Pediatric Musculoskeletal Physical Diagnosis: A Video-Enhanced Guide

 

Description:

Musculoskeletal complaints represent a large percentage of cases seen by pediatricians, family physicians, and other first-line clinicians who work with children and adolescents. Pediatric Musculoskeletal Physical Diagnosis: A Video-Enhanced Guide helps health care practitioners arrive at an accurate diagnosis and determine the need for a referral. Written by leaders in pediatric orthopaedics, this practical guide is a comprehensive, multimedia resource covering the physical examination and the next steps to diagnosis of disorders of the growing musculoskeletal system.

 

Table of Contents:

 

1 Common Pediatric Orthopedic Nomenclature

Nomenclature

Anatomic Descriptors

Planes of Motion

Shoulder

Elbow

Forearm

Wrist

Finger

Hip

Knee

Ankle

Foot

Imaging Nomenclature

Growing Bone

Physis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis, and Apophysis

Commonly Symptomatic Apophyses

Categories of Imaging

Common Radiographic Angles and Measurements

Spine

Pelvis

Upper Extremity

Lower Extremity

Foot and Ankle

X-ray Findings

Subluxation, Dislocation

Lytic, Blastic, Destructive, Contained/Geographic, Cystic, Ground Glass, Stippled, Onion Skinning, Periosteal Elevation, Expansile, Cortical Thinning

Callus

Dysplasia

Fracture Terminology

Fracture Patterns

Fracture Alignment

Nomenclature Related to Physical Examination

Gait

Range of Motion

Joints

Effusion and Synovial Thickening

Muscles

Surgical Nomenclature

Reduction—Definition

Closed Versus Open Reduction

Fixation Options

Procedures

Nomenclature Related to Casts, Splints, and Braces

Materials

Plaster Versus Fiberglass

Cast Definition

Upper Extremity

Lower Extremity

Spine

Splints

Brace Types

Foot/Ankle

Hip/Leg

Spine

2 Differences Between Pediatric and Adult Musculoskeletal Systems

Introduction

Anatomical Differences and Their Potential Clinical Importance

Bone

Joints

Growth Plates

Physiological Differences and Their Potential Clinical Importance

Growth and Milestones

Normal Growth Patterns for Children and Adolescents

Growth and Remodeling

Growth and the Effects of Increased BMI

Growing Pains

Conclusion

3 Pearls and Pitfalls of the Pediatric Musculoskeletal Examination

Introduction

What You Know Before Entering the Room

Who Is Who?

Language

Developmental Delay

The Uncooperative/Crying/Anxious Toddler

Chief Complaint

Clinical Strategies in the Age of Electronic Medical Records

Physical Examination

Patient Privacy

Examination Space

First Impressions

Patient Modesty

Diagnostic Tests

Discussion of Diagnosis/Prognosis

Discussion of Treatment Plan

Special Circumstances

Malignancy

Children With Chronic Conditions

Complications

Second Opinions

Difficult Parents

Conclusion

4 Observational Gait Analysis and Correlation With Static Examination

Introduction

Basics of Gait

Principles of Observational Gait Analysis

Observing Gait From the Side

Observing From the Front and Back

Specific Gait Deviations

Antalgic Gait (Video 4.3)

Trendelenburg Gait (Video 4.4)

Short Limb Gait (Video 4.5)

Gait Deviations Associated With Hip Pathology

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Video 4.6)

Ataxic Gait (Video 4.7)

Intoeing/Outtoeing

Cerebral Palsy

Crouch (Video 4.8)

“Scissor” Gait (Video 4.9)

Toddler With Hemiplegia

Stiff Knee Gait (Videos 4.4 and 4.10)

