Echocardiography in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease

Echocardiography in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease

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Cod produs/ISBN: 9781496394019

Disponibilitate: La comanda in aproximativ 4 saptamani

Editura: LWW

Limba: Engleza

Nr. pagini: 800

Coperta: Hardcover

Dimensiuni: 21.59 x 3.18 x 28.58 cm

An aparitie: 1 Sept. 2020

Edited by expert clinicians at Mayo Clinic and other leading global institutions, Echocardiography in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease remains your reference of choice in this fast-changing field. The Third Edition brings you fully up to date not only with all aspects of pediatric echocardiography, but also with multimodality imaging in adult congenital heart disease, making it an invaluable resource for cardiologists, fellows, internists, and radiologists, as well as pediatric echocardiographers and sonographers.

  • Covers the full range of congenital and acquired heart abnormalities as well as valve prostheses and the transplanted heart, providing state-of-the-art knowledge to assess challenging cardiac lesions and physiology.
  • Places increased emphasis on multimodality imaging (MR/CT), equipping you to better meet the inherent challenges of echo imaging for adults with repaired congenital heart disease.
  • Includes board-style questions and answers for every chapter—perfect for exam review and self-assessment.
  • Helps you obtain the maximum diagnostic value from today’s imaging approaches: tissue Doppler, 3D echo, intra-cardiac and intraoperative transesophageal echo, and cardiac MRI and MR angiography.
  • Depicts the full range of echo findings with more than 800 illustrations (most in full-color), more correlative anatomic images, numerous tables, and over 200 videos online.

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Table of Contents:

