Atlas of Pediatric Head and Neck and Skull Base Surgery

 

Description:

A state-of-the-art resource on head, neck, and skull base surgical procedures in children

Pediatric otolaryngology is a rapidly expanding field with remarkable technological advances that have improved the quality of life for young patients. Many highly complex pediatric head and neck procedures are not commonly performed, resulting in a paucity of resources. Atlas of Pediatric Head and Neck and Skull Base Surgery by renowned surgeons Dan M. Fliss, Ari DeRowe, and an impressive group of interdisciplinary innovators fills a gap in the literature. The richly illustrated atlas features a detailed discussion and guidance on groundbreaking surgeries developed and currently performed by top academic surgeons in the field, many of whom contributed to this book.

The introductory section lays a solid foundation of knowledge, with discussion of pediatric anatomy, distinctive topography of the skull base, anesthesia and pain control considerations, and imaging modalities. Fifty-four subsequent chapters encompass a rich spectrum of approaches and pediatric pathologies, organized by head and neck; skull base and craniofacial; airway, voice, and swallowing; trauma; and reconstruction sections. Surgical chapters include an introduction; evidence-based guidelines; preoperative, anesthetic, intraoperative and postoperative considerations; techniques and positioning; extensive references; and more.

Key Features

Concise, targeted descriptions of preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative considerations enhance the ability to deliver high-quality surgical care and achieve optimal outcomes

Bulleted list of highlights at the end of each surgical chapter provide a quick reference

Detailed, high-quality color illustrations and surgical photographs enhance understanding of impacted anatomy and techniques

This is an essential reference for otolaryngology, maxillofacial, plastic reconstructive, and neurosurgery residents, as well as for pediatric otolaryngology and head and neck fellows. Practicing head and neck surgeons and pediatric otolaryngologists will also find it beneficial.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Section I Introduction

1 Pediatric Anatomy

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Fasciae of the Neck

1.3 Muscles of the Neck

1.3.1 Superficial Muscles

1.3.2 Middle Muscles or Muscles of the Hyoid Bone

1.3.3 Deep Muscles

1.4 Topography of the Neck

1.4.1 Muscles of the Head

1.4.2 Muscles of Mastication

1.4.3 Blood Supply of the Head and Neck

1.5 Major Salivary Glands

1.6 The Larynx

1.6.1 Cartilages of the Larynx

1.6.2 Ligaments and Membranes of the Larynx

1.6.3 Muscles of the Larynx

1.6.4 Anatomical Differences Between Pediatric and Adult Larynx

1.7 Facial Nerve

1.7.1 Components and Branches

1.8 The Organ of Hearing

1.8.1 The External Ear

1.8.2 The Tympanic Membrane

1.8.3 The Middle Ear

1.8.4 The Inner Ear

1.9 Thyroid Gland

2 The Distinctive Anatomical Features of the Pediatric Skull Base

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Cranial Fossae

2.3 Anterior Skull Base

2.4 Paranasal Sinus Development

2.5 Maxillary Sinus Development

2.6 Ethmoid Sinus Development

2.7 Frontal Sinus Development

2.8 Sphenoid Sinus Development

2.9 Lateral Skull Base

2.10 The External Auditory Canal

2.11 The Tympanic Membrane

2.12 The Middle Ear Cleft

2.13 Highlights

3 Special Considerations in Pediatric Anesthesia and Pain Control

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Perioperative Considerations

