Diagnostic Pathology and Molecular Genetics of the Thyroid: A Comprehensive Guide for Practicing Thyroid Pathology

 

Description:

 

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Offering a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic surgical pathology, cytopathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics of the thyroid diseases, this updated reference now incorporates recent, groundbreaking studies and major changes in the field. Global experts provide a complete guide to all diagnoses alongside major advances in tumor staging, immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics, helping you effectively evaluate thyroid tumors and non-neoplastic diseases.

 

Table of Contents:

 

1 Normal Anatomy and Histology

MACROANATOMY

Basic Anatomy

Normal Weight

Anatomic Relationships

Vascular Supply

Lymphatic Drainage

Innervation

MICROANATOMY

The Follicle

Colloid

Crystals

Follicular Cells

Ultrastructure

Immunohistochemistry

C Cells

Immunohistochemistry

Distribution in Thyroid

Ultrastructure

Solid Cell Nests

Morphologic Features

Immunohistochemistry

Differential Diagnosis

Neoplastic Potential

Heterologous Tissues within Thyroid

REFERENCES

2 Embryology and Developmental Lesions

EMBRYOLOGY

Embryologic Origination

Medial Thyroid Primordium

Migration

Folliculogenesis

Growth and Maturation

Lateral Thyroid Primordia

Migration and Fusion

GENES INVOLVED IN THYROID DEVELOPMENT

Early Development

TTF1 (NKX2-1)

PAX8

FOXE1

HHEX

TBX1

Later Development

TSHR

Thyroglobulin

TPO

SLC5A5 (NIS)

SLC26A4 (PDS)

DUOX1 and DOX2

DUOXA1 and DUOXA2

IYD (DEHAL1)

HOXA3

ASCL1 (HASH1)

DEVELOPMENTAL LESIONS

Thyroid Dysgenesis

Agenesis

Hypoplasia

Hemiagenesis

Thyroid Tissue in Abnormal Locations

Ectopic Thyroid Tissue

True Thyroid Ectopia

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Lateral Aberrant Thyroid Tissue

Thyroid Inclusions in Lymph Nodes

Parasitic Nodule

Teratoma and Struma Ovarii

Pyriform Sinus Fistula/Sinus Tract

Cystic Remnant of Ultimobranchial Body

Intrathymic Thyroid Tissue

REFERENCES

3 Thyroid Physiology

THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION

The Hypothalamic-Thyroid Axis

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Its Abnormalities

The Sodium-Iodide Symporter

Pendrin as a Mediator of Iodide Efflux at the Apical Membrane

Thyroglobulin, the Matrix for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

Thyroperoxidase

The H2O2-Generating System

Hormone Processing and Secretion

Dehalogenation of MIT and DIT

Thyroid Hormone Transport

Thyroid Hormone Action

PARAFOLLICULAR C-CELLS AND CALCITONIN

REFERENCES

4 Thyroiditis

ACUTE THYROIDITIS

Definition and Etiology

Clinical Features

Pathology

Differential Diagnosis

GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS

Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis (Subacute or de Quervain Thyroiditis)

Definition

Etiology

Clinical Features

Pathology

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Other Types of Granulomatous Thyroiditis

Palpation Thyroiditis

Tuberculosis

Fungal Infection

Sarcoidosis

CHRONIC THYROIDITIS

General Overview

Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis (Hashimoto or Autoimmune Thyroiditis)

Definition

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Pathology

Associated Neoplasia

Variants of Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

Postpartum Thyroiditis

Definition and Clinical Features

Pathology

Clinical Course and Differential Diagnosis

Silent Thyroiditis

Definition and Clinical Features

Pathology

Differential Diagnosis

Peritumoral Thyroiditis

Focal Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

Definition and Clinical Features

Pathology

Invasive Fibrous Thyroiditis (Riedel Thyroiditis)

Definition and Clinical Features

Pathogenesis

Pathology

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Course

REFERENCES

5 Diffuse and Nodular Hyperplasia

GRAVES DISEASE (DIFFUSE TOXIC HYPERPLASIA)

Definition

Historical Comments

Epidemiology

Etiologic Factors

Pathogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Ophthalmopathy

Clinical Presentation and Imaging

Laboratory Tests

Pathology

Gross Features

Histologic Features

Cytologic Features

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

NODULAR HYPERPLASIA

Multinodular Goiter

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiologic Factors

Pathogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation and Imaging

Laboratory Tests

Pathology

Gross Features

Histologic Features

Cytologic Features

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

Endemic Goiter

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Dyshormonogenetic Goiter

Definition

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology

Pathology

Differential Diagnosis

Toxic (Hyperfunctioning) Multinodular Goiter

Definition

Pathogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation and Imaging

Pathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

REFERENCES

6 Other Non-Neoplastic Conditions

AMIODARONE-INDUCED THYROID DISEASE

Pharmacology

Effect on Thyroid Follicular Cells and Hormone Synthesis

Effect on Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

Amiodarone-Induced Hypothyroidism

Pathology

Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis

Pathology

Treatment and Prognosis

MINOCYCLINE-ASSOCIATED CHANGES (“BLACK THYROID”)

