The Integrated Nervous System: A Systematic Diagnostic Case-Based Approach

 

Description:

 

This innovative textbook is modelled on problem-based learning. It bridges the gap between academic neuroanatomy and clinical neurology and effectively takes the reader from the classroom to the clinic, so that learning can be applied in practice. This second edition has been updated and expanded to include many more clinical cases within both the book and the accompanying Wweb site. This book and the associated Web site will be of practical value to all the professionals who deal with people who have neurological conditions, as well as being invaluable to medical students and residents. This includes physiatrists (rehabilitation medicine specialists), physiotherapists, occupational therapists and speech therapists, and nurses who specialize in the care of neurological patients. We think that this text will also be of value for family physicians and specialists in internal medicine and pediatrics, all of whom must differentiate between organic pathology of the nervous system and other conditions.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Section 1 The Basics of Neurological Problem Solving

Chapter 1 Synopsis of the Nervous System

1.1 Neurobasics

1.1.1 The Neuron

1.1.2 Axons (Nerve Fibers)

1.1.3 Myelin

1.1.4 Synapse and Neurotransmission

1.1.5 Neurotransmitters

1.1.6 Muscle

1.2 Nervous System Overview

1.2.1 The Periphery/PNS

1.2.2 The Spinal Cord

1.2.2.1 Sensory Aspects

1.2.2.2 Motor Aspects

1.2.2.3 Reflexes

1.2.2.4 The ANS

1.2.3 The Brainstem

1.2.4 The Reticular Formation

1.2.5 The Cerebellum

1.2.6 The Diencephalon

1.2.7 The Cerebral Hemispheres

1.2.7.1 The Basal Ganglia

1.2.7.2 The Cerebrum

1.2.7.3 Cerebral White Matter

1.2.8 The Cerebral Ventricles

1.2.9 The Limbic System

1.2.10 The Vascular Supply

Reference

Suggested Reading

Chapter 2 Neurological Examination

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Systems

2.3 The Cranial Nerves

2.3.1 CN I: Olfaction (Smell)

2.3.2 CN II: Visual System

2.3.2.1 Pupillary Light Reflex

2.3.3 Sympathetic to Pupil and Eyelids

2.3.4 CN III, IV and VI

2.3.5 CN V

2.3.6 CN VII

2.3.7 Corneal Reflex

2.3.8 CN VIII

2.3.8.1 Auditory System

2.3.8.2 Vestibular System

2.3.9 CN IX and X

2.3.9.1 Gag Reflex

2.3.10 CN XI

2.3.11 CN XII

2.4 Motor Systems

2.4.1 Motor Regulation

2.4.2 Motor System Examination

2.4.3 Pathways for Voluntary (Intentional, Purposeful) Movements

2.4.3.1 The Corticospinal Tract for Complex, Precise Movements

2.4.3.2 Pathways for Programmed (Procedural) Movements

2.4.4 Pathways for Nonvoluntary (Associated and Postural) Movements

2.4.4.1 Cortico-Bulbo-Spinal Pathways

2.4.4.2 The Vestibulospinal Tract

2.4.5 Coordination of Movement

2.4.5.1 Gait and Balance

2.5 Somatosensory Sensory Systems

2.5.1 Posterior Column Pathway: Vibration, Proprioception and Discriminative Touch

2.5.2 Spinothalamic Pathway: Pain and Temperature

2.6 Higher Mental Functions

2.6.1 Mental Status

2.6.2 Cortical Functions

2.6.2.1 Executive Functions

2.6.2.2 Attention

2.6.2.3 Language

2.6.2.4 Memory

2.6.2.5 Visuospatial

2.6.2.6 Impairment of Function

2.6.2.7 Emotions

2.7 Human Consciousness

2.8 Sleep

2.9 The Neurological Examination of Young Children

Suggested Reading

Chapter 3 Clinical Problem Solving

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Is the Problem Truly Neurological?