3.2.1 Airway Risks versus Safety

3.2.2 Detriments in the ENT Pediatric Population

3.3 Perioperative Anesthesia Considerations in the ENT Child

3.3.1 Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation for Anesthesia

3.3.2 Trauma Patients

3.3.3 Intraoperative Anesthesia and Analgesia Regimens

3.3.4 Postoperative Patient-Tailored Management

3.3.5 Postoperative Complications

3.4 Pain Management in ENT-Operated Children

3.4.1 Pain Handling Highlights

3.4.2 Pain Assessment

3.4.3 Specific Pain Assessment Tools

3.4.4 Analgesia Modus Operandi

3.4.5 The WHO’s Two-Step Pain Strategy

3.4.6 Late Pain Control

3.5 Conclusion

4 Imaging of the Pediatric Head and Neck

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Pediatric Imaging Safety

4.2.1 Radiation Safety

4.2.2 Sedation

4.3 The Imaging Modalities

4.3.1 Ultrasound

4.3.2 Cross-sectional Imaging

4.3.3 Radiography and Fluoroscopy

4.3.4 Nuclear Medicine

4.4 The Imaging Diagnostic Workup

Section II Head and Neck

5 Surgery of Head and Neck Infection

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Anatomy

5.3 Clinical Presentation and Preoperative Evaluation

5.4 Pathogens

5.5 Treatment

5.6 Site-Specific Surgical Technique

5.6.1 Retropharyngeal Infection

5.6.2 Parapharyngeal Space (Lateral Pharyngeal Space)

5.6.3 Peritonsillar Abscess

5.6.4 Atypical Mycobacterium

5.7 Conclusion

5.8 Highlights

6 Thyroidectomy

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Preoperative Evaluation

6.3 Outcomes

6.4 Multidisciplinary Team

6.5 Pediatric Anesthesia for Thyroidectomy

6.6 Surgical Technique/Operative Planning

6.6.1 Goals

6.6.2 Anesthesia

6.6.3 Preparation/Planning the Incision

6.6.4 Incision and Flap Elevation

6.6.5 Mobilization of Thyroid Gland

6.6.6 Key Maneuvers

6.6.7 Identifying the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve and Parathyroid Glands

6.6.8 Medialization of Thyroid Gland over Trachea

6.6.9 Removal of the Specimen, Reimplantation, and Re-evaluation of Nerves

6.6.10 Closure of Wound

6.7 Postoperative Management

6.8 Conclusion

6.9 Highlights

7 Neck Dissection for Thyroid Cancer in Children

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Guidelines for Pediatric Neck Dissection in Thyroid Malignancy

7.3 Anatomy of a Neck Dissection

7.4 Considerations for Neck Dissection in the Pediatric Population

7.5 Intraoperative Considerations

7.6 Postoperative Considerations

7.7 Surgical Technique

7.7.1 Central Neck Dissection

7.7.2 Lateral Neck Dissection

7.7.3 Postoperative Surveillance

7.7.4 Parathyroid Autoimplantation

7.8 Conclusion

7.9 Highlights

8 Pediatric Parotidectomy

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Anatomy and Embryology

8.3 Patient Evaluation

8.3.1 History and Physical Examination

8.3.2 Laboratory Evaluation

8.3.3 Imaging Studies

8.3.4 Sialendoscopy

8.3.5 Pediatric Parotid Gland Disorders

8.3.6 Congenital Lesions

8.3.7 Acquired Lesions

8.3.8 Infectious Conditions

8.3.9 Inflammatory and Autoimmune Conditions

8.4 Parotidectomy

8.4.1 Procedure

8.4.2 Postoperative Management

8.4.3 Complications

8.5 Conclusion

8.6 Highlights

9 Parapharyngeal Space Surgery in the Pediatric Population

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Infectious Disease of the PPS

