Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children, Tenth Edition

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Table of Contents:

1. Surgical Procedure Videos
2. SECTION ONE: FUNDAMENTALS OF PEDIATRIC FRACTURE CARE
3. 1 Epidemiology of Fractures in Children
4. INTRODUCTION
5. ETIOLOGY OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN
6. THREE BROAD CAUSES
7. SPORTS-RELATED ACTIVITIES
8. INCIDENCE OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN
9. “CLASSIFICATION BIAS”: DIFFICULTIES DEFINING DISEASE
10. GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF PEDIATRIC FRACTURES
11. PATIENT FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FRACTURE INCIDENCE AND FRACTURE PATTERNS
12. THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON FRACTURES IN CHILDREN
13. EVOLVING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FRACTURES IN CHILDREN
14. COVID-19 PANDEMIC
15. PREVENTIVE PROGRAMS
16. NATIONAL CAMPAIGNS
17. EXPANDED OPPORTUNITIES TO EXAMINE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA
18. 2 Fracture Repair in Children
19. INTRODUCTION
20. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE IMMATURE SKELETON
21. EPIPHYSIS
22. PHYSIS
23. METAPHYSIS
24. DIAPHYSIS
25. PERIOSTEUM
26. APOPHYSIS
27. UNIFYING THEORY OF FRACTURE REPAIR
28. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
29. THE TWO TYPES OF FRACTURE REPAIR
30. CELLULAR COORDINATION DURING FRACTURE REPAIR
31. THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF VASCULARITY IN FRACTURE REPAIR
32. THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF PERIOSTEUM IN FRACTURE REPAIR
33. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF A PERIOSTEUM-CENTRIC FRACTURE THEORY
34. FOUR ESSENTIAL TASKS FOR MANAGING PEDIATRIC FRACTURES
35. FRACTURE FIXATION IN PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS
36. PLATING STRATEGIES
37. INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING STRATEGIES
38. PHYSEAL FRACTURES
39. SALTER–HARRIS CLASSIFICATION
40. PETERSON CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSEAL FRACTURES
41. ACUTE TREATMENT OF PHYSEAL INJURIES
42. GROWTH DISTURBANCE AFTER PHYSEAL INJURY
43. BONE REMODELING AFTER A FRACTURE
44. 3 Pharmacology of Pediatric Fracture Care
45. ANALGESICS
46. PRINCIPLES OF ACUTE PAIN RELIEF
47. OPIOID STEWARDSHIP
48. ANTIBIOTICS
49. ANTIBIOTIC CHOICE
50. ANTIBIOTIC DURATION
51. PERIOPERATIVE ANTIBIOTICS
52. ANTICOAGULANTS IN PEDIATRIC TRAUMA CARE
53. VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS
54. CALCIUM
55. BISPHOSPHONATES
56. 4 Cast and Splint Immobilization
57. INTRODUCTION
58. PAIN MANAGEMENT AND SEDATION FOR FRACTURE MANAGEMENT
59. GENERAL
60. CAST COMPLICATIONS
61. TREATING CAST COMPLICATIONS
62. TYPES OF CASTING MATERIALS
63. GENERAL CAST APPLICATION PRINCIPLES
64. CAST SPLITTING
65. CAST REMOVAL
66. CAST WEDGING
67. CASTING OVER SURGICAL WOUNDS AND IMPLANTS
68. MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES THAT AFFECT CAST CARE
69. LOCATION-SPECIFIC IMMOBILIZATION
70. SUGAR-TONG SPLINT IMMOBILIZATION
71. LONG-ARM 90-DEGREE CAST IMMOBILIZATION
72. SHORT-ARM CAST IMMOBILIZATION
73. LONG ARM–THUMB SPICA EXTENSION CAST IMMOBILIZATION
74. THUMB SPICA CAST IMMOBILIZATION
75. SHORT-LEG CAST APPLICATION
76. LONG-LEG CAST APPLICATION
77. SHORT-LEG SPLINT APPLICATION
78. SPICA CAST APPLICATION
79. CONCLUSION
80. 5 Management of the Severely Injured Child
81. ROLE OF THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA CENTER
82. INITIAL RESUSCITATION AND EVALUATION
83. INITIAL EVALUATION
84. FLUID REPLACEMENT
85. EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT
86. TRAUMA RATING SYSTEMS
87. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
88. IMAGING STUDIES
89. NONORTHOPAEDIC CONDITIONS IN THE MULTIPLY INJURED CHILD
90. TRAUMA-INDUCED COAGULOPATHY
91. TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
92. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES
93. THORACIC INJURIES AND PULMONARY CONTUSIONS
94. ABDOMINAL INJURIES
95. GENITOURINARY INJURIES
96. FAT EMBOLISM
97. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
98. ORTHOPAEDIC MANAGEMENT OF THE MULTIPLY INJURED CHILD
99. TIMING
100. PELVIC FRACTURES
101. OPEN FRACTURES
102. STABILIZATION OF FRACTURES
103. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS
104. OUTCOMES OF TREATMENT OF THE MULTIPLY INJURED CHILD
105. 6 Compartment Syndrome in Children
106. INTRODUCTION
107. DIAGNOSIS
108. CLASSIFICATION
109. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
110. IMPENDING COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
111. FRACTURE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
112. NONFRACTURE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
113. EXERCISE-INDUCED OR EXERTIONAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
114. NEONATAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
115. TREATMENT
116. UPPER EXTREMITY
117. ARM
118. FOREARM
119. HAND
120. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
121. LOWER EXTREMITY
122. THIGH
123. LEG
124. FOOT
125. ESTABLISHED CONTRACTURE (VOLKMANN CONTRACTURE)
126. OUTCOMES
127. 7 Pathologic Fractures and Nonaccidental Injuries
128. TUMORS OR TUMOR-LIKE PROCESSES
129. UNICAMERAL BONE CYST
130. ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST
131. FIBROUS CORTICAL DEFECTS AND NONOSSIFYING FIBROMAS
132. ENCHONDROMA
133. OSTEOCHONDROMA
134. FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
135. MALIGNANT BONE TUMORS AND METASTASIS
136. DISEASES OF THE BONE MARROW
137. GAUCHER DISEASE
138. SICKLE CELL DISEASE
139. LEUKEMIA
140. OSTEOMYELITIS
141. PATHOLOGIC FRACTURES AFTER LIMB LENGTHENING
142. OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
143. OSTEOPETROSIS
144. RICKETS
145. IDIOPATHIC OSTEOPOROSIS
146. IATROGENIC OSTEOPOROSIS
147. OSTEOPOROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER TREATMENT
148. IMMOBILIZATION OSTEOPOROSIS
149. CUSHING SYNDROME
150. SCURVY
151. FRACTURES IN NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
152. CEREBRAL PALSY
153. MYELOMENINGOCELE
154. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
155. ARTHROGRYPOSIS
156. EPIDEMIOLOGY
157. RISK FACTORS FOR CHILD ABUSE
158. THE HOME AT RISK
159. THE CHILD AT RISK
160. ORTHOPAEDIC RECOGNITION OF CHILD MALTREATMENT
161. OBTAINING THE HISTORY
162. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
163. THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
164. POST–EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT TREATMENT AND LEGAL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
165. THE ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEON’S LEGAL ROLE IN NONACCIDENTAL INJURY
166. SECTION TWO: UPPER EXTREMITY
167. 8 Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand and Carpal Bones in Children
168. INCIDENCE OF FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE HAND AND CARPAL BONES
169. APPLIED ANATOMY OF HAND AND CARPAL BONES
170. OSSEOUS ANATOMY
171. PHYSEAL ANATOMY
172. SOFT TISSUE ANATOMY
173. REMODELING OF HAND AND CARPAL BONES
174. ASSESSMENT OF HAND AND CARPAL BONE FRACTURES
175. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR HAND AND CARPAL BONE FRACTURES
176. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH CARPAL BONE FRACTURES
177. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HAND AND CARPAL BONE FRACTURES
178. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF HAND AND CARPAL BONE FRACTURES
179. OUTCOMES OF HAND AND CARPAL BONE FRACTURES
180. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX
181. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX
182. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX
183. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DISTAL PHALANX FRACTURES
184. CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES
185. PHYSEAL FRACTURES
186. SHAFT FRACTURES
187. NECK FRACTURES
188. INTRA-ARTICULAR (CONDYLAR) FRACTURES
189. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANX FRACTURES
190. NONOPERATIVE AND OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES
191. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES
192. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL FRACTURES
193. CLASSIFICATION OF METACARPAL FRACTURES
194. EPIPHYSEAL AND PHYSEAL FRACTURES
195. METACARPAL NECK FRACTURES
196. METACARPAL SHAFT FRACTURES
197. METACARPAL BASE FRACTURES
198. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR METACARPAL FRACTURES
199. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
200. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF METACARPAL FRACTURES
201. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO METACARPAL FRACTURES
202. CLASSIFICATION OF THUMB METACARPAL FRACTURES
203. THUMB METACARPAL BASE FRACTURES
204. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR THUMB METACARPAL BASE FRACTURES
205. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
206. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO THUMB METACARPAL FRACTURES
207. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL BONES
208. SCAPHOID FRACTURES
209. CAPITATE FRACTURES
210. TRIQUETRUM FRACTURES
211. HAMATE, PISIFORM, LUNATE, AND TRAPEZIUM FRACTURES
212. ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE CARPAL BONES
213. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
214. SCAPHOID FRACTURES
215. CAPITATE FRACTURES
216. TRIQUETRAL FRACTURES
217. HAMATE FRACTURES
218. CARPAL LIGAMENTOUS INJURY
219. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE SCAPHOID
220. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF SCAPHOID FRACTURES
221. CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGULAR FIBROCARTILAGE COMPLEX TEARS
222. TREATMENT OF TRIANGULAR FIBROCARTILAGE COMPLEX TEARS
223. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF TFCC TREATMENT
224. DISLOCATIONS OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS
225. DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT
226. PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT
227. DISLOCATIONS OF THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT
228. DORSAL METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT
229. NEGLECTED METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT DISLOCATIONS
230. DORSAL DISLOCATION OF THE THUMB RAY
231. INCOMPLETE THUMB METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT DISLOCATION
232. SIMPLE COMPLETE THUMB METACARPOPHALANGEAL DISLOCATION
233. COMPLEX COMPLETE THUMB METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT DISLOCATION
234. THUMB METACARPOPHALANGEAL ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURY (GAMEKEEPER’S THUMB)
235. 9 Fractures of the Distal Radius and Ulna
236. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
237. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
238. MECHANISMS OF INJURY OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
239. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
240. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
241. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
242. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
243. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
244. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
245. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
246. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
247. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
248. LOSS OF REDUCTION
249. MALUNION
250. NONUNION
251. CROSS-UNION
252. REFRACTURE
253. PHYSEAL ARREST OF THE DISTAL RADIUS
254. CONTROVERSIES RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA
255. ACCEPTABLE DEFORMITY
256. GREENSTICK FRACTURES
257. IMMOBILIZATION
258. IMMEDIATE PINNING OF DISPLACED DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES
259. OPEN FRACTURES
260. CONCLUSIONS
261. 10 Diaphyseal Radius and Ulna Fractures
262. INTRODUCTION TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
263. ASSESSMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
264. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
265. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
266. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
267. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
268. CLASSIFICATION OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
269. OUTCOMES OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
270. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
271. COMMON SURGICAL APPROACHES TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
272. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
273. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
274. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
275. MANAGEMENT OF OPEN FRACTURES OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
276. SURGICAL REPAIR OF DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
277. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
278. REDISPLACEMENT/MALALIGNMENT IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
279. FOREARM STIFFNESS IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
280. REFRACTURE IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
281. MALUNION IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
282. DELAYED UNION/NONUNION IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
283. CROSS-UNION/SYNOSTOSIS IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
284. INFECTION IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
285. NEURAPRAXIA IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
286. MUSCLE OR TENDON ENTRAPMENT/TENDON RUPTURE IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
287. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
288. COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROMES IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
289. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
290. FRACTURE RISK/FRACTURE PREVENTION
291. PARENTAL PRESENCE DURING FRACTURE REDUCTION IN DIAPHYSEAL RADIUS AND ULNA FRACTURES
292. 11 Radial Neck and Olecranon Fractures
293. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS AND ULNA
294. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
295. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
296. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
297. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
298. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
299. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
300. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
301. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
302. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
303. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
304. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
305. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS
306. LOSS OF RANGE OF MOTION
307. RADIAL HEAD OVERGROWTH
308. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
309. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
310. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
311. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
312. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
313. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
314. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
315. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
316. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
317. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE PROXIMAL APOPHYSIS OF THE ULNA
318. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF METAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE OLECRANON OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
319. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE CORONOID PROCESS OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
320. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE PROXIMAL APOPHYSIS AND OLECRANON METAPHYSIS OF THE ULNA
321. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE CORONOID PROCESS OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
322. POTENTIAL PITFALLS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
323. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL ULNA
324. FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL APOPHYSIS AND OLECRANON METAPHYSIS OF THE ULNA
325. FRACTURES OF THE CORONOID PROCESS
326. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL RADIUS AND ULNA
327. 12 Monteggia Fracture-Dislocation in Children
328. INTRODUCTION TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
329. ASSESSMENT OF MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
330. CLASSIFICATION OF MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
331. EXPANSION OF THE BADO CLASSIFICATION: MONTEGGIA-EQUIVALENT LESIONS
332. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
333. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
334. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
335. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
336. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
337. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
338. LIGAMENTS
339. BONY ARCHITECTURE
340. MUSCULATURE
341. NERVES
342. GENERAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES FOR MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
343. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE I MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
344. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE I MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
345. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE I MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
346. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
347. POTENTIAL PITFALLS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
348. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE II MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
349. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE II MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
350. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE II MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
351. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE III MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
352. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE III MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
353. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE III MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
354. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPE IV MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
355. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE IV MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
356. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE IV MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
357. TREATMENT METHODS FOR MONTEGGIA EQUIVALENT FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
358. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF MONTEGGIA EQUIVALENT FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
359. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF MONTEGGIA EQUIVALENT FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
360. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CHRONIC MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
361. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
362. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
363. NERVE INJURIES
364. PERIARTICULAR OSSIFICATION
365. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
366. 13 Evaluation of the Injured Pediatric Elbow
367. INTRODUCTION
368. EPIDEMIOLOGY
369. ANATOMY
370. THE OSSIFICATION PROCESS
371. THE FUSION PROCESS OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
372. BLOOD SUPPLY
373. INTRA-ARTICULAR STRUCTURES
374. FAT PADS
375. LIGAMENTS
376. RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
377. STANDARD VIEWS
378. AP OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS (JONES VIEW)
379. MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT: MEDIAL EPICONDYLAR FRACTURES
380. ANTEROPOSTERIOR LANDMARKS
381. LATERAL LANDMARKS
382. COMPARISON RADIOGRAPHS
383. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
384. OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES
385. CONCLUSION
386. 14 Supracondylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus
387. INTRODUCTION TO SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
388. ASSESSMENT OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
389. MECHANISMS OF INJURY OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
390. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
391. CLASSIFICATION OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
392. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
393. INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
394. NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
395. OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
396. OPERATIVE TREATMENT BY FRACTURE TYPE
397. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
398. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
399. VASCULAR INJURIES
400. VASCULAR STUDIES
401. PULSELESS ARM WITH MEDIAN NERVE INJURY
402. EXPLORATION OF THE BRACHIAL ARTERY
403. INTRODUCTION TO FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
404. ASSESSMENT OF FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
405. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
406. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
407. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
408. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
409. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FLEXION-TYPE SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
410. 15 T-Condylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus
411. INTRODUCTION TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
412. ASSESSMENT OF T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
413. MECHANISMS OF INJURY OF T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
414. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES DISTAL OF THE HUMERUS
415. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
416. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
417. CLASSIFICATION OF T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
418. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
419. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
420. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
421. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF T-CONDYLAR DISTAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
422. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF T-CONDYLAR DISTAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
423. OPEN REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION
424. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO T-CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS
425. 16 Medial Epicondyle Fractures and Dislocations of the Elbow
426. MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES
427. INTRODUCTION TO MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES
428. ASSESSMENT OF MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES
429. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES
430. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES
431. INTRODUCTION TO ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
432. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
433. CLASSIFICATION OF ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
434. POSTERIOR ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
435. ASSESSMENT OF POSTERIOR ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
436. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR POSTERIOR ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
437. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO POSTERIOR ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
438. ATYPICAL ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
439. ANTERIOR ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
440. MEDIAL AND LATERAL ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
441. DIVERGENT ELBOW DISLOCATION
442. PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR TRANSLOCATIONS
443. PULLED ELBOW SYNDROME
444. INTRODUCTION TO PULLED ELBOW SYNDROME
445. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PULLED ELBOW SYNDROME
446. OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PULLED ELBOW SYNDROME
447. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURES AND ELBOW DISLOCATIONS
448. 17 Lateral Condylar and Capitellar Fractures of the Distal Humerus
449. INTRODUCTION TO LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
450. ASSESSMENT OF LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
451. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
452. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
453. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
454. CLASSIFICATION OF LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
455. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
456. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
457. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
458. LATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURE ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS
459. LATERAL SPUR FORMATION
460. ELBOW STIFFNESS
461. CUBITUS VARUS
462. CUBITUS VALGUS
463. PHYSEAL ARREST
464. GROWTH DISTURBANCE: FISHTAIL DEFORMITY
465. OSTEONECROSIS
466. NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS
467. MALUNION
468. DELAYED UNION AND NONUNION
469. INTRODUCTION TO CAPITELLAR FRACTURES
470. CLASSIFICATION OF CAPITELLAR FRACTURES
471. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR CAPITELLAR FRACTURES
472. ASSESSMENT OF CAPITELLAR FRACTURES
473. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CAPITELLAR FRACTURES
474. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO CAPITELLAR FRACTURES
475. 18 Distal Humeral Physeal, Medial Condyle, Lateral Epicondylar, and Other Uncommon Elbow Fractures
476. INTRODUCTION
477. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
478. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
479. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
480. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
481. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
482. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
483. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
484. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
485. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
486. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
487. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
488. OUTCOMES
489. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
490. MALUNION
491. NEUROVASCULAR INJURIES
492. NONUNION
493. OSTEONECROSIS
494. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE ENTIRE DISTAL HUMERUS
495. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLE
496. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
497. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
498. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
499. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
500. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
501. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
502. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
503. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
504. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
505. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
506. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
507. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE MEDIAL CONDYLAR PHYSIS
508. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
509. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
510. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
511. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
512. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
513. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
514. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
515. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
516. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES INVOLVING THE LATERAL EPICONDYLAR APOPHYSIS
517. INTRODUCTION TO OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA
518. ASSESSMENT OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA
519. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA
520. CLASSIFICATION OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA
521. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA
522. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA
523. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OSTEONECROSIS OF THE TROCHLEA
524. 19 Shoulder Dislocation and Fractures of the Proximal Humerus and Humeral Shaft
525. INTRODUCTION TO SHOULDER DISLOCATION
526. ASSESSMENT OF SHOULDER DISLOCATION
527. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR SHOULDER DISLOCATION
528. ASSOCIATED INJURIES WITH SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS
529. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS
530. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR SHOULDER DISLOCATION
531. CLASSIFICATION OF SHOULDER DISLOCATION
532. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO SHOULDER DISLOCATION
533. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS
534. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS
535. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS
536. MANAGEMENT OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS
537. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO SHOULDER DISLOCATIONS
538. INTRODUCTION TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
539. ASSESSMENT OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
540. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
541. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
542. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
543. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
544. CLASSIFICATION OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
545. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
546. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
547. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
548. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
549. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
550. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES
551. INTRODUCTION TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
552. ASSESSMENT OF HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
553. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
554. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
555. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
556. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
557. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
558. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
559. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
560. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
561. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
562. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
563. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HUMERUS SHAFT FRACTURES
564. 20 Clavicle and Scapula Fractures and Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Injuries
565. INTRODUCTION
566. ASSESSMENT OF MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
567. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
568. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
569. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
570. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
571. CLASSIFICATION OF MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
572. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
573. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
574. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
575. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
576. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
577. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
578. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES
579. INTRODUCTION TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
580. ASSESSMENT OF DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
581. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
582. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
583. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
584. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
585. CLASSIFICATION OF DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
586. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
587. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
588. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
589. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
590. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
591. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
592. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO DISTAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES
593. INTRODUCTION TO SCAPULA FRACTURES
594. ASSESSMENT OF SCAPULA FRACTURES
595. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR SCAPULA FRACTURES
596. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH SCAPULA FRACTURES
597. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SCAPULA FRACTURES
598. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR SCAPULA FRACTURES
599. CLASSIFICATION OF SCAPULA FRACTURES
600. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR SCAPULA FRACTURES
601. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES
602. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SCAPULA FRACTURES
603. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF SCAPULA FRACTURES
604. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF SCAPULA FRACTURES
605. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES
606. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO SCAPULA FRACTURES
607. INTRODUCTION TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
608. ASSESSMENT OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
609. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
610. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
611. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
612. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
613. CLASSIFICATION OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
614. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
615. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
616. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
617. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
618. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
619. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
620. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
621. INTRODUCTION TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
622. ASSESSMENT OF STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
623. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
624. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
625. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
626. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
627. CLASSIFICATION OF STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
628. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
629. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
630. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
631. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF STERNOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATIONS
632. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
633. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
634. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO STERNOCLAVICULAR FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
635. SECTION THREE: SPINE
636. 21 Cervical Spine Injuries in Children
637. INTRODUCTION TO CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
638. MECHANISM OF INJURY FOR CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
639. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
640. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
641. RADIOGRAPHIC CLEARANCE OF THE CERVICAL SPINE IN THE TRAUMA SETTING
642. IMAGING OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
643. RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE SPINE BY LEVEL
644. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
645. INITIAL MANAGEMENT AND TRANSPORT OF PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
646. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
647. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
648. INTRODUCTION TO OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
649. ASSESSMENT OF OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
650. TREATMENT OF OCCIPITAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES
651. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL DISLOCATION
652. ASSOCIATED INJURIES AND SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL INSTABILITY
653. IMAGING FOR ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL INSTABILITY
654. CLASSIFICATION OF ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL INSTABILITY
655. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL INSTABILITY
656. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS
657. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS
658. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS
659. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS
660. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS
661. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE ATLAS
662. INTRODUCTION TO ODONTOID FRACTURE
663. ASSESSMENT OF ODONTOID FRACTURE
664. MECHANISM OF INJURY OF ODONTOID FRACTURE
665. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR ODONTOID FRACTURE
666. CLASSIFICATION OF ODONTOID FRACTURE
667. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ODONTOID FRACTURE
668. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF ODONTOID FRACTURE
669. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF ODONTOID FRACTURE
670. HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
671. INTRODUCTION TO HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
672. ASSESSMENT OF HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
673. MECHANISM OF INJURY FOR HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
674. ASSOCIATED INJURIES AND SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
675. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
676. CLASSIFICATION OF HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
677. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
678. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
679. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF HANGMAN’S FRACTURE
680. INTRODUCTION TO SUBAXIAL (C3–C7) INJURIES
681. CLASSIFICATION OF POSTERIOR LIGAMENTOUS DISRUPTION
682. ASSESSMENT OF DLC/PLC DISRUPTIONS
683. MECHANISM OF INJURY FOR DLC DISRUPTION
684. ASSOCIATED INJURIES AND SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DLC/PLC DISRUPTION
685. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR PLC DISRUPTION
686. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DLC DISRUPTION
687. ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSION FRACTURE
688. MECHANISM OF INJURY FOR COMPRESSION FRACTURE
689. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR COMPRESSION FRACTURE
690. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR COMPRESSION FRACTURE
