.10 Pearls and Pitfalls

9.2 References

10 Microbleeds Are Not a Contraindication to Thrombolysis in Acute Stroke

10.1 Case Description

10.1.1 Clinical Presentation

10.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

10.2 Diagnosis

10.3 Treatment

10.3.1 Initial Management

10.3.2 Endovascular Management

10.3.3 Outcome

10.4 Discussion

10.4.1 Background

10.4.2 Workup and Diagnosis

10.4.3 Decision-Making Process

10.5 Literature Synopsis

10.6 Pearls and Pitfalls

10.7 References

10.8 Further Reading

11 Stroke Etiologies: Hemodynamic, Embolic, and Perforator Stroke

11.1 Case Description

11.1.1 Clinical Presentation

11.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

11.1.3 Diagnosis

11.1.4 Treatment

11.2 Companion Case

11.2.1 Clinical Presentation

11.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

11.2.3 Diagnosis

11.2.4 Treatment

11.3 Additional Companion Case

11.3.1 Clinical Presentation

11.3.2 Imaging Findings

11.3.3 Diagnosis

11.3.4 Treatment

11.4 Discussion

11.4.1 Background

11.4.2 Workup and Diagnosis

11.4.3 Imaging Findings

11.4.4 Decision-Making Process

11.4.5 Literature Synopsis

11.4.6 Pearls and Pitfalls

11.5 Further Reading

12 Endovascular Therapy in a Patient with a Proximal MCA Occlusion and No Neurological Deficits

12.1 Case Description

12.1.1 Clinical Presentation

12.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

12.1.3 Diagnosis

12.1.4 Treatment

12.1.5 Outcome

12.2 Discussion

12.2.1 Background

12.3 Pearls and Pitfalls

12.4 References

13 MRI in Stroke (Core Size, Mismatch, and New Advances)

13.1 Case Description

13.1.1 Clinical Presentation

13.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

13.1.3 Diagnosis

13.1.4 Treatment

13.1.5 Outcome

13.2 Companion Case

13.2.1 Clinical Presentation

13.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

13.2.3 Diagnosis

13.2.4 Treatment

13.2.5 Outcome

13.3 Discussion

13.3.1 Background

13.3.2 Early Signs

13.4 Imaging Sequences

13.4.1 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging

13.4.2 Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery

13.4.3 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging

13.4.4 Time of Flight Angiography

13.4.5 MR Perfusion-Weighted Imaging

13.4.6 Evolution of Stroke on MR Imaging

13.4.7 CT versus MRI in Stroke

13.5 References

Section III Fundamentals and Standard Approaches

14 The Classical Setup: Carotid-T with Balloon

14.1 Case Description

14.1.1 Clinical Presentation

14.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

14.1.3 Diagnosis

14.1.4 Treatment

14.2 Discussion

14.2.1 Pearls and Pitfalls

14.3 References

15 M1 Anatomy and Role of Perforators in Outcome

15.1 Case Description

15.1.1 Clinical Presentation

15.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

15.1.3 Diagnosis

15.1.4 Treatment

15.2 Companion Case

15.2.1 Clinical Presentation

15.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

15.2.3 Diagnosis

15.2.4 Treatment

15.3 Discussion

15.3.1 Background

15.3.2 Workup and Diagnosis

15.3.3 Imaging Findings

15.3.4 Decision-Making Process

15.3.5 Management

15.3.6 Literature Synopsis

15.3.7 Pearls and Pitfalls

15.4 Further Readings

16 Basilar Artery Occlusion

16.1 Case Description

16.1.1 Clinical Presentation

16.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

16.1.3 Diagnosis and Treatment

16.1.4 Technique

16.1.5 Postprocedural Care and Outcome

16.2 Companion Case

16.2.1 Clinical Presentation

