Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children

 

Description:

>Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children

A comprehensive and incisive exploration of obesity in society and the clinical setting

In the newly revised Fourth Edition of Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children, a team of expert medical practitioners deliver a comprehensive exploration of the increasingly widespread disease of obesity. The book discusses topics such as the causes of obesity, the disease-model of obesity, the management of adult and childhood obesity, and policy approaches to obesity.

Designed to enable readers to better understand the full complexity of obesity — both within society and in the clinical setting — the book discusses a disease that is the leading cause of ill health around the world. The editors have included contributions from leading international experts in their respective fields that address every major aspect of this often misunderstood disease.

Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

Introductions to the history and scale of the obesity problem across the world and its epidemiology and social determinants

Comprehensive explorations of those affected by obesity, including fetal and infant origins, genetic causes, bias and stigma encountered by those affected by obesity, and the psychobiology of obesity

Practical discussions of obesity as a disease, including its co-morbidities of dyslipidemia, fertility, cardiovascular consequences, and obstructive sleep apnea

In-depth examinations of the management of obesity in adults and children, including contemporary approaches to clinical and dietary management, and behavioral treatments

Perfect for doctors and allied health professionals who regularly work with patients suffering from obesity, Clinical ;Obesity in Adults and Children will also earn a place in the libraries of health researchers and scholars studying obesity and nutrition, dieticians, nutritionists, and anyone else with a professional interest in an increasingly prevalent health problem.

 

1 Obesity – Introduction

Obesity as a public health problem

Lower limits of BMIs in non‐Caucasians?

Morbidity burden starts at much lower BMIs

Obesity epidemic starts in the early 1980s

The global epidemic gets underway

Abdominal obesity

Different regional societal burdens of obesity with abdominal obesity

Historical analyses of contributors to obesity

The burden of obesity

The economic impact of excess weight gain

Conclusions

References

2 The Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Obesity

Introduction

Defining excess body fat

Adult obesity

Childhood obesity

Global obesity

Social determinants of obesity

Conclusions

References

2 Causes of Obesity

3 Fetal and Infant Origins of Obesity

Background

Assessing obesity in children

Conceptual frameworks

Study designs

Developmental risk factors

Biology and mechanisms

Estimating population attributable risks

Implications for policy and practice

Acknowledgments

References

4 Genes and Obesity

Introduction

Historical perspective

Gene–environment interactions

Evidence for the heritability of fat mass

Adoption studies

Twin studies

Pleiotropic obesity syndromes

Prader–Willi syndrome

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy

Bardet–Biedl syndrome

Molecular mechanisms involved in energy homeostasis

Rodent models of obesity

Leptin–melanocortin pathway

Monogenic obesity syndromes affecting the leptin‐melanocortin pathway

Response to leptin therapy

Leptin receptor deficiency

POMC deficiency

Prohormone convertase 1 deficiency

MC4R deficiency

Conclusions

References

5 Bias, Stigma, and Social Consequences of Obesity

Social consequences for adults

Social consequences for youth

Impact of weight stigma on health

Interventions to prevent and reduce weight stigma

Conclusion

References

6 Ecology, Protein Leverage, and Public Health

Introduction

An ecological view of nutrition

Human macronutrient regulation

Human nutritional ecology

Bringing it all together: complex systems

Conclusions

References

7 The Living Environment and Physical Activity

From the environment to behaviors to obesity

Physical activity and health

Physical activity and weight gain

Spatial variation in obesity

Measuring attributes of the built environment

Relations between the built environment, physical activity, and obesity

Research trends

Changes in the urban environment

Conclusion

References

8 Psychobiology of Obesity

Setting the scene

Can obesity be managed through behavior change?