3.3 Sample Case

3.4 Clinical Data Extraction

3.5 Main Clinical Points

3.6 Relevant Neuroanatomy

3.7 Localization Process

3.7.A Muscle Disease

3.7.A.1 Investigations

3.7.B NMJ

3.7.B.1 Investigations

3.7.C Peripheral Nerve

3.7.C.1 Investigations

3.7.D Spinal Cord

3.7.D.1 Investigations

3.7.E Brainstem

3.7.E.1 Investigations

3.7.F Deep White Matter and Lateral Thalamus

3.7.F.1 Investigations

3.7.G Cortex

3.7.G.1 Investigations

3.7.H Centres of Integration

3.7.H.1 Cerebellum

3.7.H.2 Basal Ganglia

3.7.I Localization Shortcuts

3.8 Etiology

3.8.A Paroxysmal

3.8.A.1 Electrical

3.8.A.2 Syncope

3.8.A.3 Migraine

3.8.B Trauma

3.8.C Vascular

3.8.D Drugs and Toxins

3.8.E Infections

3.8.F Metabolic

3.8.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

3.8.H Neoplastic

3.8.H.1 Paraneoplastic

3.8.I Degenerative Diseases

3.8.J Genetic Diseases

3.9 Case Summary

3.9.1 Case Resolution

3.10 Fail Safe: Localization/etiology Checklist

3.11 Implementation

Suggested Reading

Section 2 Applying the Basics to Clinical Cases

Chapter 4 Fifi

4.1 Fifi

4.2 Clinical Data Extraction

4.3 Main Clinical Points

4.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy

4.5 Localization Process

4.5.1 Peripheral Nerves

4.6 Etiology – Fifi’s Disease Process

4.6.A Paroxysmal

4.6.B Trauma

4.6.C Vascular

4.6.D Toxic

4.6.E Infection

4.6.F Metabolic

4.6.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

4.6.H Neoplastic

4.6.I/J Degenerative/Genetic

4.7 Summary and Supplementary Information

4.7.1 Guillain–Barré Syndrome

4.7.2 Investigations

4.7.3 Treatment/Outcome

4.8 E-Cases

4.8.1 Case 4e-1: Oskar, Age 52

4.8.2 Case 4e-2: Kiyomi, Age 29

4.8.3 Case 4e-3: Felix, Age 5

4.8.4 Case 4e-4: Nasreen, Age 7

4.8.5 Case 4e-5: Antonia, Age 62

4.8.6 Case 4e-6: Caroline, Aged 51

4.9 Summary of Key Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Information

4.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Reference

Suggested Reading

Web sites

Chapter 5 Cletus

5.1 Cletus

5.2 Clinical Data Extraction

5.3 Main Clinical Points

5.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy

5.5 Localization

5.5.1 Spinal Cord Syndromes

5.5.1.1 Complete Transection of the Spinal Cord

5.5.1.2 Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome

5.5.1.3 Brown–Sequard Syndrome

5.5.1.4 Syringomyelia

5.6 Etiology – Cletus’ Disease Process

5.6.A Paroxysmal Disorders

5.6.B Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

5.6.C Vascular Injury

5.6.D Drugs and Toxins

5.6.E Spinal Cord Infection

5.6.F Metabolic Injury

5.6.G Spinal Cord Inflammation/Autoimmune

5.6.H Neoplastic Disorders

5.6.H.1 Paraneoplastic

5.6.I Degenerative Disorders

5.6.J Genetic Disorders

5.7 Case Summary

5.7.1 Case Evolution

5.8 E-cases

5.8.1 Case 5e-1: Jean-Pierre, Age 35

5.8.2 Case 5e-2: Anne, Age 18

5.8.3 Case 5e-3: Indira, age 68

5.8.4 Case 5e-4: John, Age 80

5.9 Summary of Key Anatomical Information

5.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Suggested Reading

Chapter 6 Ernesto

6.1 Ernesto

6.2 Clinical Data Extraction

6.3 Review of the Main Clinical Points

6.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy

6.4.1 Facial Nerve (CN VII)

6.4.2 Vestibulo-Cochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

6.4.2.1 Auditory Component

6.4.2.2 Vestibular Component

6.5 Localization

6.6 Etiology: Ernesto’s Disease Process

6.6.A Paroxysmal Disorder

6.6.B Traumatic Injury

6.6.C Vascular Disorder

6.6.D Toxic Injury (Including Drugs)