Pathogenesis

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Features

Histologic Features

Cytologic Features

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

POSTRADIATION CHANGES

Acute/Early Changes

Chronic/Late Changes

AMYLOIDOSIS

Pathogenesis

Clinical Presentation and Imaging

Pathology

Gross Features

Histologic Features

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING FNA OF THE THYROID

Invasion versus Pseudoinvasion

Vascular Proliferation

Spindle Cell Proliferation

Reactive Follicular Epithelial Atypia

Infarction

REFERENCES

7 Thyroid Tumors: Classification, Incidence, and General Considerations

CLASSIFICATION

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

GENETIC LANDSCAPE

GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND OTHER RISK FACTORS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND MANAGEMENT

SURVIVAL AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS

REFERENCES

8 Staging of Thyroid Cancer

INTRODUCTION

The Eighth Edition AJCC/UICC Staging System

Eighth Edition AJCC/TNM Staging for DTC

Increasing the Age Cutoff to 55 Years of Age in DTC

Re-evaluating the Impact of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis on Prognosis in DTC

Re-evaluating the Impact of Microscopic Extrathyroidal Extension on Prognosis in DTC

Affirmation of the Importance of Gross Extrathyroidal Extension on Prognosis in DTC

Practical Application of the Eighth Edition Staging System for DTC in Clinical Practice

Expected Outcomes and Validation of the Eighth Edition Staging System in DTC

Eighth Edition AJCC/TNM Staging for Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Eighth Edition AJCC/TNM Staging for Medullary Thyroid Cancer

REFERENCES

9 Follicular Adenoma and Hürthle Cell (Oncocytic) Adenoma

DEFINITION

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

Clonality

Genetics of Follicular Adenomas

Point Mutations

RAS Mutations

EIF1AX Mutations

PTEN Mutations

DICER1 Mutations

Other Point Mutations

Mutations in Hyperfunctioning Adenomas

Gene Fusions

DNA Copy Number Alterations

Genetics of Hürthle Cell Adenomas

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING

GROSS FEATURES

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF FOLLICULAR ADENOMA

Microscopic Variants

Hyperfunctioning (“Toxic”, “Hot”) Follicular Adenoma

Follicular Adenoma with Papillary Hyperplasia

Adenolipoma (Lipoadenoma)

Follicular Adenoma with Signet-Ring Cells

Follicular Adenoma with Clear Cells

Follicular Adenoma with Lipid-Rich Cells

Follicular Adenoma with Bizarre Nuclei

Atypical Follicular Adenoma

Other Variants of Follicular Adenoma

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF HÜRTHLE CELL (ONCOCYTIC) ADENOMA

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

10 Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor

DEFINITION

HISTORICAL COMMENTS AND POINTS OF CONTROVERSY

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

Point Mutations and Gene Fusions

Dysregulation of MicroRNA

DNA Copy Number Alterations

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING

GROSS FEATURES

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

CYTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

11 Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features

DEFINITION

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

Point Mutations and Gene Fusions

RAS Mutations

EIF1AX Mutations

PTEN Mutations

DICER1 Mutations

BRAF K601E Mutations

PAX8/PPARG Fusions

THADA Fusions

Controversy with BRAF V600E Mutation Occurrence in NIFTP

Dysregulation of RNA and MicroRNA Expression

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING

GROSS FEATURES

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

Secondary Diagnostic Criteria

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL FEATURES

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

12 Follicular Carcinoma and Hürthle Cell (Oncocytic) Carcinoma

DEFINITION

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

Genetics of Follicular Carcinoma

Point Mutations

Gene Fusions

DNA Copy Number Alterations

Pathogenesis of Hürthle Cell Carcinomas

Pathogenetic Relationship between Follicular/Hürthle Cell Adenoma and Follicular/Hürthle Cell Carcinoma

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING

GROSS FEATURES

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

Microscopic Features of Follicular Carcinoma

Microscopic Features of Hürthle Cell Carcinoma

Vascular Invasion

Capsular Invasion

TUMOR INVASIVENESS

Minimally Invasive Carcinoma

Encapsulated Angioinvasive Carcinoma

Widely Invasive Follicular Carcinoma

SPREAD AND METASTASES

MICROSCOPIC VARIANTS

Clear Cell Variant

Mucinous Variant

Follicular Carcinoma with Signet-Ring Cells

Follicular Microcarcinoma

Follicular Carcinoma in Patients with the PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome

Other Variants of Follicular Carcinoma

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

13 Papillary Carcinoma

DEFINITION

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS

Ionizing Radiation

Iodine Levels

Other Environmental Factors

Preexisting Benign Thyroid Disease and TSH Levels

Hormonal and Reproductive Factors

Hereditary Factors

Other Factors

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

Somatic Mutation Density

Point Mutations

BRAF

RAS

EIF1AX

TERT

Other Point Mutations

Clonality of Driver Mutations and Tumor Multifocality

Gene Fusions

RET Fusions (RET/PTC)

BRAF Fusions

NTRK Fusions

ALK Fusions

THADA Fusions

PPARG Fusions

Other Fusions

Copy Number Alterations

Gene Expression Alterations

Alterations in miRNA Expression

CLINICAL FEATURES AND IMAGING

GROSS FEATURES

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

Infiltrative Border

Architectural Patterns

Tumor Cells

1. Nuclear size and shape

2. Nuclear membrane irregularities

3. Chromatin characteristics

Nuclear score

Psammoma Bodies

Tumor Fibrosis

Other Microscopic Features

SPREAD AND METASTASES

Multicentricity versus Intraglandular Spread

Lymphatic and Blood Vessel Invasion

Extrathyroidal Extension

Local and Distant Metastases

GRADING

MICROSCOPIC VARIANTS

Papillary Microcarcinoma

Follicular Variant

Infiltrative Follicular Variant

Encapsulated Follicular Variant

Diffuse (Multinodular) Follicular Variant

Macrofollicular Variant

Tall Cell Variant

Solid Variant

Diffuse Sclerosing Variant

Columnar Cell Variant

Oncocytic (Hürthle Cell) Variant

Hobnail Variant

Cribriform-Morular Variant

Warthin-like Variant

Clear Cell Variant

Papillary Carcinoma with Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis/Fasciitis-Like Stroma

Other Variants of Papillary Carcinoma

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL FEATURES

Markers of Thyroid Follicular Cells

Diagnostic Immunohistochemical Markers

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

BRAF V600E-Like Alterations

RAS-Like Alterations

Alterations Primarily Associated with Benign Nodules

ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Tumors with Papillary Architecture

Tumors with Follicular Architecture

Tumors with Solid, Trabecular, or Insular Architecture

Tumors with Extensive Fibrosis

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

Treatment

Disease Monitoring

Prognosis

Molecular Prognostic Factors

Targeted Therapies

REFERENCES

14 Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma

DEFINITION

HISTORICAL COMMENTS AND EVOLUTION OF DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

Point Mutations

RAS Mutations

BRAF Mutations

EIF1AX Mutations

PI3K/AKT Pathway Mutations

TERT Mutations

TP53 Mutations

Other Mutations

Gene Fusions

ALK Fusions

RET, PPARG Gene Fusions

DNA Copy Number Alterations

Other Alterations

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING

GROSS FEATURES

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

Poorly Differentiated Hurthle Cell (Oncocytic) Carcinoma

Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of Pediatric Age

Other Subtypes

Tumors with a Minor Component of Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma

SPREAD AND METASTASES

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Distinction from Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Distinction from Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Distinction from Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Distinction from Non-Thyroid Malignancies

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

15 Anaplastic (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma

DEFINITION

INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS

Preexisting Thyroid Disease

Preexisting Carcinoma

Preexisting Benign Thyroid Disease

Iodine Deficiency

Radiation Exposure

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

Point Mutations

RAS Mutations

BRAF Mutations

TERT Mutations

TP53 Mutations

PI3K/AKT Pathway Mutations

Other Mutations

Gene Fusions

DNA Copy Number Alterations

Other Alterations

Tumor-Associated Macrophages

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING

GROSS FEATURES

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

Spindle Cell Pattern

Pleomorphic Giant Cell Pattern

Squamoid Pattern

MICROSCOPIC VARIANTS

Paucicellular Variant

Rhabdoid Variant

Small Cell Variant

ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA WITH COEXISTING WELL-DIFFERENTIATED OR POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Distinction from Thyroid Carcinomas and Benign Lesions

Distinction from Nonthyroid Malignancies and Sarcomas

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

16 Medullary Carcinoma

MEDULLARY CARCINOMA

Definition

Historical Comments

Incidence and Epidemiology

Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Etiologic Factors

Pathogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Germline RET Mutations

Somatic Mutations in Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Other Genetic Abnormalities

