Cardiovascular Thrombus: From Pathology and Clinical Presentations to Imaging, Pharmacotherapy and Interventions

 

Description:

 

Cardiovascular Thrombus: From Pathology and Clinical Presentations to Imaging, Pharmacotherapy and Interventions provides a comprehensive, up-to-date presentation of the research and clinical practices as related to the contemporary aspects of the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular thrombosis. The formation, identification and management of cardiovascular thrombus is of paramount importance for researchers and practicing physicians, yet it remains one of the most challenging diagnostic and clinical scenarios. This important reference connects between research, up-to-date clinical knowledge, and the technological tools  available for diagnosis and management of thrombus in cardiovascular medicine. The book includes comprehensive descriptions and review of pathology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, interventions and future trends. It is the perfect reference for basic science students and researchers in general and interventional cardiology, general and  interventional radiology, vascular medicine specialists, and vascular, general and cardiac surgeons.

Provides comprehensive presentation of the pathophysiology, clinical presentations and diagnosis of cardiovascular thrombosis

Includes the most up-to-date information on the practical management of patients with thrombus related conditions

Written by the leading experts in the field

Describes the current and upcoming pharmacotherapy and technology available for thrombus research and treatment

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

 

 

1 - Histopathology of Cardiovascular Thrombus

 

PREVALENCE OF HEART DISEASE

CORONARY THROMBOSIS: INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY

Plaque Rupture

NECROTIC CORE EXPANSION (PLAQUE FISSURE AND INTRAPLAQUE HEMORRHAGE)

Erosion

Calcified Nodule

Healed Plaque Rupture

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

2 - Pathology of Arterial Thrombosis: Characteristics and Thrombus Types

INTRODUCTION

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

TYPES OF THROMBI DURING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

METHODS TO DETECT THROMBI

RISK FACTORS FOR ARTERIAL AND VENOUS THROMBOSIS

ATHEROSCLEROSIS, INFLAMMATION, AND THROMBOSIS

TREATMENT OF ATHERO-CRYSTALLOIDS

TREATMENT OF ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS

FIBRINOLYSIS

CLOT RETRACTION AND FIBRINOLYSIS

REFERENCES

3 - Fibrin Clot Structure and Function: A Novel Risk Factor for Arterial and Venous Thrombosis and T

INTRODUCTION

FIBRIN AND CLOT FORMATION

FACTOR XIII

FIBRINOLYSIS

CLOT MECHANICS

ALTERNATIVE MRNA FIBRINOGEN SPLICING

FIBRIN CLOT STRUCTURE AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

FIBRIN CLOT STRUCTURE AND VENOUS THROMBOSIS

ROLE OF SMOKING, DIABETES, AND GLYCATION

STROKE, PERIPHERAL DISEASE, AND ANEURYSM

MEDICATION AND CLOT STRUCTURE

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

4 - The Role of Platelets in the Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis and Its Complications

PLATELETS

PLATELET ACTIVATION AND FUNCTION

Thrombin

Adenosine Diphosphate

Thromboxane A2

PLATELETS AS MODULATORS OF INFLAMMATION: RELEVANCE TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS

THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS

MONOCYTES

The Role of Monocytes in Atherosclerosis

Monocyte Phenotypes and Their Differential Contribution to Atherosclerosis

Monocyte-Platelet Interactions

POLYMORPH-PLATELET INTERACTIONS

NETRIN-1

Netrin-1 in Atherosclerosis

The Relationship Between Netrin-1 and Inflammation

Antiplatelet Therapy and Netrin-1

ANTIPLATELET THERAPY AS A POSSIBLE NOVEL APPROACH TO INHIBITING ATHEROSCLEROSIS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