6.6.E Infectious Diseases

6.6.F Metabolic Diseases

6.6.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

6.6.H Neoplastic

6.6.I Degenerative Disorders

6.6.J Genetic Disorders

6.7 Case Summary and Supplementary Information

6.7.1 Evolution of the Case

6.7.2 Investigations

6.7.3 Treatment, Management and Outcome

6.7.4 Pathology

6.8 E-cases

6.8.1 Case 6e-1: Erno, Age 15

6.8.2 Case 6e-2: Esther, Age 80

6.8.3 Case 6e-3: Chrissy, Age 4

6.8.4 Case 6e-4: Brenda, Age 9

6.8.5 Case 6e-5: Alain, Age 6

6.9 Summary of Key Anatomical Information

6.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Suggested Reading

Chapter 7 Bernie

7.1 Bernie

7.2 Solving the Clinical Problem

7.3 Main Clinical Points

7.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy and Neurochemistry

7.4.1 Descending Motor Pathways

7.4.2 Basal Ganglia: The ‘Accelerator’ and the ‘Brake’

7.4.3 Cerebellum: The ‘Steering Wheel’

7.4.4 Neurotransmitters Involved in Movement Control

7.5 Localization Process

7.5.1 Descending Motor Pathways

7.5.2 Basal Ganglia Circuitry

7.5.3 Cerebellum and Its Connections

7.6 Etiology – Bernie’s Disease Process

7.6.A Paroxysmal

7.6.B Traumatic

7.6.C Vascular

7.6.D Toxic

7.6.E Infectious

7.6.F Metabolic

7.6.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

7.6.H Neoplastic

7.6.I/J Degenerative/Genetic

7.6.I/J.1 The Parkinsonian Syndrome

7.6.I/J.2 The SN

7.6.I/J.3 Other Causes of Progressive Dystonia

7.7 Summary and Supplementary Information

7.7.1 Approach to the Investigation of Patients with Parkinsonism/Dystonia

7.7.2 Bernie’s Investigations

7.7.3 Treatment/Outcome

7.8 E-cases

7.8.1 Case 7e-1: Fatima, Age 69

7.8.2 Case 7e-2: Tadeusz, Age 49

7.8.3 Case 7e-3: Kheder, Age 8

7.8.4 Case 7e-4: Deepa, Age 1

7.8.5 Case 7e-5: Maurice, Age 13

7.8.6 Case 7e-6: Mordecai, Age 18

7.9 Summary of key Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Information

7.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Reference

Suggested Reading

Web sites

Chapter 8 Etienne

8.1 Etienne

8.2 Clinical Data Extraction

8.3 Main Clinical Points

8.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy and Physiology

8.4.1 Cerebral Circulation

8.4.2 Cerebral Artery Occlusion

8.4.2.1 Carotid

8.4.2.2 Central Source Emboli

8.4.3 Cerebral Ischemia

8.4.4 MCA

8.4.5 ACA

8.4.6 PCA

8.4.7 Basilar Artery

8.5 Localization

8.5.1 Intracerebral Hemorrhage

8.6 Etiology – Etienne’s Disease Process

8.6.A Paroxysmal Disorders

8.6.B Traumatic Vascular Injury

8.6.C Vascular Disorders

8.6.D Toxic Injury

8.6.E Infection

8.6.F Metabolic Injury

8.6.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

8.6.H Neoplastic Disorders

8.6.I Degenerative Disorders

8.6.J Genetic Disorders

8.7 Case Summary

8.7.1 Case Evolution

8.8 E-Cases

8.8.1 Case 8e-1: BJ, Age 67

8.8.2 Case 8e-2: Amy, Age 72

8.8.3 Case 8e-3: Antonio, Age 78

8.8.4 Case 8e-4: John, Age 67

8.8.5 Case 8e-5: Vic, Age 8

8.9 Summary of Key Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Information

8.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Suggested Reading

Chapter 9 Cheryl

9.1 Cheryl

9.1.1 Physical Examination

9.1.2 Cranial Nerve Examination

9.1.3 Motor Examination

9.1.4 Sensory Examination

9.1.5 Fundoscopy

9.2 Clinical Data Extraction

9.3 Review of the Main Clinical Points

9.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy

9.4.1 Meninges and CSF

9.4.1.1 Cranial Meninges

9.4.1.2 Spinal Meninges

9.4.2 The Ventricular System and CSF Circulation

9.4.3 Cerebral Vasculature (Venous)

9.4.4 Visual System

9.4.4.1 Pathway

9.5 Localization Process

9.5.1 Headache

9.5.2 Papilledema

9.5.3 Enlarged Blind Spots

9.6 Etiology – Cheryl’s Disease Process

9.6.C Vascular

9.6.D Toxic

9.6.E Infectious

9.6.F Metabolic Conditions

9.6.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

9.6.H Neoplastic

9.6.I Degenerative Considerations

9.6.1 Further Considerations

9.6.1.1 Space-Occupying Lesion

9.6.1.2 CSF

9.6.2 The Acute Incident

9.6.2.A Paroxysmal

9.6.2.B Traumatic Injury

9.6.2.C Vascular Disorders

9.6.2.E Infectious (acute)