9.2.1 Preoperative Evaluation

9.2.2 Surgical Technique

9.2.3 Postoperative Treatment

9.3 Parapharyngeal Space Tumors in the Pediatric Population

9.3.1 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

9.3.2 Surgical Technique

9.4 Postoperative Treatment

10 Submandibular Gland Excision

10.1 Surgical Anatomy

10.2 Preoperative Evaluation

10.3 Surgical Approaches

10.3.1 Transcervical Approach

10.3.2 Intraoral Approach

10.3.3 Endoscopic Approach

10.3.4 Complications

10.4 Postoperative Management

10.4.1 Pearls to Avoid Intraoperative Complications

10.5 Highlights

11 Pediatric Endoscopic Salivary Gland Surgery

11.1 Introduction

11.2 General Anatomical Considerations

11.3 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

11.3.1 Clinical Evaluation

11.4 Salivary Imaging

11.4.1 Submandibular Gland

11.4.2 Parotid Gland

11.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Sialography

11.5 The Thallium Scan for All Salivary Glands

11.6 Laboratory Data

11.7 Sialoendoscopy

11.8 Pediatric Anesthesia

11.9 Differential Diagnostics with Rare Nonsurgical Conditions

11.10 Surgical Technique

11.10.1 Irrigation

11.10.2 Sialoendoscopic Sialolithotomy

11.11 Combination of ESWL and Sialoendoscopic Approach

11.12 The Author’s Approaches to Various Cases

11.12.1 Surgical Approach to Specific Disorders

11.12.2 Location Statistics

11.12.3 Acute Suppurative Parotitis

11.13 The Sjögren’s Syndrome

11.13.1 Postoperative Treatment

11.14 Highlights

12 Salivary Gland Ductal Diversion, Botulinum Toxin Injection, and Salivary Ductal Ligation

12.1 Pathophysiology of Drooling and Surgical Anatomy

12.2 Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Toxin

12.3 Preoperative Evaluation

12.3.1 Clinical Evaluation

12.3.2 Anesthetic Considerations

12.4 Other Investigations

12.5 Treatment Options for Sialorrhea

12.6 Surgical Options

12.7 Operative Techniques

12.7.1 Salivary Diversion Procedures

12.7.2 Salivary Reduction Procedures

12.7.3 Submandibular Duct Ligation

12.8 Botulinum Toxin Injection in the Salivary Glands

12.9 Conclusion

12.10 Highlights

13 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Excision

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

13.3 Surgical Technique—Sistrunk Procedure

13.4 Surgical Technique—Revision

13.5 Postoperative Treatment

13.6 Complications

13.7 Highlights

14 Branchial Cleft Anomalies, Sinuses, and Cysts

14.1 Introduction

14.2 First Branchial Cleft Anomalies

14.2.1 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

14.2.2 Surgical Technique

14.2.3 Postoperative Treatment

14.2.4 Complications

14.3 Second Branchial Cleft Anomalies

14.3.1 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

14.3.2 Surgical Technique

14.3.3 Postoperative Treatment

14.3.4 Complications

14.4 Pyriform Fossa Anomalies (Formerly Third and Fourth Branchial Cleft Anomalies)

14.4.1 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

14.4.2 Surgical Technique

14.4.3 Postoperative Treatment

14.4.4 Complications

14.5 Highlights

15 Preauricular Anomalies

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

15.3 Surgical Technique

15.4 Postoperative Treatment

15.5 Highlights

16 Surgery for Lymphatic Vascular Malformations

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Hemangiomas

16.3 Vascular Malformations

16.4 Surgery for Neck Disease

16.5 Preoperative Investigations

16.6 Preoperative Considerations

16.7 Contraindications and Risks

16.8 Anesthesia

16.9 Operative Technique

16.10 Postoperative Management

16.11 Evidence-based Management

16.12 Lymphatic Malformations of the Tongue and Floor of Mouth

16.13 Highlights

17 Cervical Lymph Node Biopsy in Children

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Preoperative and Anesthesia Considerations

17.2.1 History

17.2.2 Physical Examination

17.2.3 Laboratory Studies

17.2.4 Imaging Studies

17.2.5 Needle Biopsy

17.2.6 Final Presurgical Preparations

17.3 Surgical Technique for Lymph Node Biopsy of Level III

17.3.1 Skin Incision

17.3.2 Elevation of Subplatysmal Flaps

17.3.3 Dissection along the Lymph Node in Level III

17.4 Postoperative Treatment

17.5 Highlights

18 Pediatric Maxillectomy

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Surgical Approach to Pediatric Maxillectomy