Equinus Gait

Equinovarus Foot Gait

Valgus Foot Gait

Conclusion

5 Diagnostically Directed Examination for Neurological Disorders

Introduction

Cerebral Palsy

Specific Physical Examination Findings

Neurological Examination

Hip

General Examination

Hip Abduction

Galeazzi Sign

Thomas Test and Modified Thomas Test

Craig Test to Assess Femoral Anteversion

Unique Hip Positions

Knee

General Examination

Popliteal Angle

Extensor Lag

Ely Test

Patella Alta and Patellar Stability

Foot and Ankle

General Examination

Silfverskiold Test

Planovalgus

Equinovarus

Dorsal Bunion

Hallux Valgus

Spine

Manual Flexibility

Pelvic Obliquity

Upper Extremity

Myelomeningocele

Muscular Dystrophy

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Other Conditions

Summary

6 Physical Examination for Unusual and Syndromic Conditions

Unusual Conditions

Neurofibromatosis

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis and Physical Examination Findings

Orthopedic Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Hemihypertrophy

Pathophysiology

Differential Diagnosis and Physical Examination Findings

Orthopedic Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Marfan Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis and Physical Examination Findings

Orthopedic Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Down Syndrome

Diagnosis and Physical Examination Findings

Orthopedic Manifestations

Achondroplasia

Pathophysiology

Differential Diagnosis and Physical Examination Findings

Nonorthopedic Manifestations

Orthopedic Manifestations

Diastrophic Dysplasia

Pathophysiology

Orthopedic Manifestations

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Classification System

Treatment

Nonorthopedic Manifestations

Orthopedic Manifestations

Hypophosphatemic Rickets

Pathophysiology

Physical Findings

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Introduction

Terminology

Pathophysiology

Pediatric Versus Adult CRPS

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Diagnostic Criteria

Pediatric Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests/Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Psychology

Physiotherapy

Medication

7 Diagnostically Directed Examination for Infectious, Inflammatory, and Neoplastic Conditions

Introduction

Musculoskeletal Infection Epidemiology

Osteomyelitis

Septic Arthritis

Pyomyositis

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Pathophysiology of Disease: Acute Phase Response—The Double Edge Sword in Infection

Bacterial Hijacking of the APR

Clinical Presentation of Musculoskeletal Infections

General Presentation

Presentation of Osteomyelitis Versus Septic Arthritis Versus Pyomyositis

Differential Diagnosis

Tools for Evaluation

Laboratory Tests

Radiographs

Ultrasound

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Aspiration

Treatment and Pathology Management

Antibiotic

Operative Management

Septic Arthritis

Osteomyelitis

Pyomyositis

Beyond Infection: Discerning Malignancy and Inflammatory Conditions

Malignancy Mimicry

Differentiating Inflammatory Disorders

Conclusion

8 Evaluation for Nonaccidental Trauma

Introduction

Epidemiology

The Medical Evaluation

History of Present Illness

Past Medical History

Family History

Social History

Physical Examination

Orthopedic Examination

Laboratory Testing

Imaging

Fracture Types

Common Fracture Patterns Seen in Accidental Trauma and NAT

Common Fracture Locations

Femur Fractures

Rib Fractures in Infants

Classic Metaphyseal Fractures

Transphyseal Fractures of the Distal Humerus

Sternal Fractures

Spine Fractures

Scapular Fractures

Differential Diagnosis and Confounding Medical Circumstances

Management of NAT

9 Examination of the Injured Child

Introduction

Assessment of the Multiply Injured Child

Epidemiology

Primary Survey

Secondary Survey

Tertiary Survey

Commonly Missed Injuries

Nonorthopedic System Evaluation

Orthopedic Emergencies

Open Fractures

Compartment Syndrome

Signs and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Compartment Measurements