9.6.2.F Inflammatory/Autoimmune

9.7 Case Summary and Supplementary Information

9.7.1 Evolution of the Case

9.7.2 Investigations

9.7.3 Diagnosis, Management and Outcome

9.8 E-cases

9.8.1 Case 9e-1: Olga, Age 44

9.8.2 Case 9e-2: Jiri, Age 52

9.8.3 Case 9e-3: Srinivas (Srini), Age 2 days

9.8.4 Case 9e-4: Eduarda, Age 17

9.8.5 Case 9e-5: Minh, Age 14

9.9 Summary of Key Neuroanatomical Information

9.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Suggested Reading

Chapter 10 Patty

10.1 Patty

10.2 Clinical Data Extraction

10.3 Main Clinical Points

10.3.1 History

10.3.2 Physical Examination

10.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy

10.5 Localization

10.6 Etiology

10.6.1 Additional History

10.6.1.1 Etiological Considerations

10.6.C Vascular

10.6.D Drugs/Toxins

10.6.E Infectious

10.6.F Metabolic

10.6.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

10.7 Case Summary and Supplementary Information

10.7.1 Hepatic Encephalopathy

10.7.2 Laboratory Investigations

10.7.3 Treatment/Outcome

10.7.4 Basic Approach to the Localization of Brain Lesions Causing Coma

10.7.4.1 Pupillary Light Reactions

10.7.4.2 Reflex Extraocular Movements

10.7.4.3 Respiratory Pattern

10.7.4.4 Limb Movement Patterns and Reflex Postures

10.7.5 General Comments Concerning Assessment of Coma Levels

10.8 E-cases

10.8.1 Case 10e-1: Hector, Age 55

10.8.2 Case 10e-2: Hans, Age 19

10.8.3 Case 10e-3: Maggie, Age 16

10.8.4 Case 10e-4: Mona, Age 3½

10.9 Summary of Key Anatomical and Neurophysiological Information

10.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Suggested Reading

Chapter 11 Didi

11.1 Didi

11.2 Clinical Data Extraction

11.3 Main Clinical Points

11.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy

11.5 Localization

11.6 Etiology – Didi’s Disease Process

11.6.A Electrical

11.6.A.1 Disturbances in Neuronal Membrane Function

11.6.A.2 Neurophysiology of Neuronal Membranes

11.6.A.3 Synaptic Transmission

11.6.A.4 Neurotransmitters

11.6.A.5 Mechanisms of Epileptic Seizures

11.6.A.6 Types of Epileptic Seizure

11.6.D Drugs and Toxins

11.6.F Metabolic – Lack of Substrate

11.6.J Genetic Disorders

11.7 Case Summary and Supplementary Information

11.7.1 Additional Information

11.7.2 Investigations

11.7.3 Treatment/Outcome

11.8 E-cases

11.8.1 Case 11e-1: Omar, Age 23

11.8.2 Case 11e-2: Yukio, Age 6

11.8.3 Case 11e-3: Mrs. V, Age 40

11.8.4 Case 11e-4: Francesca, Age 22

11.8.5 Case 11e-5: Jason, Age 5 Months

11.8.6 Case 11e-6: Dillon, Age 2

11.9 Summary of Basic Neurophysiological Information

11.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Reference

Suggested Reading

Web sites

Chapter 12 Armand

12.1 Armand

12.2 Clinical Data Extraction

12.3 Main Clinical Points

12.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology

12.4.1 Cognitive Function

12.4.2 Implications of Dementia on Functional Status

12.4.3 Pathophysiology of Dementia

12.5 Localization

12.6 Etiology

12.6.1 Armand’s Disease Process

12.6.A Paroxysmal Disorders

12.6.B Traumatic Brain Injury

12.6.C Vascular Disorders

12.6.D Drugs and Toxins

12.6.E Infection