16.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

16.2.3 Diagnosis and Treatment

16.2.4 Technique

16.2.5 Postprocedural Care and Outcome

16.2.6 Background

16.2.7 Discussion

16.2.8 Pearls and Pitfalls

16.3 References

17 ADAPT Technique for Acute Ischemic Stroke Thrombectomy

17.1 Case Description

17.1.1 Clinical Presentation

17.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

17.1.3 Diagnosis

17.1.4 Treatment

17.1.5 Materials and Endovascular Treatment

17.1.6 Outcome

17.1.7 Discussion

17.1.8 Pearls and Pitfalls

17.2 Further Reading

18 General Anesthesia in Thrombectomy

18.1 Case Description

18.1.1 Clinical Presentation

18.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

18.1.3 Diagnosis

18.1.4 Treatment

18.1.5 Postprocedure Care/Outcome

18.2 Discussion

18.2.1 Early Retrospective Studies

18.2.2 Prospective Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials

18.2.3 Meta-analyses

18.2.4 Decision Making

18.2.5 Airway Protection

18.2.6 Compliance and Patient Movement

18.2.7 Time from Symptom Onset to Effective Treatment

18.2.8 Hemodynamic Complications under General Anesthesia

18.2.9 Monitoring of Complications

18.3 Conclusion

18.4 Pearls and Pitfalls

18.5 References

19 Conscious Sedation in Thrombectomy

19.1 Case Description

19.1.1 Clinical Presentation

19.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

19.1.3 Diagnosis

19.1.4 Treatment

19.2 Companion Case

19.2.1 Clinical Presentation

19.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

19.2.3 Outcome

19.2.4 Case Discussion: Anesthesia Choices in Stroke Intervention

19.2.5 Pearls and Pitfalls

19.3 References

20 Endovascular Therapy for Patients with an Isolated M2 Occlusion

20.1 Case Description

20.1.1 Clinical Presentation

20.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

20.1.3 Diagnosis

20.1.4 Management

20.1.5 Endovascular Treatment

20.1.6 Technique

20.1.7 Postprocedural Care

20.1.8 Outcome

20.1.9 Tips and Tricks

Section IV Advanced Techniques

21 Percutaneous Radial Arterial Access for Thrombectomy

21.1 Case Description

21.1.1 Clinical Presentation

21.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

21.1.3 Diagnosis

21.1.4 Treatment

21.1.5 Postprocedural Care

21.1.6 Outcome

21.1.7 Background

21.1.8 Discussion

21.1.9 Pearls and Pitfalls

21.2 References

22 Percutaneous Transcarotid Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

22.1 Case Description

22.1.1 Clinical Presentation

22.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

22.1.3 Diagnosis

22.1.4 Treatment

22.1.5 Postprocedure Care

22.1.6 Outcome

22.2 Background

22.3 Discussion

22.3.1 Pearls and Pitfalls

23 Distal Access Catheter Technique without Balloon Assistance

23.1 Case Description

23.1.1 Clinical Presentation

23.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

23.1.3 Diagnosis

23.1.4 Treatment

23.1.5 Progress

23.1.6 Discussion

23.2 References

Section V Complex Cases

24 Tandem Lesions

24.1 Case Description

24.1.1 Clinical Presentation

24.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

24.1.3 Diagnosis

24.1.4 Treatment

24.2 Companion Case

24.2.1 Clinical Presentation

24.2.2 Discussion

24.2.3 Workup and Diagnosis

24.2.4 Imaging Findings

24.2.5 Decision-Making Process

24.2.6 Management

24.2.7 Postprocedure Care

24.2.8 Literature Synopsis

24.2.9 Pearls and Pitfalls

24.3 Further Readings

25 Pseudo-occlusion

25.1 Case Description

25.1.1 Clinical Presentation