691. INTRODUCTION TO FACET DISLOCATIONS
692. ASSESSMENT OF FACET DISLOCATIONS
693. MECHANISM OF INJURY FOR FACET INJURY DISLOCATIONS
694. ASSOCIATED INJURIES AND SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FACET DISLOCATIONS
695. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FACET DISLOCATIONS
696. CLASSIFICATION OF FACET DISLOCATIONS
697. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FACET DISLOCATIONS
698. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FACET DISLOCATIONS
699. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FACET DISLOCATIONS
700. ASSESSMENT OF BURST FRACTURE
701. MECHANISM OF INJURY FOR BURST FRACTURE
702. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BURST FRACTURE
703. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR BURST FRACTURE
704. CLASSIFICATION OF BURST FRACTURE
705. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR BURST FRACTURE
706. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF BURST FRACTURE
707. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF BURST FRACTURE
708. ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMATIC SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
709. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
710. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
711. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
712. 22 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures
713. INTRODUCTION TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
714. ASSESSMENT OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
715. MECHANISMS OF INJURY OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
716. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
717. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
718. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
719. CLASSIFICATION OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
720. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
721. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
722. COMPRESSION FRACTURES
723. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF COMPRESSION FRACTURES
724. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF COMPRESSION FRACTURES
725. BURST FRACTURES
726. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF BURST FRACTURES
727. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF BURST FRACTURES
728. FLEXION-DISTRACTION INJURIES (CHANCE FRACTURES)
729. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FLEXION-DISTRACTION INJURIES (CHANCE FRACTURES)
730. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FLEXION-DISTRACTION INJURIES (CHANCE FRACTURES)
731. FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
732. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS
733. SPECIAL FRACTURES
734. END PLATE FRACTURES
735. FACET FRACTURES
736. POTENTIAL PITFALLS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURE
737. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO THORACOLUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
738. SECTION FOUR: LOWER EXTREMITY
739. 23 Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures
740. INTRODUCTION TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
741. ASSESSMENT OF PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
742. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
743. ASSOCIATED INJURIES WITH PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
744. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
745. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
746. CLASSIFICATION OF PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
747. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
748. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
749. PELVIC AND ACETABULAR DEVELOPMENT
750. CHILD VERSUS ADULT PELVIS
751. AVULSION FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE I)
752. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR AVULSION FRACTURES
753. ISOLATED ILIAC WING FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE II)
754. OTHER STABLE FRACTURES
755. FRACTURES OF THE SACRUM
756. FRACTURES OF THE COCCYX
757. STRESS FRACTURES OF THE PELVIS
758. SIMPLE RING FRACTURES (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE IIIA AND IIIB)
759. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF SIMPLE RING FRACTURES
760. RING DISRUPTION: UNSTABLE FRACTURE PATTERNS (TORODE AND ZIEG TYPE IV)
761. BILATERAL FRACTURES OF THE INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR PUBIC RAMI
762. ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR RING DISRUPTIONS
763. SEVERE CRUSH INJURIES AND OPEN FRACTURES
764. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ACETABULAR FRACTURES
765. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF ACETABULAR FRACTURES
766. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF ACETABULAR FRACTURES
767. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
768. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PELVIC AND ACETABULAR FRACTURES
769. 24 Fractures and Traumatic Dislocations of the Hip in Children
770. INTRODUCTION TO HIP FRACTURES
771. ASSESSMENT OF HIP FRACTURES
772. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR HIP FRACTURES
773. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH HIP FRACTURES
774. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HIP FRACTURES
775. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR HIP FRACTURES
776. CLASSIFICATION OF HIP FRACTURES
777. UNUSUAL FRACTURE PATTERNS
778. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO HIP FRACTURES
779. VASCULAR ANATOMY
780. SOFT TISSUE ANATOMY
781. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HIP FRACTURES
782. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF HIP FRACTURES
783. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF HIP FRACTURES
784. OSTEONECROSIS
785. COXA VARA
786. PREMATURE PHYSEAL CLOSURE
787. NONUNION
788. LESS COMMON COMPLICATIONS
789. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HIP FRACTURES
790. INTRODUCTION TO STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK
791. ASSESSMENT OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK
792. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK
793. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK
794. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK
795. CLASSIFICATION OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK
796. TREATMENT OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK
797. INTRODUCTION TO HIP DISLOCATIONS
798. ASSESSMENT OF HIP DISLOCATION
799. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR HIP DISLOCATIONS
800. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH HIP DISLOCATIONS
801. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HIP DISLOCATIONS
802. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR HIP DISLOCATIONS
803. CLASSIFICATION OF HIP DISLOCATIONS
804. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO HIP DISLOCATIONS
805. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HIP DISLOCATIONS
806. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF HIP DISLOCATION
807. CHONDROLYSIS
808. COXA MAGNA
809. HABITUAL DISLOCATION
810. HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION
811. INTERPOSED SOFT TISSUE
812. LATE PRESENTATION
813. NERVE INJURY
814. RECURRENT DISLOCATION
815. VASCULAR INJURY
816. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO HIP DISLOCATIONS
817. 25 Femoral Shaft Fractures
818. INTRODUCTION TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
819. ASSESSMENT OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
820. MECHANISMS OF INJURY OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
821. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
822. CLASSIFICATION OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
823. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
824. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
825. TREATMENT VARIATION WITH AGE
826. TREATMENT VARIATION WITH FRACTURE PATTERN
827. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
828. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
829. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
830. LEG-LENGTH DISCREPANCY
831. ANGULAR DEFORMITY
832. ROTATIONAL DEFORMITY
833. DELAYED UNION
834. NONUNION
835. MUSCLE WEAKNESS
836. INFECTION
837. NEUROVASCULAR INJURY
838. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
839. SPECIAL FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL SHAFT
840. SUBTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES
841. SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES
842. OPEN FEMORAL FRACTURES
843. FEMORAL FRACTURES IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC OR NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
844. FLOATING KNEE INJURIES
845. FRACTURES IN THE MULTIPLE-SYSTEM TRAUMA PATIENT
846. 26 Fractures of the Distal Femoral Physis
847. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
848. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
849. MECHANISMS OF INJURY OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
850. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
851. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
852. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
853. SPECIAL SITUATIONS OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
854. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
855. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
856. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
857. OSSIFICATION AND GROWTH
858. PHYSEAL ANATOMY
859. BONY ANATOMY
860. SOFT TISSUE ANATOMY
861. NEUROVASCULAR ANATOMY
862. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
863. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
864. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
865. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS
866. LOSS OF REDUCTION
867. NEUROVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES
868. LIGAMENTOUS INJURIES
869. KNEE STIFFNESS
870. GROWTH DISTURBANCE
871. COMPLETE PHYSEAL ARREST WITH LEG-LENGTH DISCREPANCY
872. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL FEMORAL PHYSIS
873. 27 Proximal Tibial Physeal Fractures
874. INTRODUCTION TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
875. ASSESSMENT OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
876. MECHANISMS OF INJURY OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
877. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
878. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
879. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
880. CLASSIFICATION OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
881. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
882. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
883. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
884. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
885. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
886. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
887. SUMMARY OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES
888. 28 Intra-Articular Injuries of the Knee
889. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
890. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
891. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
892. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
893. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
894. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
895. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
896. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
897. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
898. TREATMENT OPTIONS OF FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
899. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
900. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
901. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS IN FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL SPINE
902. INTRODUCTION TO PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES
903. ASSESSMENT OF PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES
904. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES
905. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT FOR PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES
906. OPERATIVE TREATMENT FOR PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES
907. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PATELLAR SLEEVE FRACTURES
908. ARTHROFIBROSIS
909. EXTENSOR LAG
910. MISSED DIAGNOSIS
911. INTRODUCTION TO OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
912. ASSESSMENT OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
913. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
914. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
915. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
916. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
917. CLASSIFICATION OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
918. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
919. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
920. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
921. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
922. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
923. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES
924. INTRODUCTION TO PATELLAR DISLOCATION
925. ASSESSMENT OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION
926. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR PATELLAR DISLOCATION
927. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH PATELLAR DISLOCATION
928. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION
929. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR PATELLAR DISLOCATION
930. CLASSIFICATION OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION
931. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR PATELLAR DISLOCATION
932. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO PATELLAR DISLOCATIONS
933. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PATELLAR DISLOCATION
934. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION
935. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION
936. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATION OF PATELLAR DISLOCATION
937. INTRODUCTION TO LIGAMENT INJURIES
938. ASSESSMENT OF LIGAMENT INJURIES
939. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR LIGAMENT INJURIES
940. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH LIGAMENT INJURIES
941. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LIGAMENT INJURIES
942. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR LIGAMENT INJURIES
943. CLASSIFICATION OF LIGAMENT INJURIES
944. 29 Fractures of the Shaft of the Tibia and Fibula
945. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
946. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
947. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
948. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
949. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
950. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY OF FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
951. BONY STRUCTURE OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
952. VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
953. NEURAL ANATOMY OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
954. FASCIAL COMPARTMENTS
955. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
956. ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
957. MECHANISM OF INJURY OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS FRACTURES
958. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
959. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
960. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
961. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
962. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
963. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS FRACTURES
964. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
965. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
966. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS FRACTURES
967. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
968. INTRODUCTION TO DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
969. ASSESSMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
970. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
971. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
972. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
973. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
974. CLASSIFICATION OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
975. OUTCOME MEASURES FOR DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
976. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
977. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
978. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
979. INTRODUCTION TO OPEN TIBIAL FRACTURES
980. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OPEN TIBIAL FRACTURES
981. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF OPEN TIBIAL FRACTURES
982. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
983. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
984. VASCULAR INJURIES
985. INFECTION
986. ANGULAR DEFORMITY
987. MALROTATION
988. LEG-LENGTH DISCREPANCY
989. NONUNION/DELAYED UNION
990. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
991. MECHANISM OF INJURY FOR DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS FRACTURES
992. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
993. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
994. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL METAPHYSIS
995. TODDLER’S FRACTURES
996. INTRODUCTION TO TODDLER’S FRACTURES
997. ASSESSMENT OF TODDLER’S FRACTURES
998. TREATMENT OF TODDLER’S FRACTURES
999. FLOATING KNEE
1000. INTRODUCTION TO FLOATING KNEE
1001. TREATMENT OF FLOATING KNEE
1002. STRESS FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
1003. INTRODUCTION TO STRESS FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
1004. ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF STRESS FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
1005. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO PEDIATRIC TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURES
1006. 30 Ankle Fractures
1007. INTRODUCTION TO ANKLE FRACTURES
1008. ASSESSMENT OF ANKLE FRACTURES
1009. CLASSIFICATIONS AND MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR ANKLE FRACTURE
1010. SYNDESMOSIS INJURIES OF THE DISTAL TIBIAL AND FIBULAR FRACTURES
1011. STRESS FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL TIBIA AND FIBULA
1012. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISTAL TIBIAL AND FIBULAR FRACTURES
1013. EVALUATION FOR OTHER INJURIES
1014. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR DISTAL TIBIAL AND FIBULAR FRACTURES
1015. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO ANKLE FRACTURES
1016. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ANKLE FRACTURES
1017. NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF ANKLE FRACTURES
1018. OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF ANKLE FRACTURES
1019. OPEN REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION (ORIF) OF ANKLE FRACTURES
1020. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS OF DISTAL TIBIAL AND FIBULAR FRACTURES
1021. DELAYED UNION AND NONUNION
1022. DEFORMITY SECONDARY TO MALUNION
1023. PHYSEAL ARREST OR GROWTH DISTURBANCE
1024. MEDIAL MALLEOLUS OVERGROWTH
1025. ARTHRITIS
1026. CHONDROLYSIS
1027. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
1028. OSTEOCHONDRAL DEFECTS
1029. SYNOSTOSIS
1030. COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
1031. SUMMARY, CONTROVERSIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS RELATED TO ANKLE FRACTURES
1032. 31 Fractures, Dislocations, and Other Injuries of the Foot
1033. INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOOT
1034. ANATOMY OF THE GROWING FOOT
1035. MECHANISMS OF INJURY AND ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOOT
1036. INTRODUCTION TO TALAR FRACTURES
1037. ASSESSMENT OF TALAR FRACTURES
1038. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR TALAR FRACTURES
1039. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH TALAR FRACTURES
1040. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF TALAR FRACTURES
1041. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR TALAR FRACTURES
1042. CLASSIFICATION OF TALAR FRACTURES
1043. FRACTURES OF THE TALAR NECK
1044. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATED TO TALAR NECK FRACTURES
1045. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FRACTURES OF THE TALAR NECK
1046. FRACTURES OF THE TALAR BODY AND DOME
1047. FRACTURES OF THE LATERAL PROCESS OF THE TALAR BODY
1048. FRACTURES OF THE OSTEOCHONDRAL SURFACE OF THE TALUS
1049. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES OF THE OSTEOCHONDRAL SURFACE OF THE TALUS
1050. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURES OF THE TALUS
1051. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO TALAR FRACTURES
1052. INTRODUCTION TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1053. ASSESSMENT OF CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1054. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1055. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1056. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1057. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1058. CLASSIFICATION OF CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1059. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1060. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1061. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO CALCANEAL FRACTURES
1062. WOUND COMPLICATIONS
1063. COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
1064. PERONEAL TENDONITIS/DISLOCATION
1065. CUBOID FRACTURES
1066. INTRODUCTION TO TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1067. ASSESSMENT OF TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1068. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1069. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1070. CLASSIFICATION OF TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1071. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1072. PATHOANATOMY AND APPLIED ANATOMY RELATING TO TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1073. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1074. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO COMPLICATIONS OF TARSOMETATARSAL INJURIES
1075. INTRODUCTION TO METATARSAL FRACTURES
1076. ASSESSMENT OF METATARSAL FRACTURES
1077. MECHANISMS OF INJURY FOR METATARSAL FRACTURES
1078. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF METATARSAL FRACTURES
1079. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH METATARSAL FRACTURES
1080. IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR METATARSAL FRACTURES
1081. CLASSIFICATION OF METATARSAL FRACTURES
1082. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR METATARSAL FRACTURES
1083. FRACTURES OF THE BASE OF THE FIFTH METATARSAL
1084. MANAGEMENT OF EXPECTED ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND UNEXPECTED COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO METATARSAL FRACTURES
1085. INTRODUCTION TO PHALANGEAL INJURIES
1086. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PHALANGEAL INJURIES
1087. NAIL BED INJURIES
1088. GREAT TOE FRACTURES
1089. LAWNMOWER AND OTHER MUTILATING INJURIES
1090. CRUSH INJURIES
1091. SESAMOID FRACTURES
1092. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
1093. PUNCTURE WOUNDS
1094. STRESS FRACTURES
1095. Index