  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Dedication
  5. Contributors
  6. Preface
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. Contents
  9. 1 Principles of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
  10. INTRODUCTION
  11. WHAT IS ULTRASOUND?
  12. SOME DEFINITIONS
  13. IMAGE GENERATION
  14. COMMON IMAGING FORMATS AND IMAGING ARTIFACTS
  15. THE DOPPLER EFFECT AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEMODYNAMICS
  16. THE DOPPLER EQUATION
  17. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DIFFERENCES
  18. DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MODALITIES
  19. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  20. SUGGESTED READING
  21. Chapter 1: Multiple Choice Question
  22. 2 Practical Issues Related to the Examination, Anatomic Image Orientation, and Segmental Cardiovascular Analysis
  23. INTRODUCTION
  24. GENERAL EXAMINATION GUIDELINES
  25. IMAGE ACQUISITION
  26. Approach to Abnormal Cardiac Positions/Complex Anatomy
  27. Transesophageal Imaging
  28. THE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC REPORT
  29. IMAGE ORIENTATION AND NOMENCLATURE IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  30. NOMENCLATURE OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  31. Situs or Sidedness
  32. Visceral Situs or Sidedness
  33. Atrial Situs or Sidedness
  34. TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE CARDIOVASCULAR SEGMENTS AND CONNECTIONS
  35. Some Synonyms
  36. SEQUENTIAL SEGMENTAL ANALYSIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY AND CONGENITAL CARDIAC MALFORMATIONS
  37. DETERMINATION OF CARDIAC LOCATION AND SITUS (SIDEDNESS)
  38. Abdominal Situs
  39. Atrial Situs
  40. SEGMENTS AND CONNECTIONS
  41. The Venous Segment
  42. The Atrial Segment
  43. The Atrioventricular Connection
  44. The Ventricular Segment
  45. The Ventricular–Great Arterial Connection
  46. The Great Arterial Segment
  47. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  48. REFERENCES
  49. SUGGESTED READING
  50. Chapter 2: Multiple Choice Question
  51. 3 Quantitative Methods in Echocardiography—Basic Techniques
  52. Introduction
  53. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL SYSTOLIC VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
  54. Left Ventricular Shortening Fraction
  55. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
  56. Left Ventricular Mass
  57. VELOCITY OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL FIBER SHORTENING AND THE STRESS-VELOCITY INDEX
  58. Doppler Parameters of Left Ventricular Systolic Function
  59. Left Ventricular dP/dt
  60. Myocardial Performance Index (Tei Index)
  61. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL SYSTOLIC VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
  62. Two-Dimensional Imaging
  63. Tissue Doppler Imaging and Strain Rate Imaging
  64. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF DIASTOLIC VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
  65. Evaluation of Diastolic Ventricular Function—Technical Considerations
  66. Mitral Inflow Doppler
  67. Pulmonary Venous Doppler
  68. Patterns of Diastolic Dysfunction
  69. Clinical Utility of Diastology
  70. Qualitative Versus Quantitative Diastology
  71. Limitations and Pitfalls of Doppler Evaluation of Diastolic Ventricular Function
  72. NEWER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE DIASTOLIC VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
  73. Tissue Doppler Imaging
  74. Tissue Doppler Studies in Normal Children
  75. Color M-mode Flow Propagation Velocity
  76. Left Atrial Volume
  77. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
  78. Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion
  79. Right Ventricular Myocardial Performance Index
  80. Right Ventricular dP/dt
  81. Right Ventricular Tissue Doppler Imaging
  82. Acoustic Quantification and Right Ventricular Function
  83. Three-Dimensional Echocardiography and Right Ventricular Function
  84. Evaluation of Right Ventricular Diastolic Function
  85. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE VENTRICLE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COMPLEX CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  86. SUGGESTED READING
  87. Chapter 3: Multiple Choice Question
  88. 4 Quantitative Methods in Echocardiography—Advanced Techniques in the Assessment of Ventricular Function
  89. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT
  90. From Reconstruction Techniques to Real-Time Three-Dimensional Imaging
  91. Technical Aspects
  92. Imaging Protocols
  93. Clinical Applications
  94. Future Directions
  95. TISSUE-DOPPLER IMAGING FOR THE EVALUATION OF MYOCARDIAL FUNCTION
  96. Current Clinical Applications of Tissue Velocities
  97. Use of Tissue-Doppler Velocities in Children
  98. Deformation Imaging in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease
  99. Normative Myocardial Deformation Data in Children
  100. Clinical Applications of Myocardial Deformation Imaging in Pediatric Heart Disease
  101. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
  102. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Techniques Used for the Assessment of Ventricular Function
  103. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Assess Ventricular Function
  104. Clinical Applications
  105. Acquisition Protocols
  106. Data Analysis
  107. Problems and Potential Solutions
  108. Future Applications
  109. CONCLUSION
  110. SUGGESTED READING
  111. Chapter 4: Multiple Choice Question
  112. 5 Cardiac Electromechanical Dyssynchrony in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease
  113. INTRODUCTION
  114. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ELECTROMECHANICAL DYSSYNCHRONY AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CRT
  115. CRT IN PEDIATRIC AND CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  116. ATRIOVENTRICULAR, INTERVENTRICULAR, AND INTRAVENTRICULAR DYSSYNCHRONY
  117. Atrioventricular Dyssynchrony
  118. Interventricular Dyssynchrony
  119. Intraventricular Dyssynchrony
  120. CRT IN PATIENTS WITH A BIVENTRICULAR CIRCULATION AND SYSTEMIC LEFT VENTRICLE