25.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

25.1.3 Diagnosis

25.1.4 Treatment

25.2 Companion Case

25.2.1 Clinical Presentation

25.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

25.2.3 Diagnosis

25.2.4 Treatment

25.3 Discussion

25.3.1 Background

25.3.2 Workup and Diagnosis

25.3.3 Imaging Findings

25.3.4 Decision-Making Process

25.3.5 Management

25.3.6 Postprocedure Care

25.3.7 Literature Synopsis

25.3.8 Pearls and Pitfalls

25.4 Further Readings

26 Underlying Intracranial Stenosis

26.1 Case Description

26.1.1 Clinical Presentation

26.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

26.1.3 Diagnosis

26.1.4 Management

26.1.5 Endovascular Treatment

26.1.6 Postprocedure Care

26.1.7 Outcome

26.2 Companion Case

26.2.1 Clinical Presentation

26.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

26.2.3 Management

26.2.4 Endovascular Treatment

26.2.5 Postprocedure Care

26.2.6 Outcome

26.3 Discussion

26.3.1 Background

26.3.2 Discussion

26.3.3 Pearls and Pitfalls

26.4 References

27 Intracranial Dissection

27.1 Case Description

27.1.1 Clinical Presentation

27.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

27.1.3 Diagnosis

27.1.4 Treatment

27.1.5 Posttreatment Management

27.1.6 Comments

27.2 Discussion

27.3 References

28 Hyperacute Extracranial Angioplasty and Stenting: When and How

28.1 Case Description

28.1.1 Clinical Presentation

28.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

28.1.3 Diagnosis

28.1.4 Treatment

28.2 Discussion

28.2.1 Background

28.2.2 Workup and Diagnosis

28.2.3 Imaging Findings

28.2.4 Decision-Making Process

28.2.5 Management

28.2.6 Postprocedure Care

28.2.7 Literature Synopsis

28.2.8 Pearls and Pitfalls

28.3 Further Readings

29 Failed Mechanical Thrombectomy: What to Do Next

29.1 Case Description

29.1.1 Clinical Presentation

29.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

29.1.3 Diagnosis

29.1.4 Treatment

29.2 Discussion

29.2.1 Postprocedure Care

29.2.2 Pearls and Pitfalls

29.3 References

30 Rescue Permanent Stenting

30.1 Case Description

30.1.1 Clinical Presentation

30.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

30.1.3 Diagnosis

30.1.4 Management

30.1.5 Endovascular Treatment

30.1.6 Postprocedure Care

30.1.7 Outcome

30.1.8 Background

30.1.9 Pearls and Pitfalls

30.2 References

31 Acute Dissection with Hemodynamic Infarctions

31.1 Case Description

31.1.1 Clinical Presentation

31.1.2 Imaging Studies

31.1.3 Diagnosis

31.1.4 Treatment

31.2 Outcome

31.3 Discussion

31.4 References

32 The SAVE Technique

32.1 Case Description

32.1.1 Clinical Presentation

32.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

32.1.3 Diagnosis

32.1.4 Management

32.1.5 Endovascular Treatment

32.1.6 Postprocedure Care

32.1.7 Outcome

32.1.8 Background

32.1.9 Discussion

32.1.10 Pearls and Pitfalls

32.2 References

33 Aspiration-Retriever Technique for Stroke (ARTS)

33.1 Case Description

33.1.1 Clinical Presentation

33.1.2 Imaging

33.1.3 Management

33.1.4 Endovascular Devices

33.1.5 Outcome

33.2 Background

33.2.1 Discussion

33.3 References

Section VI Complications

34 Clot Migration with Emboli to Distal Territories

34.1 Case Description

34.1.1 Clinical Presentation

34.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

34.1.3 Discussion

34.2 References

35 Endothelial Damage

35.1 Case Description

35.1.1 Clinical Presentation

35.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

35.1.3 Diagnosis