5 - Mathematical Models of Thrombus Formation and Fibrinolysis

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

BRIEF BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

Coagulation and Platelet Aggregation

Fibrin Polymerization

Fibrinolysis

MODELS OF THROMBIN GENERATION AND THROMBUS FORMATION

Zero-Dimensional Models

Coagulation Under Flow: Zero-Dimensional Models

Coagulation and Biophysical Factors: Two- and Three-Dimensional Models

Blood as an Excitable Medium

Size Thresholds

Advection-Reaction-Diffusion Models and Spatial Heterogeneity

MODELS OF FIBRIN POLYMERIZATION

MODELS OF FIBRINOLYSIS

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

6 - Animal Models of Thrombosis

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE THROMBOTIC PROCESS

DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL MODELS OF THROMBOSIS

SMALL ANIMAL MODELS OF THROMBOSIS: THE MURINE MODELS

LARGE ANIMAL MODELS OF THROMBOSIS

Canine Models of Thrombosis

Nonhuman Primates, Pigs, and Equines

ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNT AND PERFUSION CHAMBERS: IN VIVO/EX VIVO MODELS OF THROMBOSIS IN LARGE ANIMAL MOD

ANIMAL MODELS OF VENOUS THROMBOSIS

OTHER MODELS OF THROMBOSIS

Von Willebrand Disease in Large Animal Models

Animal Models of Intracranial Thrombosis

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

7 - Imaging Modalities for Detection and Treatment of Cardiovascular Thrombus

INTRODUCTION

THROMBUS-CONTAINING LESION IN THE CORONARY CIRCULATION

Coronary Angiography

Intravascular Ultrasound

Optical Coherence Tomography

Cardiac/Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NONCORONARY THROMBUS

Left-Atrial Thrombus

Left-Ventricular Thrombus

Right-Heart Thrombus

Heart Valve Thrombus

REFERENCES

8 - Utilization of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography for Cardiac Thrombu

INTRODUCTION

TECHNIQUE AND IMAGE ACQUISITION

CARDIOMYOPATHY AND LEFT-VENTRICULAR THROMBUS

CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THROMBUS

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

9 - Acute Myocardial Infarction: STEMI and NSTEMI

INTRODUCTION

Pathophysiological Importance of Intracoronary Thrombus in Acute Myocardial Infarction

ANTIPLATELET THERAPY IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Aspirin

Clopidogrel

Prasugrel

Ticagrelor

Intravenous P2Y12 Inhibitors

Intravenous Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

ANTICOAGULATION

FACTOR XA AND THROMBIN INHIBITORS IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES

Mechanical Methods of Thrombus Reduction

Thrombus Aspiration Technology

Clinical Trial Data of Thrombectomy in Myocardial Infarction

Excimer Laser Coronary Atherectomy

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

10 - Acute Coronary Syndrome: Thrombotic Lesions in Patients With Unstable Angina

UNSTABLE ANGINA

Definition

Epidemiology

PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE THROMBOTIC LESION

Thrombosis

Inflammation

Proteolysis

VULNERABLE PLAQUE

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSIS

Electrocardiogram

Biomarkers/Laboratory Testing

Noninvasive Imaging

INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS

Coronary Angiography

Fractional Flow Reserve

Intravascular Ultrasound, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Coronary Angioscopy

TREATMENT

Medical Therapy

Antithrombotic Agents

Antiplatelet Agents

Revascularization

LONG-TERM THERAPY AND OUTCOMES

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

11 - Practical Perspectives on the Guidelines for Management of Coronary Thrombus

INTRODUCTION

PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THROMBUS

MANAGEMENT OF HIGH THROMBUS BURDEN

PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR INTRACORONARY THROMBUS

Local Thrombolysis

Novel Therapies

MECHANICAL STRATEGIES

Thrombectomy Devices

Distal Protection Devices

Excimer Laser

Stent Choice for Thrombotic Conditions

The Deferred Stenting Management Strategy

APPROACHES IN EXCEPTION TO THE CURRENT GUIDELINES

EXPERT OPINION

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

12 - Thrombus Classifications: Critical Tools for Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiovascular Proce

