Smell and Taste Disorders

 

Description:

Loss of the sense of smell or taste is often a sign of neurological disease. Evaluating chemosensation (the senses of smell and taste) during neurological examination can help early detection of neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The importance of such testing is now receiving increasingly high profile in the medical curriculum. In this book, olfactory conditions are completely updated and the sense of taste is now included in similar detail. It is written by experts in the field, covering anatomy and physiology of human olfaction and taste, how they can be measured and their relevance to a wide range of major disorders such as diabetes, kidney disease, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The 'Olfactory Vector Hypothesis' that suggests a neuropathogen may enter the nose en route to the brain is evaluated in detail. This introduction to smell and taste disorders is an essential guide for neurologists, neurosurgeons, otolaryngologists, medical trainees, and chemosensory scientists.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology of Olfaction

Introduction

Nasal Cavity

Sniffing.

Nasal Turbinates.

Innervation of the Nasal Cavity.

Vomeronasal Organ (VNO) and Nervus Terminalis.

Vascular Supply.

Lymphatic Drainage.

Olfactory Transduction

Olfactory Receptor Gene Superfamily.

Olfactory Bulbs

Regeneration of Olfactory Bulb Interneurons.

Olfactory Bulb Pharmacology

Dopaminergic Neurons.

Nitric Oxide

Central Connections

Primary Olfactory Cortex

Anterior Olfactory Nucleus (AON).

Piriform Cortex.

Entorhinal Cortex (EC).

Amygdala.

Secondary Olfactory Cortex

Insular Cortex.

Orbitofrontal Cortex.

Other Central Structures Involved in Odor Processing

Dorsomedial Thalamic Nucleus (DMTN).

Ventrolateral Thalamic Nucleus.

Cerebellum.

Factors That Influence Normal Function

Congenital Anosmia.

Specific Anosmia.

Blind Smell.

Age.

Cigarette Smoking.

Pollution.

Demography.

Summary

References

Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology of Gustation

Introduction

Anatomy and Distribution of Taste Buds

Saliva.

Growth Factors.

Taste Receptors and Peripheral Neural Coding

Coding of Taste Quality.

Transduction in Taste Buds

Central Nervous System Taste Structures

Central Innervation

Brainstem and Thalamus

Insular Cortex.

Orbitofrontal Cortex and Taste

Factors That Influence Taste in Normal People

Specific Ageusia

Conditioned Taste Aversions

Age

Taste in the Fetus and Premature Infants.

Taste in Children.

Taste in Adults.

Gender

Cigarette Smoking

Summary

References

Chapter 3 Measurement of Olfaction

Olfactory Testing

Basic Considerations

Types of Olfactory Tests

Psychophysical Tests

Electrophysiological Tests

Psychophysiological Tests

Psychophysical Tests

Odor Identification Tests.

Odor Discrimination Tests.

Odor Threshold Tests.

Odor Memory Tests.

Suprathreshold Rating and Scaling Procedures.

Electrophysiological Tests

The Electro-olfactogram.

Olfactory Evoked and Event-Related Potentials.

Non-Phase-Locked EEG Responses.

Psychophysiological Tests

The Sniff Magnitude Test (SMT)

Nasal Airway Patency and Airflow Measurement

Acoustic Rhinometry

Rhinomanometry

Imaging of Olfactory Structures

Computerized Axial Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional Imaging

Positron Emission Tomography

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT)

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Other Measures

Ciliary Motility Tests

Saccharin Transport Time.

Ciliary Beat Frequency.

The Electronic Nose (E-Nose)

Summary

References

Chapter 4 Measurement of Gustation

Introduction

Chemical Taste Testing

Basic Considerations

Threshold Testing

Chemical Threshold Tests

The Method of Constant Stimuli.

Method of Limits and Staircase Procedures.

Taste Sorting Procedure.

Procedural Issues

1. Amount and Nature of Saliva in the Mouth.

2. Taste Solutions That Are Weaker than the Adapting Solution.

3. Water Temperature and Threshold.

4. Effect of Psychophysical Paradigms.

5. Tongue Region Stimulated.

Normative Whole-Mouth Threshold Test Data

Influence of Taste Sensitivity on Food Acceptance

Suprathreshold Testing

Whole-Mouth Taste Identification and Attribute Rating Tests

Influences of Metabolic Processes on Taste Preferences

Regional Taste Identification and Attribute Rating Tests

Normative Data for Regional Taste Testing

Electrogustometry

Basic Considerations

Electrogustometric Threshold Testing

Normative Data for Electrogustometric Thresholds

EGM Suprathreshold Testing

Gustatory Event-Related Potentials (GEPs)

Imaging Studies

Location of the Secondary Taste Center.