35.1.4 Treatment

35.2 Discussion

35.2.1 Background

35.2.2 Workup and Diagnosis

35.2.3 Decision-Making Process

35.2.4 Management

35.2.5 Postprocedure Care

35.2.6 Literature Synopsis

35.3 Suggested Readings

36 Management of Vessel Perforation during Stroke Intervention

36.1 Case Description:

36.1.1 Clinical Presentation

36.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

36.1.3 Diagnosis

36.1.4 Treatment

36.2 Companion Case

36.2.1 Clinical Presentation

36.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

36.2.3 Diagnosis

36.2.4 Treatment

36.2.5 Progress

36.2.6 Further Treatment

36.2.7 Progress

36.2.8 Case Discussion

36.3 References

37 Arterial Access Complications

37.1 Case Description

37.1.1 Clinical Presentation

37.1.2 Mini-Case A: Active Extravasation Round the Vascular Sheath

37.1.3 Mini-Case B: Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm

37.1.4 Mini-Case C: Hematomas in Anticoagulated Patients

37.1.5 Mini-Case D: Distal Embolic Occlusion

37.1.6 Mini-Case E: Vessel Dissection

37.1.7 Mini-Case F: Delayed Thrombus Formation on the Angio-Seal Foot Plate

37.1.8 Mini-Case G: Acute Loss of Pulse

37.1.9 Pearls and Pitfalls

38 Intraprocedural Vasospasm during Thrombectomy

38.1 Case Description

38.1.1 Clinical Presentation

38.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

38.1.3 Diagnosis

38.1.4 Treatment

38.1.5 Progress

38.2 Discussion

38.2.1 Incidence and Clinical Sequelae

38.2.2 Intraprocedural Management

38.3 References

39 Hemorrhagic Transformation after Endovascular Stroke Therapy

39.1 Case Description

39.1.1 Clinical Presentation

39.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

39.1.3 Diagnosis

39.1.4 Treatment

39.1.5 Endovascular Treatment

39.1.6 Postprocedure Care

39.1.7 Outcome

39.2 Companion Case

39.2.1 Case

39.2.2 Clinical Presentation

39.2.3 Imaging Workup and Investigations

39.2.4 Diagnosis

39.2.5 Treatment

39.2.6 Endovascular Treatment

39.2.7 Postprocedure Care

39.2.8 Outcome

39.3 Discussion

39.4 Pearls and Pitfalls

39.5 References

40 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

40.1 Case Description

40.1.1 Clinical Presentation

40.1.2 Baseline Imaging

40.2 Diagnosis

40.3 Treatment

40.3.1 Outcome

40.4 Discussion

40.5 References

41 Endovascular Thrombectomy for Pediatric Acute Ischemic Stroke

41.1 Case Description

41.1.1 Clinical Presentation

41.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

41.2 Diagnosis

41.2.1 Treatment

41.2.2 Postprocedure Care

41.2.3 Outcome

41.2.4 Background

41.3 Discussion

41.3.1 Pearls and Pitfalls

41.4 References

Section VII Stroke Mimics and Rare Causes

42 Hemiplegic Migraine

42.1 Case Description

42.1.1 Clinical Presentation

42.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

42.1.3 Diagnosis

42.1.4 Treatment

42.2 Discussion

42.2.1 Background

42.2.2 Workup and Diagnosis

42.2.3 Decision-Making Process

42.2.4 Management

42.2.5 Literature Synopsis

42.2.6 Pearls and Pitfalls

42.3 References

43 Intra-arterial Contrast Injection during Computed Tomography Angiography

43.1 Case Description

43.1.1 Clinical Presentation

43.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

43.1.3 Diagnosis

43.1.4 Treatment

43.2 Discussion

43.2.1 Background

43.2.2 Workup and Diagnosis

43.2.3 Decision-Making Process

43.2.4 Management

43.2.5 Literature Synopsis

43.2.6 Pearls and Pitfalls

43.3 References

44 Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS)