18.2.1 Midfacial Degloving

18.2.2 Combined Approach

18.2.3 Hemi–degloving

18.3 Endoscopic Maxillectomy

18.4 Highlights

19 Vagal Nerve Stimulation

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

19.3 Surgical Technique

19.4 Postoperative Treatment

19.5 Highlights

20 Pediatric Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

20.3 Surgical Technique

20.3.1 Incision Placement and Preparation

20.3.2 EMG Monitoring

20.3.3 Preparation

20.3.4 Sensing Lead Placement

20.3.5 Impulse Generator Pocket Placement

20.3.6 Sensing Lead Placement

20.3.7 Lead Tunneling

20.3.8 Impulse Generator Placement

20.3.9 Device Testing

20.3.10 Wound Closure

20.3.11 Postoperative Treatment

20.4 Highlights

21 Lingual Tonsillectomy

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Indications for Surgery

21.3 Surgical Technique

21.4 Avoiding Complications

21.5 Postoperative Care

21.6 Highlights

22 Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

22.3 Surgical Technique

22.3.1 Adenoidectomy

22.3.2 Complete Tonsillectomy

22.3.3 Powered Intracapsular Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

22.4 Postoperative Treatment

22.5 Highlights

23 Pediatric Transoral Robotic Surgery

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

23.3 Exposure, Setup, and Instrumentation

23.4 Select Cases in Pediatric Robotic Surgery

23.4.1 Laryngeal Cleft Repair

23.4.2 Supraglottoplasty: Epiglottopexy

23.4.3 Expansion Laryngotracheoplasty with a Posterior Cricoid Graft

23.4.4 Laryngeal Cyst Excision

23.4.5 Pharyngeal Lymphatic Malformation Excision

23.4.6 Scar Band Lysis and Flaps

23.5 Postoperative Treatment

23.6 Highlights

Section III Skull Base and Craniofacial

24 Management of Periorbital Abscess

24.1 Prevalence and Pathophysiology of Periorbital and Orbital Complications of Sinusitis

24.2 Classification

24.3 Microbiology of Orbital Complications Associated with Sinusitis

24.4 Imaging Role in the Management of Orbital Complications of Sinusitis

24.5 Systemic Antibiotic Treatment vs. Surgery—When to Treat Conservatively?

24.6 Endoscopic versus Open Surgical Approach

24.7 Highlights

25 Orbital Surgery for Tumors

25.1 Introduction

25.1.1 Benign Tumors

25.1.2 Malignant Lesions

25.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

25.3 Surgical Approach

25.3.1 Surgical Planning

25.3.2 Orbital Surgical Planes

25.3.3 Exenteration

25.4 Postoperative Treatment

25.4.1 Local Treatment

25.4.2 Systemic Management

25.4.3 Complications and Management

25.5 Highlights

26 Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Children for Benign Lesions

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Limitations and Special Considerations

26.3 Preoperative Evaluation

26.4 Congenital Midline Lesions

26.4.1 Nasal Dermoid Cyst

26.4.2 Glioma

26.5 Middle Skull Base Lesions

26.5.1 Pituitary Adenoma

26.5.2 Craniopharyngioma

26.5.3 Rathke’s Cleft Cyst

26.6 Other Sinonasal and Skull Base Lesions

26.6.1 Schwannoma

26.6.2 Neurofibroma

26.6.3 Hemangioma

26.6.4 Papilloma

26.6.5 Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma

26.7 Surgical Technique

26.8 Surgical Approaches

26.8.1 Transnasal Approach

26.8.2 Sagittal Plane

26.8.3 Coronal Plane

26.9 Highlights

27 Endoscopic Treatment of Juvenile Angiofibroma: Surgical Technique

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Diagnosis and Preoperative Management

27.3 Indications and Contraindications for Endoscopic Endonasal Approach

27.4 Surgical Settings

27.5 Surgical Instrumentation

27.6 Surgical Technique

27.6.1 Bleeding Control

27.7 Highlights

28 Juvenile Angiofibroma with Intracranial Extension

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

28.3 Surgical Technique

28.3.1 Staging of Surgery

28.3.2 Outcomes

28.4 Postoperative Treatment

28.5 Highlights

29 Expanded Endonasal Approaches for Treatment of Malignancy in Children

29.1 Introduction

29.1.1 Chordoma

29.1.2 Chondrosarcoma

29.1.3 Sarcomas

29.1.4 Ewing Sarcoma

29.1.5 Olfactory Neuroblastoma

29.1.6 Germinoma

29.1.7 Lymphoma

29.2 Preoperative Evaluation

29.3 Perioperative Management

29.4 Surgical Technique

29.4.1 Anterior Cranial Fossa: Transfrontal/Transcribriform/Transplanum Approach

29.4.2 Posterior Cranial Fossa: Transclival Approach

29.5 Postoperative Management

29.6 Outcomes

29.7 Complications

29.8 Highlights

30 Open Approaches to the Anterior Skull Base in Children

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Bilateral/Unilateral Subfrontal Approach