INTRODUCTION

RATIONALE FOR UTILIZATION OF THROMBUS CLASSIFICATIONS

THROMBUS: FROM FORMATION TO ACCUMULATION

SCORING SYSTEMS FOR CORONARY THROMBUS

THE ``ANGRY THROMBUS'' PHENOMENON

THROMBUS SCORING IN NONCORONARY VASCULATURE

THROMBUS GRADING IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

13 - Impact of Thrombus Burden on Myocardial Damage in the Setting of Primary Percutaneous Coronary

THE ROLE OF THROMBUS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

THROMBUS RECOGNITION AND CLASSIFICATIONS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THROMBUS BURDEN AND DISTAL EMBOLIZATION

IMPACT OF DISTAL EMBOLIZATION ON MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES

ROLE OF MECHANICAL ADJUNCTIVE DEVICES IN THROMBUS REMOVAL AND MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE

REFERENCES

14 - The Impact of Thrombus as a Cause and as a Result of Complicated Percutaneous Coronary Interven

INTRODUCTION

THROMBUS AS THE CAUSE OF COMPLICATIONS

Wiring Through the Thrombotic Occlusion: Risk of Perforation

Restoring Antegrade Flow (Fig. 14.2)

Preventing Embolization

Thrombectomy for Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Clinical Trials and Guidelines

THROMBUS AS THE RESULT OF COMPLICATED PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

Thrombus Embolization From the Sheath or Guide Catheter

Suboptimal Antithrombotic Treatment

Complications Causing Decreased Coronary Flow

CONCLUSIONS

DISCLOSURES

REFERENCES

15 - Stent Thrombosis: Early, Late, and Very Late

DEFINITION OF STENT THROMBOSIS

INCIDENCE OF STENT THROMBOSIS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND MORTALITY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF STENT THROMBOSIS

PHARMACOTHERAPY

INTRAVASCULAR IMAGING: IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL MECHANISMS/STENT OPTIMIZATION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

16 - Stent Thrombosis: Implications for New Stent Designs and Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Duration

INTRODUCTION

BARE METAL STENTS VERSUS DRUG-ELUTING STENTS

DRUG-ELUTING STENTS VERSUS DRUG-ELUTING STENTS

BIO-RESORBABLE VASCULAR SCAFFOLD THROMBOSIS

DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY

BARE METAL STENTS

FACTORS INFLUENCING OPTIMAL DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY DURATION

RISK-PREDICTIVE MODELS

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Risk Score

Paris Risk Score

PRECISE-DAPT Score

DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY INTERRUPTION/DISCONTINUATION

STOPPING DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY FOR NONCARDIAC SURGERY

REFERENCES

17 - Aspiration Catheters and Protection Filters

INTRODUCTION

ASPIRATION THROMBECTOMY

Percutaneous Aspiration Thrombectomy Catheter System

Use of Aspiration Catheters in STEMI Patients

Thrombus Aspiration in Patients With Non-STEMI

Risks Associated With Aspiration Thrombectomy

Reasons for the Lack of Improvement in Clinical Outcomes

EMBOLIC PROTECTION DEVICES

Proximal Occlusion Aspiration Catheters

Distal Embolic Filter Devices

Distal Occlusion Aspiration Devices

Clinical Evidence Behind Embolic Protection Devices

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

18 - Power-Sourced Mechanical Thrombectomy in the Management of Thrombus-Containing Atherosclerotic

INTRODUCTION

THROMBUS AS A DYNAMIC VASCULAR STRUCTURE

POWER-SOURCED THROMBECTOMY TOOLS: RATIONALE FOR UTILIZATION

LASERS

Laser-Tissue Interactions and Effects Pertinent to Thrombus Removal

Laser in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Unique Thrombotic Lesions Treated With Laser

Stent Thrombosis

Stent Restenosis

Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Lesions

RHEOLYTIC THROMBECTOMY

X-SIZER THROMBECTOMY SYSTEM

ULTRASOUND

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

19 - Dedicated Thrombus-Containing Stent Platforms

INTRODUCTION

MESH-COVERED STENTS: RATIONALE AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