  121. The Failing Systemic Left Ventricle
  122. The Failing Subpulmonary Right Ventricle
  123. CRT IN PATIENTS WITH A BIVENTRICULAR CIRCULATION AND SYSTEMIC RIGHT VENTRICLE
  124. CRT IN PATIENTS WITH A SINGLE VENTRICLE
  125. PATIENT SELECTION FOR CRT IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  126. SUGGESTED READING
  127. 6 Anomalies of the Pulmonary and Systemic Venous Connections
  128. ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTIONS
  129. Introduction, Nomenclature, and Embryogenesis
  130. Transthoracic Imaging of Pulmonary Venous Connections
  131. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
  132. Fetal Imaging of TAPVC
  133. Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections
  134. TEE Imaging of Normal Pulmonary Venous Connections
  135. TEE Imaging of PAPVC
  136. Postoperative Echocardiography in PAPVC
  137. ANOMALOUS SYSTEMIC VENOUS CONNECTIONS
  138. Introduction, Nomenclature, and Embryogenesis
  139. SUGGESTED READING
  140. Chapter 6: Multiple Choice Question
  141. 7 Abnormalities of Atria and Atrial Septation
  142. ATRIAL SEPTAL ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
  143. ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
  144. Clinical Presentation
  145. Physiology
  146. Complications
  147. EVALUATION OF ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT: OVERVIEW
  148. Subcostal Imaging
  149. Parasternal Views
  150. Apical 4-Chamber View
  151. Suprasternal Notch Views
  152. Additional Imaging
  153. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHO ANATOMY AND IMAGING
  154. Patent Foramen Ovale
  155. Secundum Atrial Septal Defect
  156. Sinus Venosus Defect With Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
  157. Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defect (Unroofed Coronary Sinus)
  158. Associated Defects
  159. Interventional and PostInterventional Imaging
  160. COR TRIATRIATUM
  161. Background
  162. Clinical Presentation
  163. Two-Dimensional Echo Anatomy and Imaging
  164. Subcostal Views
  165. Parasternal Views
  166. Apical View
  167. Suprasternal Notch Views
  168. Postoperative Assessment of Cor Triatriatum
  169. COR TRIATRIATUM DEXTER
  170. SUGGESTED READING
  171. Chapter 7: Multiple Choice Question
  172. 8 Atrioventricular Septal Defects
  173. INTRODUCTION
  174. TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
  175. ANATOMIC FEATURES OF AVSD
  176. Level of Atrioventricular Valve Insertion
  177. Elongate Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
  178. Cleft Left Atrioventricular Valve
  179. Counterclockwise Rotated Papillary Muscles
  180. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF AVSD
  181. Primum Atrial Septal Defect
  182. Mitral Valve Abnormalities
  183. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
  184. UNBALANCED AVSD
  185. RASTELLI CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMMON ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE
  186. LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AVSD
  187. DOWN SYNDROME AND AVSD
  188. FETAL ECHO ASSESSMENT OF AVSD
  189. SURGICAL REPAIR AND POSTOPERATIVE ECHO
  190. Partial AVSD
  191. Complete AVSD
  192. Postoperative Echocardiographic Surveillance
  193. SUMMARY
  194. SUGGESTED READING
  195. Chapter 8: Multiple Choice Question
  196. 9 Ebstein Malformation and Tricuspid Valve Diseases
  197. INTRODUCTION
  198. ON THE NAMING OF THE TRICUSPID VALVAR APPARATUS
  199. Ebstein Malformation
  200. DEFINITION AND ANATOMIC FEATURES OF EBSTEIN MALFORMATION
  201. CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF EBSTEIN MALFORMATION
  202. ASSOCIATED CARDIOVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES
  203. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC RECOGNITION AND EVALUATION OF EBSTEIN MALFORMATION
  204. PRENATAL DETECTION OF EBSTEIN MALFORMATION
  205. Other Tricuspid Valve Disorders
  206. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  207. SUGGESTED READING
  208. Chapter 9: Multiple Choice Question
  209. 10 Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Valve Abnormalities
  210. INTRODUCTION
  211. MITRAL VALVE EMBRYOLOGY AND GENETICS
  212. ANATOMY OF THE MITRAL VALVE
  213. Mitral Annular Shape and Function
  214. Mitral Valve Leaflets
  215. Tension Apparatus
  216. MITRAL VALVE ABNORMALITIES
  217. Incidence of Congenital Mitral Valve Abnormalities
  218. SPECIFIC CONGENITAL MITRAL VALVE ABNORMALITIES
  219. Mitral Valve Dysplasia, Hypoplasia, and Atresia
  220. Supravalvar Mitral Ring
  221. Parachute Mitral Valve
  222. Mitral Valve Arcade
  223. Double-Orifice Mitral Valve
  224. Straddling Mitral Valve
  225. Isolated Mitral Valve Cleft
  226. Mitral Valve Prolapse
  227. Dysplasia of the Posterior Mitral Valve Leaflet
  228. ACQUIRED MITRAL VALVE DISEASE
  229. Degenerative Mitral Valve
  230. Flail Leaflet
  231. Perturbations in Valve Function in the Premature Infant
  232. Systolic Anterior Motion in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
  233. Aortic Valve Insufficiency–Induced Mitral Restriction
  234. Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
  235. Infective Endocarditis of the Mitral Valve
  236. MITRAL VALVE INTERVENTIONS
  237. Interventions for Mitral Valve Pathology
  238. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  239. 3D Printing and Fetal Imaging
  240. Opportunities for Collaboration with Veterinary Cardiology
  241. SUGGESTED READING
  242. Chapter 10: Multiple Choice Question
  243. 11 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
  244. INTRODUCTION
  245. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT
  246. ASSOCIATED CARDIAC LESIONS
  247. NATURAL HISTORY
  248. ASSESSMENT OF THE SYSTEMIC RIGHT VENTRICLE
  249. SUGGESTED READING
  250. Chapter 11: Multiple Choice Question
  251. 12 Ventricular Septal Defects
  252. INTRODUCTION
  253. ANATOMY OF THE VENTRICULAR SEPTUM
  254. ANATOMY OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS
  255. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS
  256. Ventricular Septal Defect Location
  257. Special Considerations