30.2.1 Surgical Technique

30.3 The Subcranial Approach

30.3.1 Surgical Technique

30.4 Subcranial–Transfacial Approach

30.5 Midfacial Degloving Approach

30.5.1 Surgical Technique

30.6 The Combined Subcranial–Midfacial Degloving Approach

30.7 The Subcranial–Transorbital Approach

30.8 Subcranial–Le Fort I Approach

30.8.1 Reconstruction

30.9 Highlights

31 Surgical Approach to the Lateral Skull Base

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

31.3 Surgical Technique

31.3.1 Preparation

31.3.2 Incision

31.3.3 External Auditory Canal Obliteration

31.3.4 Internal Carotid Artery and Internal Jugular Vein Exposure

31.3.5 Temporalis Muscle Elevation

31.3.6 Zygomatic Ostectomy

31.3.7 Mandibular Condylectomy

31.3.8 Exposure of the Subtemporal Trapezoid Muscle

31.3.9 Otologic Exposure

31.3.10 Craniotomy

31.3.11 Carotid Dissection and Eustachian Tube Resection

31.3.12 Cavernous Sinus Resection

31.3.13 Dura and Brain Resection

31.3.14 Reconstruction

31.4 Postoperative Treatment

31.5 Highlights

32 Lateral Skull Base Surgery in a Pediatric Population

32.1 Introduction

32.1.1 Anatomical Considerations in Pediatric Population

32.1.2 Demography

32.1.3 Clinical Features

32.1.4 Pathology

32.1.5 Preoperative Workup

32.1.6 Surgical Considerations

32.1.7 Surgical Procedures

32.1.8 Functional Preservation

32.1.9 Complications

32.2 Conclusion

32.3 Highlights

33 Surgery of Skull Base Meningoencephalocele

33.1 Definition and Historical Notes

33.2 Classification and Distribution

33.3 Etiology and Embryological Considerations

33.4 Clinical Presentation

33.5 Diagnosis

33.6 Treatment

33.7 Step-by-Step Endoscopic Transnasal Approach

33.8 Endoscopic Transnasal Surgical Corridors

33.9 Technical Consideration in Pediatric Endoscopic Transnasal Surgery

33.9.1 Timing of Repair

33.9.2 Anatomical Aspects

33.9.3 Intraoperative Image Guidance

33.9.4 Nasoseptal Flap

33.10 Complications and Long-term Outcomes

33.11 Highlights

34 Brain Stem Implantation

34.1 Introduction

34.1.1 History

34.1.2 Anatomy

34.1.3 Auditory Brain Stem Implant Device

34.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

34.3 Surgical Technique

34.4 Postoperative Treatment

34.4.1 Implant Activation

34.4.2 Surgical Complications

34.4.3 Outcomes

34.5 Conclusion

34.6 Highlights

35 Excision of Fibro-osseous Lesions of the Craniofacial Skeleton

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Patient Evaluation

35.3 Fibrous Dysplasia

35.4 Imaging

35.5 Management of Fibrous Dysplasia

35.5.1 Facial Bones

35.5.2 Paranasal Sinuses

35.5.3 Optic Canal

35.5.4 Temporal Bone

35.6 Ossifying Fibroma

35.7 Imaging

35.8 Management of Ossifying Fibroma

35.9 Osteoma

35.10 Imaging

35.11 Management of Osteoma

35.12 Acknowledgment

35.13 Highlights

36 Repair of Pyriform Aperture Stenosis

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

36.3 Surgical Techniques

36.3.1 Transnasal Approach

36.3.2 Sublabial Approach

36.3.3 Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) (Collares et al)