Loss of Heterozygosity

DNA Ploidy

C-Cell Hyperplasia and Relationship to Medullary Carcinoma

Historical Comments

Origin and Distribution of C Cells

C-Cell Hyperplasia

Clinical Presentation and Imaging

Gross Features

Microscopic Features

Amyloid Stroma

Spread and Metastasis

Microscopic Variants

Spindle Cell Variant

Papillary/Pseudopapillary Variant

Oncocytic/Oxyphilic Variant

Clear-Cell Variant

Glandular/Pseudofollicular Variant

Amphicrine/Composite Calcitonin and Mucin-Producing Variant

Paraganglioma-Like Variant

Small Cell Variant

Giant Cell Variant

Angiosarcoma-Like Variant

Melanin-Producing/Pigmented Variant

Squamous Cell Variant

Other Proposed Variants

Histochemistry

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Diagnostics

Ultrastructural Features

Cytologic Features

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

Prophylactic Thyroidectomy and Specimen Processing

Prognosis

Mixed Medullary and Follicular Carcinoma

Mixed Medullary and Papillary Carcinoma

REFERENCES

17 Rare Primary Thyroid Epithelial Tumors

MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA

Etiology

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

SCLEROSING MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA WITH EOSINOPHILIA

Etiology

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

MUCINOUS CARCINOMA

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

SPINDLE EPITHELIAL TUMOR WITH THYMUS-LIKE DIFFERENTIATION

Histogenesis

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

CARCINOMA SHOWING THYMUS-LIKE DIFFERENTIATION

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

ECTOPIC THYMOMA

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

SECRETORY CARCINOMA

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

REFERENCES

18 Rare Primary Thyroid Nonepithelial Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions

PRIMARY ANGIOSARCOMA

Etiology

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

TERATOMA

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS

Etiology

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMORS

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

PARAGANGLIOMA

Etiology

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELL TUMOR

Etiology

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS

Etiology

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Gross Presentation

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

ROSAI-DORFMAN DISEASE

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Microscopic Description

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

GRANULAR CELL TUMOR

Histogenesis and Molecular Genetics

Clinical Presentation

Pathology

Microscopic Description

Cytology, Immunohistochemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

REFERENCES

19 Primary Thyroid Lymphoma

DEFINITION

ETIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

STAGE

PATHOLOGY

Gross Presentation

Microscopic and Immunophenotypic Features

Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Tissue (MALT Lymphoma)

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Follicular Lymphoma

Plasmacytoma

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Other Lymphoma Subtypes

Cytopathology

Differential Diagnosis

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

20 Tumors Metastatic to the Thyroid

DEFINITION

ETIOLOGY

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

GROSS PRESENTATION

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

REFERENCES

21 Principles of Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology Specimens

INTRODUCTION

EVALUATION OF THYROID NODULES

Clinical Evaluation

Ultrasound Evaluation

FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY

Procedure

REPORTING OF THYROID FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION

REFERENCES

22 Gross Examination

INTRODUCTION

THYROID SPECIMEN TYPES

ORIENTATION

GROSS PATHOLOGY

Nodules

Multinodular Process

Background Thyroid Parenchyma

SUBMISSION OF SECTIONS

REFERENCES

23 Principles of Molecular Diagnostics in Thyroid Samples

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

DNA

RNA

Protein

GENOMIC ALTERATIONS

Benign Polymorphisms versus Pathogenic Mutations

Somatic versus Germline Mutations

Driver versus Passenger Mutations

Types of Genomic Alterations

Single Nucleotide Variations

Insertions and Deletions (Indels)

Chromosomal Translocation and Gene Fusions

Copy Number Alterations

Gene Expression Alterations

SAMPLES FOR MOLECULAR ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES FOR MOLECULAR ANALYSIS

Conventional Techniques

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Reverse Transcription PCR

Real-time PCR

Sanger Sequencing

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

PCR-Based LOH Analysis

NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING

Targeted NGS Analysis

DETECTION OF CLONALITY

GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS

REFERENCES

24 Molecular Testing of Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Samples

CLINICAL CHALLENGE

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR THYROID NODULES

Requirements for Clinical Molecular Tests

Test Performance Characteristics

Molecular Tests for Thyroid FNA Samples

ThyroSeq

Other Tests

UTILITY OF MOLECULAR TESTS FOR CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT

ROLE OF MOLECULAR TESTING IN PERSONALIZED PATIENT MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES

Index

 

An aparitie	1 Jan. 2019
Autor	Yuri E. Nikiforov (Author), Paul W. Biddinger , Dr. Lester D.R. Thompson MD FASCP FCAP
Dimensiuni	21.59 x 2.79 x 28.19 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781496396532
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	480