Vascular Injury

Physical Examination

Peripheral Neurologic Injury

Upper Extremity Neurologic Examination

Motor Examination

Sensory Examination

Lower Extremity Examination

Motor Examination

Sensory Examination

Spinal Cord Injury

Motor Examination

Sensory Examination

Classification

Regional Assessment of the Traumatized Child

General Principles

Clavicle and Scapula

Proximal Humerus and Humerus Shaft

Fractures Around the Elbow

Supracondylar Humerus Fractures

Lateral Condyle Humerus Fractures

Medial Epicondyle Fractures

Radial Neck Fracture

Olecranon Fracture

Nursemaids Elbow

Forearm Fractures

Hip Dislocations and Fractures

Femoral Shaft Fractures

Fractures About the Knee

Tibial Shaft Fractures

Ankle Fractures

Foot Fractures

Pelvis Fractures

Spine Fracture

10 Evaluation of the Concussed Child/Adolescent

Introduction

Acute On-Field Evaluation

Airway

Breathing

Circulation

Disability

Exposure

Sideline Evaluation

SCAT5

Child SCAT5

King-Devick Test

In-Office Clinical Evaluation

Cognitive Screen

Cervical Screen

Visio-Vestibular Assessment

Visual Screen

Balance Assessment

Neurocognitive Testing

Exercise Tolerance Testing

Conclusion

11 Spine and Spinal Conditions

Overview

Torticollis

Physical Examination for Torticollis

Additional Testing and Treatment

Scoliosis

Clinical Features—Initial Signs and Symptoms

Physical Examination for Scoliosis

Treatment of Idiopathic Scoliosis

Congenital Scoliosis

Kyphosis

Physical Examination for Kyphosis

Additional Testing and Treatment

Back Pain/Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis

Patient Evaluation

Physical Examination for Back Pain

Additional Evaluation and Treatment

12 Foot and Ankle Deformity

Introduction

Congenital and Infantile Foot Deformities

Clubfoot

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Metatarsus Adductus

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Skewfoot

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Congenital Vertical Talus

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Calcaneal Valgus Foot

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Treatment

When to Refer

Macrodactyly

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Lesser Toe Deformities

Congenital Curly Toe

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Overriding Fifth Toe

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Polydactyly

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Syndactyly

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Bunionette Deformity

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Juvenile Hallux Valgus

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Disorders of Walking Children and Adolescents

Flexible Flatfoot

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Treatment

When to Refer

Tarsal Coalition

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Cavus and Cavovarus Feet

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

Physical History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Accessory Navicular

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

13 Leg Disorders

Introduction to Leg Deformities

Congenital Deformities of the Leg

Fibular Deficiency

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Tibial Deficiency

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Posteromedial Bowing

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Leg Deformities as a Result of Metabolic Disorders and Skeletal Dysplasia

Rickets

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Skeletal Dysplasia

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Developmental Causes of Limb Deformity

Tibia Vara

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis for Infantile Tibia Vara

Differential Diagnosis for Late-Onset Tibia Vara

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Anterolateral Bowing of the Tibia/Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Acquired Causes of Limb Deformity

Cozen Phenomenon

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Partial Growth Arrest

Introduction

Clinical Significance

Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests and Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Conclusion

14 Knee Conditions

Introduction to Pediatric Knee Conditions

Normal Knee Anatomy

Ligaments

Muscles

Examination of the Knee

Examination

Pertinent Findings in Common Knee Conditions

Congenital Knee Dislocation

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

Plica Syndrome

Osteochondritis Dissecans

Medial Meniscus Tear

Pes Anserine Bursitis

Symptomatic Bipartite Patella

Discoid Lateral Meniscus and Lateral Meniscus Tears

Sinding-Larsen Johansson Syndrome and Patellar Tendinitis

Osgood-Schlatter Syndrome and Patellar Tendon Ossicles

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear or Tibial Spine Avulsion

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Medial Collateral Ligament

Lateral Collateral Ligament and Posterolateral Corner

Patellar Instability

Pitfalls in Diagnosis of Knee Pathology

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment and When to Refer

15 Limb Alignment and Limb Length Discrepancies

Introduction to Pediatric Limb Deformity

Basic Normal Limb Development

In-toeing

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Out-toeing

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Genu Varum

Introduction

Clinical Significance/Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Genu Valgum

Introduction

Clinical Significance/Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Leg Length Discrepancy