STUDIES EVALUATING THE MGUARD STENT

MGuard in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Nonrandomized Trials

Randomized Trials

Real-World Experience

MGuard for Revascularization of Saphenous Vein Grafts

MGuard in Other Coronary Pathologies

Coronary Aneurysm

Coronary Perforation

SELF-EXPANDING AND SELF-APPOSING STENTS: RATIONALE

STENTYS STENT: DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

STENTYS in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

STENTYS for Revascularization of Saphenous Vein Grafts

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

20 - Dissolution of Thrombus With Ultrasound: A Journey Through Physics, Basic Research, and Clinica

INTRODUCTION

INHERENT SELECTIVITY

FIRST-GENERATION DEVICE

SECOND-GENERATION DEVICE

FUTURE DIRECTIONS: NONINVASIVE ULTRASOUND THROMBOLYSIS

REFLECTIONS

REFERENCES

21 - The Role and Impact of Thrombus in Formation and Revascularization of Chronic Total Occlusions

FORMATION OF CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION

CLINICAL ASPECTS

PERCUTANEOUS REVASCULARIZATION

DEDICATED THROMBUS PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION

REVASCULARIZATION TOOLS FOR CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION

AngioJet

Excimer Laser

Stents

CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

22 - Encounters With Thrombus and Thrombosis in a Major Academic Center: Cases as ``Pictures at an E

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

INTRACORONARY THROMBUS: DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACUTE, SUBACUTE, AND ORGANIZED THROMBUS

Thrombus and Optical Coherence Tomography

INTRACARDIAC THROMBUS: CLINICAL SITUATIONS AND DETECTION

THROMBOSIS FOLLOWING CATHETER-BASED STRUCTURAL HEART INTERVENTIONS (FIGS. 22.23-22.25)

Thrombosis Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

23 - Thrombosis in Atrial Fibrillation

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: PREVALENCE, TYPES, AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

DETERMINANTS OF THROMBOEMBOLISM FORMATION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Blood Stasis

Endothelial Damage

Abnormal Hemostasis

Inflammation

Determinants of Thrombus Formation: Summary

CLINICAL FACTORS IN THROMBOSIS FORMATION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

IMAGING OF THROMBOSIS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF THROMBUS FORMATION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

MECHANICAL TREATMENTS FOR THE PREVENTION OF ATRIAL THROMBOSIS FORMATION

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

24 - Acute and Chronic Pulmonary Embolism: Perspectives on Diagnosis and Management

INTRODUCTION

PATHOGENESIS AND RISK FACTORS FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM

DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Clinical Presentation

Assessing Pretest Probability

D-Dimer

Definitive Diagnostic Modalities

Echocardiography

Diagnostic Algorithm

MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Diagnosis of CTEPH

Treatment of CTEPH

REFERENCES

25 - Surgical Management of Cardiovascular Thrombotic Conditions

INTRODUCTION

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

MANAGEMENT OF PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE THROMBOSIS

LEFT-VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE THROMBOSIS: NATURAL HISTORY, DIAGNOSIS, AND SURGICAL TREATMENT

Laboratory Workup for Ventricular Assist Device Thrombosis

Chest X-Ray

Echocardiography: Transthoracic, Transesophageal

Computed Tomographic Angiography

Cardiac Catheterization

Medical Treatment of Left-Ventricular Assist Device Thrombosis

Surgical Approaches for Treatment of Left-Ventricular Assist Device Thrombosis

REFERENCES

26 - The Spectrum of Clinical Presentations and Management Options for the Treatment of Degenerative

INTRODUCTION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VENOUS GRAFT FAILURE

PERIOPERATIVE MEASURES TO DECREASE GRAFT FAILURE

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

CONSIDERATIONS OF SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFTS AND PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

EMBOLIC PROTECTION DEVICES

THROMBECTOMY DEVICES

STENTS IN SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFT INTERVENTIONS

NOVEL STENTS FOR SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFT PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