44.1 Case Description

44.1.1 Clinical Presentation

44.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

44.1.3 Diagnosis

44.1.4 Treatment

44.2 Discussion

44.2.1 Background

44.2.2 Workup and Diagnosis

44.2.3 Decision-Making Process

44.2.4 Management

44.2.5 Literature Synopsis

44.2.6 Pearls and Pitfalls

44.3 Further Readings

45 Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome

45.1 Case Description

45.1.1 Clinical Presentation

45.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

45.1.3 Diagnosis

45.1.4 Treatment and Follow-up

45.1.5 Outcome

45.2 Discussion

45.2.1 Background

45.2.2 Pathology

45.2.3 Presentation

45.2.4 Diagnosis

45.2.5 Differential Diagnosis

45.2.6 Clinical Course

45.2.7 Management and Prognosis

45.2.8 Pearls and Pitfalls

45.3 References

46 Acute Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Cardiac Myxoma Embolus

46.1 Case Description

46.1.1 Clinical Presentation

46.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

46.1.3 Diagnosis

46.1.4 Treatment

46.2 Companion Case

46.2.1 Clinical Presentation

46.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

46.2.3 Diagnosis

46.2.4 Treatment

46.3 Discussion

46.3.1 Background

46.3.2 Pearls and Pitfalls

46.4 References

47 Seizure

47.1 Case Description

47.1.1 Clinical Presentation

47.1.2 Investigations

47.1.3 Clinical Reassessment

47.1.4 Diagnosis

47.1.5 Treatment

47.2 Discussion

47.2.1 Background

47.2.2 Workup and Diagnosis

47.2.3 Decision-Making Process

47.2.4 Management

47.2.5 Literature Synopsis

47.2.6 Pearls and Pitfalls

47.3 References

48 Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

48.1 Case Description

48.1.1 Case 1: Patient with Seizures and Cognitive Impairment

48.1.2 Investigations and Imaging

48.1.3 Treatment and Outcome

48.1.4 Final Diagnosis

48.2 Case 2: Patient with Rapidly Progressive Cognitive Decline

48.2.1 Clinical Presentation

48.2.2 Investigations and Imaging

48.2.3 Treatment and Outcome

48.2.4 Final Diagnosis

48.3 Discussion

48.3.1 Clinical Presentations of CAA

48.3.2 Diagnostic Criteria for CAA

48.3.3 Inflammatory Variants of CAA

48.3.4 Imaging Investigations for CAA

48.3.5 Biochemical Markers of CAA

48.3.6 Treatment and Prognosis

48.4 Summary

48.5 Suggested Readings

49 Contrast Staining Masquerading as Hemorrhage

49.1 Case

49.2 Case Description

49.2.1 Clinical Presentation

49.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

49.2.3 Diagnosis

49.2.4 Treatment

49.3 Discussion

49.4 Pearls and Pitfalls

49.5 References

50 HaNDL

50.1 Case Description

50.1.1 Clinical Presentation

50.1.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

50.1.3 Diagnosis

50.1.4 Treatment and Follow-up

50.2 Companion Case

50.2.1 Clinical Presentation

50.2.2 Imaging Workup and Investigations

50.2.3 Diagnosis

50.2.4 Treatment

50.3 Discussion

50.3.1 Background

50.3.2 Workup and Diagnosis

50.3.3 Decision-Making Process

50.3.4 Management

50.3.5 Literature Synopsis

50.3.6 Pearls and Pitfalls

50.4 References

51 Appendix: Essential Terms, Trials, and Tools

51.1 Introduction

51.2 Recanalization and Reperfusion Scoring

51.2.1 Reperfusion Scales

51.2.2 Recanalization Scale: The Arterial Occlusive Lesion Scoring System

51.3 The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale

51.4 The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score

51.5 Common CT/CTA Protocols

51.5.1 Noncontrast Head Computed Tomographic Scan

51.5.2 CT Angiography

51.5.3 CT Perfusion

51.6 European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II Trial Hemorrhage Classification

51.7 Collateral Circulation Score

51.8 Thrombectomy Devices

51.8.1 Stent Retrievers

51.8.2 Aspiration Devices

51.8.3 Permanent Stents

51.9 Tool Terminology Glossary

51.9.1 Flexibility

51.9.2 Internal Diameter (ID)

51.9.3 Kink Resistance

51.9.4 Lubricity (Coefficient of Friction)

51.9.5 Outer Diameter (OD)

51.9.6 Shore Hardness

51.9.7 Tensile Strength

51.9.8 Torque

51.10 Curves of Catheters and Selective Catheters Types

51.11 Modern Inclusion/Eligibility Criteria

51.12 Main Trials

51.13 References

Index

 

An aparitie	08 Decembrie 2021
Autor	Vitor Mendes Pereira (Author), Adam A. Dmytriw (Author), Lee-Anne Slater (Author), Sarah Power
Dimensiuni	27.94 x 21.59 cm
Editura	Thieme
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781626232754
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	300