  258. Assessment of Ventricular Septal Defect Size
  259. Evaluation of Right Heart Pressures
  260. Quantification of Shunt Flow
  261. CLOSURE OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS
  262. Spontaneous Closure
  263. Surgical Repair
  264. Transcatheter and Hybrid Perventricular Device Closure
  265. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY OF POSTOPERATIVE VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS
  266. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS IN THE FETUS
  267. TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS
  268. SUGGESTED READING
  269. Chapter 12: Multiple Choice Question
  270. 13 Univentricular Atrioventricular Connections
  271. INTRODUCTION
  272. TRICUSPID ATRESIA
  273. Associated Anomalies
  274. Clinical History
  275. Echocardiographic Examination of Tricuspid Atresia
  276. HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART SYNDROME
  277. Anatomy
  278. Clinical Presentation
  279. Echocardiography in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
  280. Role of 3-Dimensional Echocardiography in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
  281. RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT IN HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART SYNDROME
  282. VENTRICULOCORONARY ARTERY CONNECTIONS IN HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART SYNDROME
  283. Borderline Left Ventricle
  284. DOUBLE-INLET LEFT VENTRICLE
  285. Anatomy of Double-Inlet Left Ventricle
  286. Double-Inlet Left Ventricle with Transposed Great Arteries (Hypoplastic Subaortic Right Ventricle)
  287. Double-Inlet Left Ventricle with Normally Related Great Arteries
  288. Clinical Presentation
  289. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Double-Inlet Left Ventricle
  290. Interventricular Communication in Double-Inlet Left Ventricle or Tricuspid Atresia with Ventriculoarterial Discordance
  291. APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH UNIVENTRICULAR ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONNECTION: SURGICAL PLANNING
  292. The Neonate With Excessive Pulmonary Blood Flow
  293. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pulmonary Artery Band
  294. The Neonate With Restricted Pulmonary Blood Flow
  295. “The Balanced Infant”
  296. The Neonate With Restricted Systemic Blood Flow
  297. Modified Norwood Procedure
  298. The Hybrid Procedure
  299. Echocardiographic Evaluation Following Stage 1 Norwood Procedure
  300. Echocardiographic Evaluation Following Hybrid Procedure
  301. Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Bidirectional Cavopulmonary (Glenn) Anastomosis
  302. Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Fontan Circulation
  303. SUMMARY
  304. SUGGESTED READING
  305. Chapter 13: Multiple Choice Question
  306. 14 Abnormalities of Right Ventricular Outflow
  307. VALVAR PULMONARY STENOSIS
  308. Background
  309. Principles of Echocardiographic Anatomy and Imaging
  310. SUBVALVAR PULMONARY STENOSIS
  311. Background
  312. Principles of Echocardiographic Anatomy and Imaging
  313. SUPRAVALVAR PULMONARY STENOSIS
  314. Background
  315. Principles of Echocardiographic Anatomy and Imaging
  316. PULMONARY REGURGITATION
  317. Background
  318. Principles of Echocardiographic Anatomy and Imaging
  319. PULMONARY ATRESIA WITH INTACT VENTRICULAR SEPTUM
  320. Background
  321. Principles of Echocardiographic Anatomy and Imaging
  322. POTENTIAL ROLES FOR ALTERNATIVE IMAGING MODALITIES IN RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT ABNORMALITIES
  323. Right Ventricular Size and Function
  324. Physiologic Measures
  325. Imaging of Pulmonary Artery Anatomy
  326. SUGGESTED READING
  327. Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis
  328. Subvalvar Pulmonary Stenosis
  329. Supravalvar Pulmonary Stenosis
  330. Pulmonary Regurgitation
  331. Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum
  332. Alternative Imaging Modalities in Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
  333. Chapter 14: Multiple Choice Question
  334. 15 Abnormalities of Left Ventricular Outflow
  335. INTRODUCTION
  336. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  337. NORMAL ANATOMY
  338. ABNORMAL ANATOMY AND COMMON ASSOCIATIONS
  339. Valvar Aortic Stenosis
  340. Subvalvar Aortic Stenosis
  341. Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
  342. Aortic Regurgitation
  343. Aneurysm of the Proximal Aorta
  344. APPROACH TO TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  345. Valvar Aortic Stenosis
  346. Neonatal Critical Valvar Aortic Stenosis
  347. Subvalvar Aortic Stenosis
  348. Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
  349. Aortic Regurgitation
  350. Aneurysm of the Proximal Aorta
  351. FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  352. TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  353. POSTOPERATIVE AND POSTINTERVENTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  354. Residual Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
  355. Residual or Postintervention Aortic Regurgitation
  356. Left Ventricular Size and Function
  357. Size of the Proximal Aorta
  358. Prosthetic Aortic Valve Function
  359. Alternative Imaging Modalities
  360. SUGGESTED READING
  361. Chapter 15: Multiple Choice Question
  362. 16 Tetralogy of Fallot
  363. INTRODUCTION
  364. VENOUS CONNECTIONS
  365. ATRIAL SEPTUM
  366. ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONNECTIONS
  367. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
  368. Physiologic Assessment
  369. Ventriculoarterial Connections
  370. The Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
  371. Pulmonary Valve
  372. Great Arteries
  373. Coronary Arteries
  374. TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH ABSENT PULMONARY VALVE SYNDROME
  375. PULMONARY ATRESIA WITH VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
  376. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
  377. SURGICAL REPAIR OF TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
  378. POSTOPERATIVE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
  379. Residual Shunts