Covered Stents

Pericardium-Covered Stent

ADJUNCTIVE PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR MANAGEMENT OF SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFT DISEASE

Vasodilators

Aspirin

Clopidogrel

Ticagrelor/Prasugrel

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

Anticoagulants

Saphenous Vein Graft Treatment With Novel Oral Anticoagulants Versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervent

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

27 - Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis

INTRODUCTION

PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE

MECHANISMS OF THROMBOSIS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

28 - Experimental Designs for In Vitro Assessment of Valve Thrombosis

INTRODUCTION

BLOOD COMPATIBILITY ASSESSMENT OF MATERIALS

In Vitro Hemocompatibility Testing of Biomaterials

In Vivo Animal Models for Hemocompatibility Testing

HEMODYNAMIC FACTORS

ANTITHROMBOTIC TREATMENT

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

29 - Ventricular Assist Device Thrombosis: Past, Present, and Future

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

INCIDENCE AND EVENT RATE

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PUMP THROMBUS FORMATION

RISK FACTORS FOR PUMP THROMBOSIS

MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION OF RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION OF PUMP THROMBOSIS

PUMP THROMBOSIS PRESENTATION

DIAGNOSIS OF PUMP THROMBOSIS

TREATMENT OF PUMP THROMBOSIS

CURRENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

30 - Vascular Closure Devices and Thrombosis

INTRODUCTION

Paradoxical Embolism

Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure to Reduce the Risk of Recurrent Stroke

Atrial Septal Defect

THROMBOSIS IN PERCUTANEOUS ATRIAL SEPTAL OCCLUSION DEVICES

Preprocedure Assessment

Periprocedural Thrombosis

Maintenance Antiplatelet Therapy Following Implantation

Postprocedure Device Thrombosis

Management of Device Thrombosis

Surgical Considerations

KEY GAPS IN THE EVIDENCE AND AVENUES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

31 - Management Strategies for Thrombosis of Major Abdominal Aortic Branches: The Superior Mesenteri

INTRODUCTION

ANATOMY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Physical Examination

Laboratory Studies

Imaging

Treatment

Surgery

Endovascular Treatment

Mechanical Thrombectomy

Thrombolytic Therapy

Selective Thrombolytic Agents

Streptokinase

Urokinase

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

CASE STUDIES

ACUTE RENAL ARTERY THROMBOSIS

Diagnosis

Treatment

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

32 - Thrombotic Lesions in the Lower Extremity Peripheral Arteries: Diagnosis and Management

INTRODUCTION: THROMBUS IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE

THROMBOEMBOLIC OCCLUSIONS IN LOWER EXTREMITY PERIPHERAL ARTERIES

IN SITU THROMBOTIC OCCLUSIONS IN LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIES

TREATMENT OF THROMBUS IN LOWER EXTREMITY PERIPHERAL ARTERIES

Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis

Ultrasound-Accelerated Thrombolysis

Aspiration Thrombectomy

Mechanical Thrombectomy

Photo-Thrombectomy Using the Laser

USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS AND ANTIPLATELETS WITH THROMBECTOMY

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

33 - Thrombosis of the Venous Vasculature: Diagnosis and Management

INTRODUCTION

DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

UPPER EXTREMITY THROMBOSIS

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA THROMBOSIS

PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS

HEPATIC VEIN THROMBOSIS

RENAL VEIN THROMBOSIS

SEPTIC THROMBOPHLEBITIS

CEREBRAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

34 - Revascularization for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Contemporary Perspectives on the Role and Yield of

INTRODUCTION

EVOLUTION OF THROMBOLYSIS IN STROKE MANAGEMENT

Streptokinase

Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Cost Effectiveness of Intravenous rtPA

Efficacy of Intravenous rtPA in the Setting of Large-Vessel Occlusion

ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE (TABLE 34.2)