36.4 Postoperative Treatment

36.5 Highlights

37 Rhinoplasty: Secondary Cleft Nasal Deformity

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Anatomy of the Nose

37.3 Preoperative Assessment

37.4 Timing of Surgery

37.5 Surgical Approach

37.6 Surgical Technique

37.7 Complications

37.8 Highlights

38 Bilateral Choanal Atresia Repair

38.1 Introduction

38.2 Surgical Technique

38.3 Discussion

38.4 Highlights

39 Cleft Lip and Palate

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair

39.2.1 Introduction

39.2.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

39.2.3 Surgical Technique

39.2.4 Postoperative Care

39.3 Bilateral Cleft Lip Repair

39.3.1 Introduction

39.3.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

39.3.3 Surgical Technique

39.3.4 Postoperative Care

39.4 Highlights of Cleft Lip Repair

39.5 Cleft Palate Repair

39.5.1 Introduction

39.5.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

39.5.3 Surgical Technique

39.5.4 Postoperative Care

39.6 Highlights of Cleft Palate Repair

40 Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis

40.1 Micrognathia and Pierre Robin Sequence

40.2 Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis

40.3 Preoperative Evaluation and Management

40.4 Surgical Technique

40.5 Postoperative Care and Distraction Monitoring

40.6 Complications

40.7 Conclusion

40.8 Highlights

Section IV Airway, Voice, and Swallowing

41 Surgery for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

41.1 Introduction

41.2 Patterns of Velopharyngeal Closure

41.3 Velopharyngeal Assessment

41.4 Surgical Treatment Options

41.5 Surgical Procedures

41.5.1 Superiorly Based Pharyngeal Flap

41.5.2 Sphincter Pharyngoplasty

41.5.3 Posterior Pharyngeal Wall Augmentation

41.5.4 Furlow Palatoplasty

41.6 Highlights

42 Pediatric Tracheostomy

42.1 Introduction

42.2 Indications

42.3 Surgical Technique

42.3.1 Anatomy

42.3.2 Traditional Tracheostomy

42.3.3 Bjork Flap

42.3.4 Starplasty Tracheostomy

42.4 Intraoperative Complications

42.5 Postoperative Complications

42.6 Early Complications

42.6.1 Tube Obstruction

42.6.2 Air Leak

42.6.3 Hemorrhage

42.6.4 Accidental Decannulation

42.6.5 Infection

42.7 Late Complications

42.7.1 Granulomata

42.7.2 Airway Stenosis or Collapse

42.7.3 Peristomal and Tracheal Erosion

42.8 Mortality Rate

42.9 Home Care

42.10 Surveillance

42.11 Decannulation

42.12 Tracheocutaneous Fistula

42.12.1 Technique—Repair of Tracheocutaneous Fistula

42.13 Highlights

43 Tracheocutaneous Fistula Repair

43.1 Introduction

43.2 Preoperative Evaluation for TCF repair

43.3 Tracheocutaneous Fistula Repair

43.3.1 Secondary Closure—Description of Procedure

43.3.2 Primary Closure

43.4 Complications of Tracheocutaneous Fistula Repair

43.5 Highlights

44 Pediatric Bronchoscopy

44.1 Introduction

44.2 Instruments

44.2.1 Laryngoscopes

44.2.2 Bronchoscopes

44.2.3 Ancillary Tools

44.2.4 Imaging System

44.3 Technique

44.3.1 Types of Anesthesia

44.4 Surgical Technique

44.5 Indications

44.6 Limitations

44.6.1 Disadvantages

44.6.2 Complications

44.7 Flexible Endoscopy

44.7.1 Introduction

44.7.2 Instrument

44.7.3 Indications

44.7.4 Technique

44.7.5 Complications

44.8 Highlights

45 Surgery of Laryngomalacia

45.1 Introduction

45.2 Pathophysiology

45.3 Presentation

45.4 Symptoms

45.5 Indications for Surgery

45.6 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