Introduction

Clinical Significance/Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Conclusion

16 Hip Disorders

Introduction

Anatomy

History

Ability to Walk and Observational Gait Analysis

General Physical Examination of the Hip

Pathology-Specific Examination

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Diagnostic Testing and When to Refer

Perthes Disease

Diagnostic Testing and When to Refer

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Diagnostic Testing and When to Refer

Hip Pathology in the Young Athlete

Diagnostic Testing and When to Refer

17 Chest and Shoulder Deformity

Basic Bony Anatomy, Development and Function

General Physical Examination

Bony Anatomy/Surface Landmarks

Shoulder Range of Motion

Shoulder Muscle Testing (Video 17.1)

Radiographic Studies

Plain Radiographic Imaging

Computed Tomography Scan Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Disorders of the Clavicle

Congenital Pseudarthrosis of Clavicle

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Poland Syndrome

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

When to Refer

Disorders of the Scapula

Sprengel Deformity

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Scapular Winging

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Disorders of the Proximal Humerus and Glenohumeral Joint

Little League Shoulder

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Shoulder Instability

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Posttraumatic Anterior Instability

Multidirectional Instability

Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

Internal Impingement (Swimmer’s Shoulder)

Introduction

Clinical Significance and Natural History

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

When to Refer

18 Pediatric Elbow and Forearm Conditions

Introduction

General Physical Examination

Observation

Topographical Inspection by Palpation

Range of Motion

Shoulder Abduction, Elbow Extension

Shoulder External Rotation, Elbow Flexion

Elbow Flexion, Forearm Rotation

Wrist Flexion and Extension, Radial and Ulnar Deviation

Overall Stability

Neurovascular Examination

Congenital Differences

Coronoid Insufficiency

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Radial Head Dislocation

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Radioulnar Synostosis

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Transverse Deficiencies

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Ulnar Deficiencies

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Radial Deficiencies

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Arthrogryposis

Introduction

History and Physical Exam

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests or Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Traumatic Injuries

Introduction

History and Physical Exam

Tumors of the Elbow and Forearm

Introduction

Neurologic Disorders

Cubital Tunnel/Ulnar Nerve Subluxation

Introduction

History and Physical Exam

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Pronator Syndrome/Radial Tunnel Syndrome

Introduction

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Spinal Cord Injury/Myelitis

Introduction

History and Physical Exam

Treatment

Brachial Plexus Injury

Introduction

History and Physical Exam

Treatment

Spasticity/Cerebral Palsy

Introduction

History and Physical Exam

Treatment

Overuse Injuries

Little League Elbow

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests and Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Elbow Osteochondritis Dissecans

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests and Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Lateral Epicondylitis

Introduction

History and Physical Examination

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Tests and Advanced Imaging

Treatment

Conclusion

19 Hand and Wrist Problems

Introduction

The Injured Wrist

Distal Radius Fractures

Distal Radius Physeal Fractures

Scaphoid Fractures

Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries

Carpal Ligament Injuries

The Injured Hand

Metacarpal Fractures, Dislocations, and Ligament Injuries

Phalanx Fractures, Dislocations, and Ligament Injuries

Hand Soft Tissue Injuries

The Deformed Wrist

Post-Traumatic Deformity

Congenital Deformity

Developmental Deformities

Adolescent Onset Wrist Pain

The Deformed Hand

Post-Traumatic Hand Deformity

Congenital Hand Deformity

Thumb Hypoplasia

Syndactyly

Polydactyly

Symbrachydactyly/Cleft Hand

Developmental Hand Deformity

Trigger Thumb

Clinodactyly/Camptodactyly

Multiple Hereditary Exostosis Syndrome

Conclusions

Index

 

An aparitie	7 Jan. 2021
Autor	Mininder Kocher (Author), Kenneth Noonan , Kocher , Mininder , Noonan MD , Dr. Kenneth)
Dimensiuni	21.59 x 2.54 x 25.4 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781975109271
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	525