Intraarterial Thrombolysis

Combined Intravenous/Intraarterial Thrombolysis

Rationale for Thrombectomy and Thrombectomy Devices

Clot Retrieval Devices

Stent Retrievers

Aspiration Thrombectomy

REPERFUSION SCALES

MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY EFFICACY TRIALS

TIME-BASED VERSUS TISSUE-BASED APPROACHES FOR PATIENT SELECTION

GUIDELINES FOR THROMBOLYSIS AND ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

REFERENCES

35 - Treatment Options for Recurrent Thromboembolism in Patients With Cryptogenic Cerebrovascular Ev

INTRODUCTION

MEDICAL THERAPY

DEVICE CLOSURE

Surgical Closure

REFERENCES

36 - Left-Atrial Appendage Occluders: Recent Advances and Unresolved Issues

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

CURRENTLY AVAILABLE DEVICES

Device Selection for the Patient

Evidence-Based Device Selection

Left-Atrial Appendage Structure

High Risk for Bleeding

PLANNING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION

RESULTS WITH LEFT-ATRIAL APPENDAGE OCCLUDERS

Watchman

Amplatzer Cardiac Plug and Other Amplatzer Devices

Nondedicated Amplatzer Devices

AMPLATZER CARDIAC PLUG

INDICATIONS

LAAO AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ORAL ANTICOAGULATION WHEN ORAL ANTICOAGULATION IS POSSIBLE

LAAO AS REPLACEMENT FOR ANTICOAGULATION WHEN ANTICOAGULATION IS UNWARRANTED

PATIENTS WITH AN INCREASED BLEEDING RISK UNDER SYSTEMIC ANTICOAGULATION: A RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATION

LAAO AS A COMPLEMENT TO ANTICOAGULATION

LAAO IN THE PRESENCE OF LEFT-ATRIAL THROMBUS

LAAO AS ADJUNCT TO ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION AND FOLLOWING LEFT-ATRIAL APPENDAGE ISOLATION

ANTICOAGULATION

Anticoagulation Before Device Implantation

Anticoagulation During Device Implantation

Anticoagulation After Device Implantation

LONG-TERM ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY

ANTITHROMBOTIC TREATMENT IN CASES OF LARIAT

THE USE OF NOVEL ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS WITH LAAO

THROMBUS ON THE DEVICE

INCOMPLETE OCCLUSION OF THE LEFT-ATRIAL APPENDAGE

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

37 - Thrombophilia: Contemporary Perspectives

INTRODUCTION

INHERITED THROMBOPHILIA

ACQUIRED THROMBOPHILIA

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY SYNDROME

Introduction and Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Diagnosis

Management

HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Introduction

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

Management

MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS

REFERENCES

38 - Infectious Diseases and Cardiovascular Thrombosis

INTRODUCTION

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL FACTORS

CLINICAL FEATURES

LABORATORY STUDIES AND DIAGNOSIS

MANAGEMENT

ORGANISM-SPECIFIC ANTIBIOTIC CONSIDERATIONS

Staphylococcal Endocarditis

Streptococcal Endocarditis

Enterococcal Endocarditis

Other Organisms

SURGERY

SEPTIC VENOUS THROMBOPHLEBITIS

JUGULAR VENOUS THROMBOSIS

CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS

SEPTIC PELVIC PHLEBITIS

CATHETER-RELATED SEPTIC THROMBOSIS

REFERENCES

39 - Thrombosis in Pregnancy

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

THROMBOPHILIA AND PREGNANCY

DIAGNOSIS

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Pulmonary Embolism

VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM PREVENTION

VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM TREATMENT

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GESTATIONAL VASCULAR DISEASES

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

40 - The Role of Interventional Cardiology in the Management of Thrombotic Conditions in the Pediatr

INTRODUCTION

ETIOLOGY OF THROMBOSIS

CONSEQUENCES OF THROMBOSIS

TRANSCATHETER THERAPY

SUCTION OR ASPIRATION THROMBECTOMY [11,12]

BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY AND STENT PLACEMENT

THROMBOSIS IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

CARDIAC SURGERY

SYSTEMIC-TO-PULMONARY ARTERY SHUNT THROMBOSIS

VESSEL REHABILITATION

Acute Occlusion

Chronic Occlusion

THROMBOEMBOLISM

VENOUS FILTER PLACEMENT

COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING CATHETER-BASED INTERVENTIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

41 - Kawasaki Disease: The Phenomenon of Thrombotic Coronary and Vascular Aneurysms in the Young and

INTRODUCTION

PATHOGENESIS

TREATMENT

Pharmacotherapy

Nonpharmacotherapy

TREATMENT OF ADULT PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR SEQUELAE IN KAWASAKI DISEASE

REFERENCES

42 - Thrombus Pharmacotherapy

INTRODUCTION

ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS

Warfarin

New Oral Anticoagulants

Dabigatran

Rivaroxaban

Apixaban

Edoxaban

Reversal Agents

ANTIPLATELET AGENTS

Aspirin

P2Y12 Inhibitors

Ticlopidine

Clopidogrel

Prasugrel

Ticagrelor

Cangrelor

PARENTERAL ANTICOAGULANTS

Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors

Heparin

Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and Pentasaccharides

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors

Hirudin

Bivalirudin

GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/IIIA INHIBITORS

Abciximab

Eptifibatide

Tirofiban

REFERENCES

43 - Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

INTRODUCTION

RECOMMENDED PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY FOR SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Mechanical Valves

Bioprosthetic Valves

RECOMMENDED PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY FOR TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

PLATELET DYSFUNCTION IN AORTIC STENOSIS AND DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY HYPOTHESIS

DATA REGARDING ANTIPLATELET THERAPY FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

PATIENTS REQUIRING ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY AND TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

44 - Antifibrinolytics: Pharmacologic Profile and Clinical Utilization

INTRODUCTION

Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Systems

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS

SPECIAL CONCERNS IN CARDIAC SURGERY

PERIOPERATIVE GUIDELINES/BLOOD CONSERVATION

ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS: PHARMACOLOGY, PHARMACOKINETICS, DOSING, CLINICAL OUTCOMES, AND ADVERSE EFFE

Pharmacology: Lysine Analogs

Pharmacology: Aprotinin

Pharmacokinetics: Lysine Analogs

Pharmacokinetics: Aprotinin

Dosing: Tranexamic Acid

Topical Administration

Dosing: ε-Aminocaproic Acid

Dosing: Aprotinin

Clinical Outcomes

Clinical Outcomes: Lysine Analogs

Clinical Outcomes: Aprotinin

Clinical Outcomes: Comparison Among Agents

Clinical Outcomes: Off-Pump Cardiac Surgery

Adverse Effects

Adverse Effects: Tranexamic Acid

Adverse Effects: ε-Aminocaproic Acid

Adverse Effects: Aprotinin

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

45 - The Realm of Drug, Biological Product and Supplement-Induced Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Risk

INTRODUCTION

DRUG-INDUCED THROMBOSIS

PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS/BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS

Hormone Therapy

Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy

Testosterone and Androgenic Drugs

Gonadotropins

Chemotherapeutic Agents

Contrast Media

Clotting Factor Concentrates

Antifibrinolytic Medications

Desmopressin

Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agents

Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

Immunosuppressants and Immunomodulators

Corticosteroids

Interferon

Cyclosporine

Sirolimus

Immunoglobulin

Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and Thrombolytics

Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, and Synthetic Pentasaccharide (Fondaparinux)

Clopidogrel

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Sildenafil

Psychiatric Medications

Antidepressants

Antipsychotics

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

HERBALS/SUPPLEMENTS

Creatine

Energy Drinks

Ephedra

Herbal Tea/``Bush'' Teas

RECREATIONAL DRUGS

Intravenous Heroin

Methamphetamine

Cocaine

Alcohol

Marijuana

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z

Back Cover

 

An aparitie	25 Aug. 2018
Autor	On Topaz
Dimensiuni	28.3 x 4.3 x 22.2 cm
Editura	Elsevier
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9780128126158
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	670