12.6.F Metabolic Injury

12.6.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

12.6.H Neoplastic and Paraneoplastic Disorders

12.6.I Degenerative Disorders

12.6.I.1 Alzheimer’s Disease

12.6.I.2 FTD

12.6.I.3 DLB

12.6.I.4 MSA

12.6.I.5 Subcortical Dementia

12.6.I.6 Sleep and Dementia

12.6.J Genetic Disorders

12.7 Case Summary

12.7.A Case Evolution

12.8 E-cases

12.8.1 Case 12e-1: Louise, Age 61

12.8.2 Case 12e-2: Jack, Age 86

12.8.3 Case 12e-3: Sharon, Age 82

12.8.4 Case 12e-4: George, Aged 75

12.8.5 Case 12e-5: Luc, Age 10

12.9 Summary of Key Neuroanatomical Information

12.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Reference

Suggested Reading

Chapter 13 Mickey

13.1 Mickey

13.2 Clinical Data Extraction

13.3 Main Clinical Points

13.3.1 Characterizing Mickey’s Disorder

13.4 Relevant Neuroanatomy and Neurochemistry

13.4.1 Neuroanatomical Substrates of Behaviour

13.4.1.1 Prefrontal Cortex

13.4.1.2 Basal Ganglia Circuit

13.4.1.3 Cerebellar Circuit

13.4.1.4 Limbic System

13.4.1.5 Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Diffuse Projection

13.4.2 Neurochemical Substrates of Behaviour

13.5 Localization Process

13.6 Etiology – The Nature of Mickey’s Disorder

13.6.A Paroxysmal

13.6.B Traumatic

13.6.C Vascular

13.6.D Toxic

13.6.E Infectious

13.6.F Metabolic

13.6.G Inflammatory/Autoimmune

13.6.H/I Neoplastic/Degenerative

13.6.J Genetic

13.6.J.1 Genetic Neurobehavioral Disorders

13.7 Summary and Supplementary Information

13.7.1 Additional Information

13.7.2 Investigating and Treating Mickey’s Disorder

13.8 E-cases

13.8.1 Case 13e-1: Chunhua, Age 15

13.8.2 Case 13e-2: Ariyan, Age 13

13.8.3 Case 13e-3: Kevin, Age 12

13.8.4 Case 13e-4: Eddie, Age 14

13.8.5 Case 13e-5: Dan, Age 22

13.8.6 Case 13e-6: Naomi, Age 18

13.9 Summary of Key Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Information

13.10 Chapter-Related Questions

Reference

Suggested Reading

Web sites

Section 3 Supplementary Considerations: Rehabilitation and Ethics

Chapter 14 Neurorehabilitation

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Team

14.3 Specific Conditions

14.3.1 Brain Injury

14.3.2 Spinal Cord Injury

14.3.3 Stroke

14.3.4 Pediatrics

14.4 Conclusion

References

Suggested Reading

Web Sites

Chapter 15 Ethics and Neurology

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Case Study, Part A

15.2.1 Questions to Be Considered

15.2.2 Discussion

15.3 Case Study, Part B

15.3.1 Questions to be Considered

15.3.2 Discussion

15.4 Case Study, Part C

15.4.1 Questions to Be Considered

15.4.2 Discussion

15.5 Case Study, Part D

15.5.1 Questions to Be Considered

15.5.2 Discussion

15.6 Case Study, Part E

15.6.1 Questions to Be Considered

15.6.2 Discussion

15.7 Summary

References

Suggested Reading

Web Sites

Glossary

Annotated Bibliography

Answers to Chapter Questions

Index

Read Less

 

An aparitie	8 Sept. 2017
Autor	Walter J. Hendelman, Peter Humphreys, Christopher R. Skinner
Dimensiuni	216 x 277 x 10 mm
Editura	CRC Press
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781466595934
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	362