Complex bio‐cultural system of appetite control

The bio‐behavioral appetite system: tonic and episodic processes

The satiety cascade: homeostatic and hedonic processes

Individual variation in susceptibility to overconsumption: phenotypes for appetite control

Satiety responsiveness and the low satiety phenotype

Sensitivity to food reward

Compensation in response to exercise

Implications for the treatment and prevention of obesity and future directions

Closing comments

References

9 Energy Balance and Body Weight Homeostasis

Introduction

Basic concepts and principles in human energetics

Control of food intake

Autoregulatory adjustments in energy expenditure

Integrating intake and expenditure

References

3 Obesity as a Disease

10 Obesity, Ectopic Fat and Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction

Epidemiology

Not all fat is the same

Metabolically healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy lean

Pathogenesis of visceral and ectopic fat accumulation

Factors affecting body fat distribution

Linking ectopic fat accumulation to diabetes

How can we measure VAT and ectopic fat

Therapy

Conclusion

References

11 Obesity and Dyslipidemia, Importance of Body Fat Distribution

Introduction

Limitations to fat storage

Hyperlipidemia in relation to adiposity

The dynamics and difference of adipose tissue depot functions in the body in relation to hyperlipidemia

Associations between plasma lipids and lipoproteins and discrete fat depots

References

12 Obesity and Fertility

Introduction

References

13 Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Fatty Liver Disease

Introduction

Pathogenesis of MS

Pathogenesis and clinical implications of MAFLD

Association between MS and MAFLD

Pathological link between MAFLD and MS

Inflammation, linked with MS, is the main determinant in progression from NAFLD to NASH

Increased inflow of FFAs and de novo hepatic lipogenesis are the main determinants of MAFLD

Oxidative and ER stresses are involved in the association between MS and MAFLD

Adiponectin, a critical link between MS and MAFLD

Role of gut microbiota in the crosstalk between MAFLD and MS

Association of sarcopenia with MS and MAFLD

Medications for the treatment of MAFLD/NASH

Role of SGLT2 inhibitors

Role of GLP1 receptor agonists

Conclusions

References

14 Cardiovascular Consequences

Introduction

Epidemiology

Risk associations in people with the prevalent disease – obesity paradox or confounding?

Genetics of obesity and cardiovascular outcomes

Mechanisms

Interventions: weight loss benefits in CV medicine

Timing of weight loss benefits on metabolic versus ASCVD outcomes

Summary

References

15 Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Sleep‐disordered breathing

Sleep‐disordered breathing: epidemiology

Sleep‐disordered breathing: clinical aspects

Sleep disordered breathing: treatment

Conclusion

References

16 Obesity and Cancer

General mechanisms linking obesity and cancer

Colorectal cancer

Breast cancer

Stomach cancer

Liver cancer

Esophageal cancer

Pancreatic cancer

Ovarian cancer

Intentional weight loss

Early life risk factors for cancer

Dietary characteristics

Comprehensive integration of the evidence‐base

Disclosure

References

4 Management of Adult Obesity

17 A Practical Approach to Contemporary Obesity Management

Introduction

Obesity

Weight loss

Weight control in the age of SARs‐CoV‐2 coronavirus (COVID‐19)

Aims of obesity treatment

Current obesity treatment options

Where should these interventions be available/delivered?

Summary

Appendix A

References

18 Dietary Management of Obesity

Dietary treatment of obesity

Energy deficit

Energy density

Low‐fat diets

Plant‐based diets

Mediterranean diets

Low energy diets

Partial meal replacement therapy

Low carbohydrate or higher protein diets

Ketogenic diets

Very low energy (calorie) diets (VLEDs)

Intermittent energy restriction

The less restrictive dieting approach

Ultra‐processed food

Sugar sweetened beverages

Basic principles

Nutrition in practice

Portion sizes and eating frequency

Maintenance and/or success

Clinical guidelines

Conclusion

References

19 The Behavioral Treatment of Obesity

Behavioral treatment

Components of behavioral treatment

Dietary options for weight loss

Physical activity

Structure of behavioral treatment

Short‐ and long‐term weight losses

Strategies to improve long‐term weight losses

New behavioral approaches

Implementation and dissemination of behavioral treatment

Conclusion

References

20 Role of Exercise and Physical Activity in Promoting Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance

Introduction

Operational definitions

Relationships between PA levels and body mass

Relationships between sedentary behavior and body mass

Energy balance considerations

Exercise and weight reduction

Resistance training

Exercise factors that may influence magnitude of weight loss

Can walking interventions aid weight loss?