45.7 Supraglottoplasty

45.8 Airway Safety

45.9 Stages of Surgery

45.10 Type of Supraglottoplasty

45.10.1 Type 1

45.10.2 Type 2

45.10.3 Type 3

45.11 Postoperative Treatment

45.12 Complications

45.13 Surgical Results

45.14 Highlights

46 Unilateral and Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

46.1 Part 1 Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

46.1.1 Introduction

46.1.2 Preoperative Evaluation

46.1.3 Surgical Options

46.1.4 Injection Medialization Laryngoplasty

46.1.5 Highlights

46.1.6 Unilateral Ansa Cervicalis to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Reinnervation

46.1.7 Highlights

46.2 Part 2 Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

46.2.1 Bilateral Selective Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Reinnervation

46.2.2 Highlights

47 Endoscopic Airway Surgery

47.1 Introduction

47.1.1 History and Evolution

47.1.2 Relationship of Endoscopic to Open Airway Surgery

47.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

47.2.1 History and Examination

47.2.2 Investigations

47.2.3 Anesthesia

47.3 Surgical Techniques

47.3.1 Preparation and Positioning

47.3.2 Endoscopic Airway Evaluation

47.3.3 Endoscopic Airway Surgery

47.4 Postoperative Treatment

47.5 Highlights

48 Surgical Approach to Juvenile Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

48.1 Introduction

48.1.1 General

48.1.2 Pathophysiology

48.1.3 Epidemiology

48.1.4 Presentation

48.1.5 Clinical Assessment

48.1.6 Patient Discussion

48.2 OR Preparation

48.3 OR Setup

48.3.1 Tools for Removal of Papilloma

48.4 Intraoperative Approach

48.4.1 General Treatment Principles

48.4.2 General Technique “Pearls”

48.4.3 Adjuvant Therapy

48.4.4 Note on Adjuvant Treatment

48.4.5 Technique of Intralesional Injection

48.4.6 Cidofovir

48.4.7 Safety Concerns

48.4.8 The Future of JORRP Management

48.5 Highlights

49 Laryngotracheal Reconstruction

49.1 Introduction

49.2 Definition and Classification

49.3 Evaluation, Preoperative, and Anesthesia Considerations

49.3.1 Timing of Reconstruction

49.4 Surgical Management

49.4.1 Role for Endoscopic Treatment

49.5 Open Surgical Techniques

49.5.1 Anterior Cricoid Split

49.5.2 LTR with Cartilage Grafting

49.5.3 Anterior Grafts

49.5.4 Posterior Grafts

49.5.5 Use of Stents

49.5.6 Cricotracheal Resection

49.5.7 Decannulation

49.5.8 Postoperative Considerations

49.6 Highlights

50 Partial Cricotracheal Resection

50.1 Indications

50.2 Relative Contraindications

50.3 Comparison to LTR Best Handles

50.4 Grades of Stenosis III, IV

50.4.1 Diagnostic Evaluation

50.4.2 General Surgical Approach

50.4.3 Major Pearls of the Surgery

50.5 Single Stage verses Double Stage

50.6 Extended CTR

50.7 Combined LTR and CTR

50.8 Postoperative Care

50.9 Results

50.10 Complications

50.11 Conclusion

50.12 Highlights

51 Harvesting Costal Cartilage for Laryngotracheal Reconstruction

51.1 Introduction

51.2 Indications and Contraindications

51.3 Surgical Technique

51.4 Donor Site Postoperative Care

51.5 Donor Site Complications

51.6 Highlights

52 Laryngotracheal Cleft Repair

52.1 Introduction

52.2 Embryology of Laryngotracheal Clefts

52.3 Presentation

52.4 Preoperative Evaluation and Management

52.4.1 Investigations

52.4.2 Preoperative Medical Management

52.4.3 Anesthetic Considerations

52.5 Surgical Technique

52.5.1 Endoscopic Repair

52.5.2 Open Repair