  380. Assessment of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
  381. Assessment of Right Ventricular Systolic Function
  382. Fractional Area Change
  383. Tricuspid Annular Systolic Plane Excursion
  384. Myocardial Performance Index
  385. Tissue Doppler Imaging
  386. Strain and Strain Rate Imaging
  387. Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
  388. Assessment of Right Ventricular Diastolic Function
  389. CONCLUSION
  390. SUGGESTED READING
  391. Chapter 16: Multiple Choice Question
  392. 17 d -Transposition of the Great Arteries
  393. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  394. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
  395. INTERVENTIONAL AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
  396. BASICS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND IMAGING
  397. COMMON ASSOCIATED LESIONS AND FINDINGS THAT ALTER CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
  398. INTERVENTIONAL AND POSTINTERVENTIONAL IMAGING
  399. Preoperative Cardiac Catheterization
  400. Intraoperative Imaging
  401. Postoperative Imaging: Arterial Switch Operation
  402. Postoperative Imaging: Atrial Switch Operation (Mustard or Senning Procedure)
  403. Postoperative Imaging: Rastelli and Nikaidoh Procedures
  404. POTENTIAL ROLES OF ADDITIONAL IMAGING MODALITIES
  405. Preoperative Evaluation
  406. Postoperative Evaluation
  407. SUGGESTED READING
  408. Chapter 17: Multiple Choice Question
  409. 18 Double-Outlet Right and Left Ventricles
  410. TERMINOLOGY
  411. DOUBLE-OUTLET RIGHT VENTRICLE
  412. Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Side-by-Side Great Arteries and Subaortic Ventricular Septal Defect
  413. IMAGING NOTES
  414. Position of the Great Arteries
  415. Position of the Ventricular Septal Defect
  416. CORONARY ANOMALIES
  417. PHYSIOLOGY
  418. SURGICAL TREATMENT
  419. DOUBLE-OUTLET LEFT VENTRICLE
  420. Surgical Correction of Double-Outlet Left Ventricle
  421. SUGGESTED READING
  422. Chapter 18: Multiple Choice Question
  423. 19 Truncus Arteriosus
  424. INTRODUCTION
  425. DEVELOPMENT AND ANATOMY
  426. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  427. ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
  428. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
  429. Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Examination
  430. Doppler Echocardiographic Examination
  431. Preoperative Echocardiographic Evaluation of Truncus Arteriosus
  432. Postoperative Echocardiographic Evaluation of Truncus Arteriosus
  433. SUMMARY
  434. SUGGESTED READING
  435. Chapter 19: Multiple Choice Question
  436. 20 Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window
  437. PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
  438. Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
  439. Morphologic Variations in Patent Ductus Arteriosus
  440. Ductal Origin of the Pulmonary Artery and Ductal Tissue Continuation of Branch Pulmonary Arteries
  441. Hemodynamic Consequences of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus
  442. Doppler Examination
  443. Transesophageal Echocardiography
  444. Ductal Aneurysm
  445. Echocardiographic Limitations in Imaging the Patent Ductus Arteriosus
  446. Echocardiographic Evaluation After Ductal Stent Placement
  447. Echocardiographic Evaluation After Device Closure or Surgical Ligation of Patent Ductus Arteriosus
  448. AORTOPULMONARY WINDOW
  449. Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
  450. Doppler Echocardiography
  451. Echocardiographic Evaluation After Closure of an Aortopulmonary Window
  452. SUGGESTED READING
  453. Chapter 20: Multiple Choice Question
  454. 21 Abnormalities of the Aortic Arch
  455. INTRODUCTION
  456. ABNORMALITIES OF BRACHIOCEPHALIC BRANCHING
  457. Echocardiographic Assessment of the Aortic Arch
  458. VASCULAR RINGS
  459. Left Aortic Arch With Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery
  460. Right Aortic Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery
  461. Right Aortic Arch With Retroesophageal Segment and Left Descending Aorta
  462. Double Aortic Arch
  463. Pulmonary Artery Sling
  464. Additional Imaging Modalities
  465. COARCTATION OF THE AORTA
  466. Two-Dimensional Imaging of Coarctation
  467. Doppler Features of Coarctation
  468. Imaging Following Coarctation Repair
  469. Interrupted Aortic Arch
  470. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  471. Key Points
  472. SUGGESTED READING
  473. Chapter 21: Multiple Choice Question
  474. 22 Marfan Syndrome: Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection
  475. INTRODUCTION
  476. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIAC LESION
  477. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  478. Marfan Syndrome in Children
  479. CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS IN MARFAN SYNDROME
  480. Cardiac Surgical Intervention
  481. Pregnancy in Patients With MFS
  482. BASICS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND IMAGING
  483. Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Anatomy and Hemodynamics
  484. Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Dissection
  485. How to Obtain Proper Echocardiographic and Doppler Images
  486. ILLUSTRATIVE IMAGING EXAMPLES
  487. Case 1: Aortic Root Enlargement in a Patient With MFS
  488. Case 2: Mitral Valve Prolapse and Mitral Regurgitation in a Patient With MFS
  489. Case 3: Imaging after Aortic Root and Valve Replacement in a Patient With MFS
  490. Differential Diagnoses
  491. Potential Imaging Pitfalls
  492. Variations on Classic Anatomy
  493. Common Associated Lesions and Findings
  494. Key Findings That Alter Clinical Management
  495. Interventional and Postinterventional Imaging
  496. Potential Roles of Alternative Imaging Modalities
  497. SUMMARY
  498. SUGGESTED READING
  499. Chapter 22: Multiple Choice Question
  500. 23 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
  501. INTRODUCTION
  502. DIAGNOSIS OF AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
  503. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGING IN HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