Using other measures of excess weight to determine the metabolic benefit of exercise

Biological response to weight loss from any type of intervention

Evidence for metabolic adaptations to exercise

Heterogeneity in exercise response and the concept of responders vs. nonresponders

Use of exercise/PA as a tool to achieve weight loss maintenance (WLM)

Conclusions

References

21 Adjunctive Therapy, Including Pharmacotherapy

Introduction and general principles

Classification of obesity medication

Currently approved drugs

Potential future targets including medications not licensed for use in obesity

The use of anti‐obesity drug therapy post‐bariatric surgery

Conclusion

References

22 The Management of Obesity

Introduction

The evolution of surgical technique

Overview of outcomes from bariatric procedures

Weight loss outcomes from bariatric surgery

Changes in health after bariatric surgery

Survival after bariatric surgery

The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study

Safety of bariatric surgery

Conclusion

References

23 Weight Loss Maintenance and Weight Cycling

What is weight loss maintenance and how is it defined?

What lifestyle characteristics are associated with weight maintenance success?

Interventions – what works for weight loss maintenance, and when

Relationship between quantity of intentional weight loss and weight maintenance success

Weight maintenance in those postbariatric surgery

Weight loss maintenance post pharmacologically assisted weight loss

Weight maintenance using Intermittent weight loss LELD approaches

Clinical and commercial approaches for weight loss maintenance

Conclusion

References

24 Training and Medical Systems for Obesity Care

The current state of obesity knowledge and care

Medical education

Provider training and competencies

Obesity medicine education collaborative competencies

Medical licensure

Obesity medicine as a specialty

Systems of care for obesity

Summary

References

5 Childhood Obesity

25 The Prevention of Childhood Obesity

Introduction

Obesity prevention in clinical settings

Early childhood

Schools

Behavior change interventions in communities

Policy interventions in communities

Country‐level Initiatives

Sugary drink taxes

Novel approaches to obesity prevention

Criteria for the selection of prevention strategies

Summary

References

26 Consequences of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity

Seeing the child and youth in context

Comparing the consequences of obesity, and obesity as a causal factor of chronic health conditions

Conclusion

References

27 The Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity

Introduction

Approach to the child with obesity

Treatment overview

Treating obesity as a chronic disease

Behavioral interventions

Motivational interviewing and primary care counseling to modify lifestyle behaviors

Comprehensive multidisciplinary obesity treatment

Specific dietary modifications

Pharmacotherapy

Information systems

Conclusions

References

6 Policy Approaches

28 Policy Approaches to Obesity Prevention

Early interest in obesity policy: the 1970s and 1980s

Ecological determinants of obesity: the 1990s and early 2000s

Global development and systems approach: the early 2000s

Targets and “best buys” in the early 2010s

From best buys to regulating commerce: the later 2010s

A sustainable political economy of health: the 2020s

The political economy of obesity: building a sustainable response

Conclusion

References

29 The Double Burden of Malnutrition

Introduction

Scope of the problem and prevalence

Dynamics of the double burden

Early childhood development amidst double burden malnutrition

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

30 Taxes, Subsidies, and Policies

Introduction

Food environments and dietary determinants

Impact on dietary patterns and health

Breastfeeding practices

Interventions in healthcare settings

Marketing restrictions for unhealthy products

References

31 The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change

Background

Malnutrition in all its forms

The Global Syndemic

Policy inertia

Systems thinking approach to the Global Syndemic

Double‐ and triple‐duty actions

Applying systems approaches – cities

Applying systems approaches – communities

References

Index

End User License Agreement

 

An aparitie	7 April 2022
Autor	Peter G. Kopelman
Dimensiuni	21.6 x 3 x 27.9 cm
Editura	Wiley
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781119695271
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	460