52.6 Postoperative Treatment

52.7 Highlights

53 Slide Tracheoplasty

53.1 Introduction

53.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Anesthesia

53.3 Surgical Techniques

53.3.1 Intrathoracic Slide Tracheoplasty

53.3.2 Cervical Slide Tracheoplasty

53.3.3 Slide Tracheoplasty for Tracheoesophageal Fistula

53.4 Postoperative Treatment

53.5 Highlights

Section V Pediatric Trauma

54 Facial Trauma in Pediatric Patient

54.1 Introduction

54.2 Growth and Development

54.3 Epidemiology

54.4 Preoperative Evaluation

54.5 Fractures Sites and Surgical Treatment (by Fracture Site)

54.5.1 Frontal Bone, Frontal Sinus, and Superior Orbital Fractures

54.5.2 Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Fractures

54.5.3 Orbital Floor and Blowout Fractures

54.5.4 Nasal Fractures

54.5.5 Midface and Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures

54.5.6 Mandibular Fractures

54.5.7 Resorbable Plates

55 The Management of Temporal Bone Fractures

55.1 Introduction

55.1.1 Epidemiology

55.1.2 Pathophysiology

55.1.3 Classification

55.2 Diagnostic Approach

55.2.1 Initial Evaluation

55.2.2 Temporal Bone Fracture

55.2.3 Management

55.3 CSF Leak

55.4 Facial Nerve

55.4.1 Choice of Management

55.4.2 Surgical Technique

55.5 Hearing Loss

55.6 External Ear Injury

55.7 Other Complications

55.8 Highlights

Section VI Reconstruction

56 Regional and Local Flaps in Children

56.1 Introduction

56.2 Local and Regional Flaps

56.3 Cervicofacial Flap

56.4 Scalp Rotation Flap

56.5 Geometric Flaps

56.5.1 Bilobe Flap

56.5.2 Rhombic Flap

56.6 Interpolated Flaps for Cutaneous Defects

56.6.1 Paramedian Forehead Flap

56.7 Oral and Perioral Flaps

56.7.1 Tongue Flap

56.7.2 Facial Artery Myomucosal Flap

56.7.3 Abbé–Sabattini Cross-Lip Flap

56.7.4 Pharyngeal Flap

56.8 Temporoparietal Fascia Flap

56.9 Pericranial Flap

56.10 Submental Island Flap

56.11 Pectoralis Major Muscle or Myocutaneous Flap

56.12 Conclusion

56.13 Highlights

57 Facial Paralysis in the Pediatric Patient

57.1 Introduction

57.2 Etiology and Epidemiology

57.2.1 Congenital Facial Nerve Palsy

57.2.2 Möbius Syndrome

57.2.3 Acquired Facial Nerve Palsy

57.3 Prognosis

57.4 Treatment

57.5 Surgery

57.6 Primary Repair

57.6.1 Indications

57.6.2 Technique

57.7 Nerve Grafting: Ipsilateral and Cross-Facial

57.7.1 Indications

57.7.2 Technique

57.8 Innervated Free Flaps

57.8.1 Indications

57.8.2 Technique

57.8.3 Second-Stage Free Gracilis Transfer

57.8.4 One-Stage Free Gracilis to Masseter Facial Reanimation

57.9 Conclusion

57.10 Highlights

58 Free Flap Transfers in Head-and-Neck Reconstructions of Pediatric Patients

58.1 Introduction

58.2 Soft Tissue Free Flaps

58.2.1 Anterolateral Thigh Flap

58.2.2 Radial Forearm Free Flap

58.2.3 Rectus Abdominis Flap

58.2.4 Latissimus Dorsi Free Flap

58.2.5 Parascapular Fasciocutaneous Free Flap

58.2.6 Osteocutaneous Free Flaps

58.3 Highlights

59 Otoplasty

59.1 Introduction

59.2 Anatomy of the Ear

59.3 Preoperative Assessment

59.4 Timing of Surgery

59.5 Nonsurgical Treatment

59.5.1 Ear Molding

59.6 Otoplasty Surgical Technique

59.7 Complications

59.8 Highlights

Index

Additional MedOne Access Information

 

An aparitie	9 Dec. 2020
Autor	Dan M. Fliss, Ari DeRowe
Dimensiuni	26.92 x 19.56 cm
Editura	Thieme
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9783132414273
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	617