  504. DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  505. ASSESSMENT OF DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
  506. ROLE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY DURING AND AFTER SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS
  507. SUGGESTED READING
  508. Chapter 23: Multiple Choice Question
  509. 24 Additional Cardiomyopathies
  510. INTRODUCTION
  511. CLASSIFICATION OF CARDIOMYOPATHY
  512. GENETICS OF CARDIOMYOPATHY AMONG CHILDREN
  513. CHARACTERIZATION OF CARDIOMYOPATHIES
  514. DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
  515. CAUSES AND PREVALENCE OF DCM
  516. THE CARDIAC CYTOSKELETON
  517. GENETICS OF DCM
  518. CLINICAL FEATURES OF DCM
  519. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF DCM
  520. TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING VELOCITIES IN DCM PATIENTS
  521. MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE INDEX (TEI INDEX)
  522. DP/DT MEASUREMENT AND FLOW PROPAGATION
  523. STRAIN RATE IMAGING IN DCM
  524. TREATMENT OF DCM
  525. MECHANICAL DYSSYNCHRONY AND DCM
  526. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS OF OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN WITH DCM
  527. MYOCARDITIS
  528. RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
  529. LEFT VENTRICULAR NONCOMPACTION CARDIOMYOPATHY
  530. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF LVNC
  531. ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA
  532. DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
  533. STORAGE DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOMYOPATHY
  534. CHAGAS DISEASE
  535. POSPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY
  536. ANTHRACYCLINE-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY
  537. ARRHYTHMIA-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY
  538. TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY
  539. RESPONSE OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY TO ASSIST DEVICES
  540. FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIOMYOPATHY
  541. CONCLUSIONS
  542. SUGGESTED READING
  543. Chapter 24: Multiple Choice Question
  544. 25 Pericardial Disorders
  545. INTRODUCTION
  546. CONGENITALLY ABSENT PERICARDIUM
  547. PERICARDIAL CYST
  548. PERICARDIAL EFFUSION/TAMPONADE
  549. Pericardial Effusion Versus Pleural Effusion
  550. Echocardiographically Guided Pericardiocentesis
  551. CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
  552. Pitfalls and Caveats
  553. Restriction Versus Constriction
  554. EFFUSIVE-CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
  555. TRANSIENT CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
  556. PERICARDIAL EFFUSION ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANCY
  557. TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  558. CLINICAL IMPACT
  559. SUGGESTED READING
  560. Chapter 25: Multiple Choice Question
  561. 26 Systemic Diseases
  562. INTRODUCTION
  563. RHEUMATIC FEVER
  564. Goals of Imaging
  565. Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease
  566. Rheumatic Aortic Valve Disease
  567. KAWASAKI DISEASE
  568. Goals of Imaging
  569. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
  570. Pericardial Involvement
  571. Myocardial and Coronary Artery Involvement
  572. Valvar Involvement
  573. Pulmonary Vascular Involvement
  574. Systemic Vascular Involvement
  575. Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
  576. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION
  577. Pericardial Involvement
  578. Myocardial Involvement
  579. Coronary Artery Involvement
  580. Valvar Involvement
  581. Pulmonary Vascular Involvement
  582. Large-Vessel Arteriopathy
  583. Cardiac Tumors
  584. METABOLIC SYNDROME
  585. Structural Changes
  586. Functional Changes
  587. Goals of Imaging
  588. CARDIAC DISEASES IN CANCER PATIENTS
  589. Myocardial Involvement
  590. Pericardial Involvement
  591. Valvar and Endocardial Involvement
  592. Secondary Involvement of the Heart
  593. Goals of Imaging
  594. MYOCARDITIS
  595. Goals of Imaging
  596. SICKLE CELL DISEASE
  597. Goals of Imaging
  598. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
  599. SUGGESTED READING
  600. Chapter 26: Multiple Choice Question
  601. 27 Vascular Abnormalities
  602. ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS
  603. Systemic Arteriovenous Malformations
  604. Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations
  605. CORONARY ARTERY ABNORMALITIES
  606. Echocardiography
  607. Anomalous Origin of a Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery
  608. Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery From the Opposite Sinus of Valsalva
  609. Coronary Artery Fistulas
  610. Coronary Artery Aneurysms
  611. Kawasaki Disease
  612. SUGGESTED READING
  613. Chapter 27: Multiple Choice Question
  614. 28 Cardiac Tumors
  615. INTRODUCTION
  616. RHABDOMYOMA
  617. MYXOMA
  618. FIBROMA
  619. HETEROTOPIAS AND GERM CELL TUMORS
  620. HEMANGIOMA
  621. PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMA AND LAMBL EXCRESCENCES
  622. PARAGANGLIOMA
  623. MALIGNANT CARDIAC TUMORS
  624. NONNEOPLASTIC CARDIAC MASSES
  625. SUGGESTED READING
  626. Chapter 28: Multiple Choice Question
  627. 29 Evaluation of the Transplanted Heart
  628. ABBREVIATIONS
  629. INTRODUCTION
  630. History
  631. Current Incidence and Outcomes
  632. Importance of Echocardiography
  633. ECHO EVALUATION PRIOR TO TRANSPLANT
  634. Evaluation of Potential Donors
  635. Evaluation of Potential Recipients
  636. ECHO EVALUATION DURING TRANSPLANT
  637. Intraoperative TEE
  638. Residual Cardiac Lesions
  639. ECHO EVALUATION AFTER TRANSPLANT
  640. Acute Allograft Rejection
  641. Common Findings of Rejection
  642. Echo Markers When Rejection is Not Obvious
  643. Long-Term Follow-up of Residual Lesions
  644. Monitoring During Biopsy
  645. Home Monitoring Programs
  646. CORONARY ARTERY VASCULOPATHY
  647. Intravascular Ultrasound
  648. Stress Echocardiography
  649. SUMMARY
  650. SUGGESTED READING
  651. Chapter 29: Multiple Choice Question
  652. 30 Pulmonary Hypertension
  653. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
  654. BACKGROUND AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
  655. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF HEMODYNAMICS IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
  656. Indirect Signs of Pulmonary Hypertension
  657. Doppler Assessment of Pulmonary Artery Pressures in Pulmonary Hypertension
  658. Doppler Estimates of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
  659. EVALUATION OF RIGHT VENTRICLE–PULMONARY ARTERY COUPLING AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
  660. Assessment of the Cardiopulmonary Unit
  661. Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
  662. POPULATIONS AT RISK FOR PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
  663. Premature Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
  664. Screening for Pulmonary Hypertension in Other Populations
  665. OTHER ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  666. Key Points
  667. SUGGESTED READING
  668. Chapter 30: Multiple Choice Question
  669. 31 Echocardiography in the Diagnosis and Management of Endocarditis
  670. BACKGROUND
  671. RISK FACTORS
  672. PATHOGENESIS
  673. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  674. COMPLICATIONS
  675. DIAGNOSIS
  676. MANAGEMENT
  677. PROGNOSIS
  678. PROPHYLAXIS
  679. IMPORTANT ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS
  680. Vegetations
  681. Abscesses and Fistulae
  682. Embolism, Ventricular Dysfunction, and Pericarditis
  683. Prosthetic Valves and Conduits
  684. Role of Transesophageal and Intracardiac Echocardiography and Other Imaging Modalities
  685. IMPORTANT ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC SUGGESTIONS
  686. SUGGESTED READING
  687. Chapter 31: Multiple Choice Question
  688. 32 Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves
  689. Introduction
  690. EVALUATION OF THE MITRAL PROSTHESIS
  691. EVALUATION OF THE AORTIC PROSTHESIS
  692. EVALUATION OF TRICUSPID AND PULMONARY PROSTHESES
  693. PERCUTANEOUS VALVE IMPLANTATION
  694. PROSTHESIS-PATIENT MISMATCH
  695. PRESSURE RECOVERY
  696. SUGGESTED READING
  697. Chapter 32: Multiple Choice Question
  698. 33 Fetal Echocardiography
  699. Introduction
  700. INDICATIONS FOR FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  701. TIMING OF FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  702. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
  703. Fetal Position
  704. Echocardiographic Imaging of the Great Arteries
  705. Longitudinal Views
  706. DETECTION RATES OF FETAL CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES
  707. MEASUREMENTS OF THE FETAL HEART
  708. FETAL CARDIAC FUNCTION
  709. FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND MRI
  710. FETAL ARRHYTHMIAS
  711. MANAGEMENT FOLLOWING A PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF CHD
  712. IMPACT ON OUTCOME
  713. FETAL INTERVENTION
  714. SUGGESTED READING
  715. Chapter 33: Multiple Choice Question
  716. 34 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease
  717. INTRODUCTION
  718. INSTRUMENTATION AND WORKFLOW
  719. DATA ACQUISITION MODES AND PRINCIPLES OF ACQUISITION
  720. 2D Simultaneous Multiplane Mode
  721. Real-time/Live 3DE Mode
  722. ECG-triggered MultiBeat Acquisitions
  723. 3DE Color Flow Doppler
  724. Principles of Acquisition
  725. 3DE IMAGE DISPLAY MODES AND ORIENTATION
  726. 3DE Image Orientation—Surgical Versus Anatomic View
  727. OPTIMAL ACQUISITION AND SONOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FOR THE VARIOUS CHD
  728. ADDED CLINICAL UTILITY OF 3DE OVER 2DE IN CHD
  729. 3DE TO GUIDE CATHETER INTERVENTION
  730. 3DE FOR QUANTIFICATION OF VENTRICULAR VOLUMES AND FUNCTION
  731. 3DE Assessment of the Left Ventricle
  732. 3DE Assessment of the Right Ventricle
  733. 3DE Assessment of the Single Ventricle
  734. 3DE ASSESSMENT OF THE VALVE MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION
  735. LEARNING CURVE
  736. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  737. SUGGESTED READING
  738. Chapter 34: Multiple Choice Question
  739. 35 3D Printing and Its Use in Congenital Heart Disease
  740. INTRODUCTION
  741. GOALS OF 3D PRINTING
  742. PROCESS
  743. Acquisition of 3D Data Set
  744. Computed Tomography
  745. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  746. Echocardiography
  747. Modality Co-Registration
  748. VIRTUAL MODEL CREATION
  749. Printing
  750. CURRENT APPLICATIONS
  751. Model Types
  752. Surgical/Interventional Catheterization Planning and Simulation
  753. Education and Patient Counseling
  754. LIMITATIONS
  755. CONCLUSIONS
  756. SUGGESTED READING
  757. 36 Stress Echocardiography
  758. INTRODUCTION
  759. EVOLUTION OF STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY SCIENCE
  760. PHYSIOLOGIC THEORY BEHIND STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  761. INDICATIONS
  762. Bayes Theorem
  763. Coronary Artery Disease
  764. Ventricular Contractile Reserve
  765. Pressure Dynamics
  766. PREPARATION
  767. Training
  768. Stressors
  769. Sensors
  770. Personnel
  771. Equipment
  772. Transpulmonary Contrast Agents
  773. CONTRAINDICATIONS AND POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS
  774. OUTPUTS AND INTERPRETATION
  775. Accuracy
  776. Prognostic Significance
  777. CONCLUSION
  778. SUGGESTED READING
  779. Chapter 36: Multiple Choice Question
  780. 37 Intracardiac and Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
  781. INTRACARDIAC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  782. Equipment
  783. Examination
  784. Image Acquisition
  785. Applications
  786. CONGENITAL INTRAOPERATIVE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  787. Equipment
  788. Image Acquisition
  789. Mayo Clinic Intraoperative and Interventional Catheterization Experience
  790. Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography Using the Intracardiac Echocardiography Probe
  791. SUGGESTED READING
  792. Chapter 37: Multiple Choice Question
  793. 38 Interventional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease
  794. OVERVIEW
  795. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MODALITIES
  796. PRE- AND POSTPROCEDURE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  797. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN IMAGER AND INTERVENTIONALIST
  798. ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT AND PATENT FORAMEN OVALE DEVICE CLOSURE
  799. Preintervention Echocardiographic Assessment
  800. Intraprocedure Echocardiographic Assessment
  801. Postprocedure Echocardiographic Assessment
  802. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT DEVICE CLOSURE
  803. Preintervention Echocardiographic Assessment
  804. Intraprocedure Echocardiographic Assessment
  805. Postprocedure Echocardiographic Assessment
  806. CLOSURE OF FISTULAE
  807. Preintervention Echocardiographic Assessment
  808. Intraprocedure Echocardiographic Assessment
  809. Postprocedure Echocardiographic Assessment
  810. BALLOON ATRIAL SEPTOSTOMY
  811. Preintervention Echocardiographic Assessment
  812. Intraprocedure Echocardiographic Assessment
  813. Postprocedure Echocardiographic Assessment
  814. OTHER PROCEDURES
  815. Endomyocardial Biopsy
  816. Transseptal Puncture
  817. Pericardiocentesis
  818. SUMMARY
  819. SUGGESTED READING
  820. Chapter 38: Multiple Choice Question
  821. 39 Echocardiographic Assessment of Mechanical Circulatory Support
  822. INTRODUCTION
  823. Background
  824. Importance of Echocardiography
  825. ECHO ASSESSMENT BEFORE MCS PLACEMENT
  826. Diagnosis
  827. Valve Function
  828. Shunts
  829. Thrombus Formation
  830. INTRAOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MCS
  831. Cannula Position
  832. De-airing
  833. Right Ventricular Function
  834. ECHO ASSESSMENT OF MCS AFTER PLACEMENT
  835. Inflow/Outflow Obstruction
  836. Thrombus Formation
  837. Valvar Regurgitation
  838. Recovery of Function
  839. Direct Echo Assessment of Berlin Heart
  840. VADS IN THE OUTPATIENT SETTING
  841. SPECIFIC MCS CONSIDERATIONS
  842. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  843. Impella Device
  844. SUGGESTED READING
  845. Chapter 39: Multiple Choice Question
  846. 40 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomographic Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease
  847. INTRODUCTION
  848. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
  849. General Principles
  850. Technical Aspects
  851. Postacquisition Image Processing
  852. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
  853. General Principles
  854. Technical Aspects
  855. Anatomic Assessment
  856. Functional and Physiological Assessment
  857. Tissue Characterization
  858. Postacquisition Image Processing
  859. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND CASE EXAMPLES
  860. Shunt Lesions
  861. Aortic Anomalies
  862. Pulmonary Artery Anomalies
  863. Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Anomalies
  864. Tetralogy of Fallot
  865. Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries
  866. Congenitally Corrected Transposition
  867. Heterotaxy Syndrome
  868. Single Ventricle
  869. Cardiomyopathies
  870. Coronary Artery Anomalies
  871. Ebstein Anomaly
  872. SUGGESTED READING
  873. Chapter 40: Multiple Choice Question
  874. 41 Adults With d-Transposition After Surgical Palliation/Repair
  875. INTRODUCTION
  876. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  877. ADULTS AFTER ATRIAL SWITCH OPERATION
  878. FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SYSTEMIC RIGHT VENTRICLE
  879. LONG-TERM ISSUES AFTER ARTERIAL SWITCH OPERATION
  880. RASTELLI AND NIKAIDOH OPERATIONS FOR d-TGA, VSD, AND LVOT OBSTRUCTION
  881. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  882. SUGGESTED READING
  883. Chapter 41: Multiple Choice Question
  884. 42 Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Regurgitation
  885. INTRODUCTION
  886. ETIOLOGY AND SEVERITY OF PULMONARY REGURGITATION
  887. RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT
  888. RIGHT VENTRICULAR SIZE AND SYSTOLIC FUNCTION
  889. RIGHT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
  890. RIGHT ATRIAL SIZE AND FUNCTION
  891. TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
  892. RESIDUAL SHUNT LESIONS
  893. LEFT-SIDED CARDIAC CONSIDERATIONS
  894. CARDIAC IMAGING INFLUENCE ON TIMING OF SUBSEQUENT INTERVENTIONS
  895. SUMMARY
  896. SUGGESTED READING
  897. Chapter 42: Multiple Choice Question
  898. 43 Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Functionally Univentricular Heart After Fontan “Operation”
  899. INTRODUCTION
  900. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FONTAN OPERATION
  901. IMAGING STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATION OF PATIENTS AFTER FONTAN OPERATIONS
  902. IMAGE ACQUISITION AND THE ANATOMY OF THE FONTAN RECONSTRUCTION
  903. ASSESSMENT OF VENTRICULAR PERFORMANCE
  904. VENOUS AND ARTERIAL PATHWAY OBSTRUCTIONS
  905. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT
  906. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC CLUES TO A FAILING FONTAN CIRCULATION
  907. ILLUSTRATIVE CASES INVOLVING PATIENTS WITH FONTAN CIRCULATIONS
  908. Case 1
  909. Case 2
  910. Case 3
  911. Case 4
  912. SUMMARY
  913. SUGGESTED READING
  914. Chapter 43: Multiple Choice Question
  915. 44 Eisenmenger Syndrome
  916. INTRODUCTION
  917. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  918. CLINICAL FEATURES
  919. Physical Examination
  920. Hematologic Abnormalities
  921. Other Associated Conditions
  922. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
  923. Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
  924. Echocardiographic Markers of Prognosis
  925. SURVIVAL AND EFFECTS OF PULMONARY VASOMODULATOR THERAPY
  926. Medical Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
  927. SUGGESTED READING
  928. Chapter 44: Multiple Choice Question
  929. INDEX

 


An aparitie 1 Sept. 2020
Autor Benjamin W. Eidem MD FACC FASE , Frank Cetta , Johnathan Johnson , Leo Lopez
Dimensiuni 21.59 x 3.18 x 28.58 cm
Editura LWW
Format Hardcover
ISBN 9781496394019
Limba Engleza
Nr pag 800

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