Early Primate Electrophysiological and Human Functional Imaging Studies

Influences of Expectation, Motivation, or Bodily Need on Cortical Taste-Related Activity

Many Brain Regions Become Activated During Tasting

Electrical Stimulation of Lingual Taste Afferents Activate the Same Regions as Chemical Stimuli

Water Alone Activates the Same Brain Regions as Tastants

Applications of Functional Imaging in Assessing Taste Dysfunction

Practical Applications

Summary

References

Chapter 5 Non-neurodegenerative Disorders of Olfaction

Classification of Types of Olfactory Disorders

Anosmia

Agnosia

Hyposmia

Hyperosmia

Dysosmia

Conditions Affecting Olfactory Function

Nasal Disease

Upper Respiratory System Viral Infections.

Upper Respiratory System Bacterial Infections.

Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease).

Granulomatous Disease.

Head Trauma

Mechanism.

Investigations.

Prognosis.

Superficial Siderosis of the Central Nervous System.

Tumors

Disordered Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

Classic Hydrocephalus.

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH).

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH; Pseudotumor Cerebri; Benign Intracranial Hypertension).

Radiotherapy

Psychiatric Disorders

Korsakoff Psychosis (KS).

Schizophrenia.

Depression-Related Disorders.

Olfactory Reference Syndrome (ORS).

Endocrine Disorders and Pregnancy

Diabetes.

Hypothyroidism.

Turner’s Syndrome (TS).

Addison’s Disease (Adrenocortical Insufficiency).

Kallmann Syndrome (KS).

Pseudohypoparathyroidism.

Pregnancy.

Menopause.

Metabolic Disorders

Wilson’s Disease (WD)

Liver Disease.

Kidney Disease.

Epilepsy

Olfactory Hallucinations (OHs)

Migraine

Immune-Related Diseases

Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO, Devic’s Disease).

Myasthenia Gravis.

Sjögren’s Syndrome.

Narcolepsy and Cataplexy.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

CADASIL

Paraneoplastic Disorders.

Miscellaneous Immune Disorders.

Multiple Chemical Hypersensitivity (MCS)

Exposure to High Levels of Air Pollution

Work-Place Exposures to Industrial Toxic Chemicals

Toxic Metals.

Chemicals Involved in Manufacturing.

Solvents.

Medication

Rare Genetically Determined Disorders of Olfaction

Bardet–Biedl Syndrome (BBS)

Kartagener Syndrome

DiGeorge Syndrome

Refsum’s Disease.

Wolfram Syndrome.

References

Chapter 6 Non-neurodegenerative Disorders of Gustation

Classification of Types of Gustatory Disorders

Ageusia.

Hypogeusia.

Hypergeusia

Dysgeusia

Peripheral Taste Disorders

Infections: Viral

Infections: Bacterial and Fungal

Neuropathies

Neoplasia

Surgery and Trauma

Allergic or Allergic-like Reactions

Central Taste Disorder

Brain Stem Lesions

Thalamic and Cortical Lesions

Traumatic Brain Injury

Epilepsy

Migraine

Immune-Related Diseases

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Myasthenia Gravis

Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS)

Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases

Diabetes

Thyroid Disease

Renal Disease

Liver Disease

Addison’s Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)

Hypertension

Turner’s Syndrome (TS)

Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies

Medication-related Taste Disturbances

Antimicrobials

Chemotherapeutic Agents

Cardiovascular Medications

Psychoactive Drugs

Miscellaneous Agents (See Table 6.2)

Summary

References

Chapter 7 Neurodegenerative Chemosensory Disorders

Olfactory Disorders

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

Pathology.

Pathology of the Olfactory System.

Transgenic Mouse Models.

Clinical Studies of Olfaction in Alzheimer’s Disease

Predictive Studies.

Studies During Established Phase of AD.

Olfactory Event-Related Potentials.

Other Varieties of Dementia

Case Report 7.1: Early Probable AD.

Down Syndrome

Fragile X Syndrome

Parkinson’s Disease

Pathological Studies of the Olfactory System

Olfactory Neuroepithelium.

Olfactory Bulb and Anterior Olfactory Nucleus (AON)

Conclusions.

Braak Staging and Central olfactory changes

Clinical Evidence for Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

Selective Anosmia in Sporadic PD?

Olfactory Hallucinations in PD.

Case Report 7.2: PD with Longstanding Prior Anosmia.

Case Report 7.3: Anosmia and Ageusia with Unclear Diagnosis.

Smoking and Classic Parkinson’s Disease.

Summary.

Familial and Prodromal Parkinson’s Disease

Olfaction and Familial Parkinson’s Disease

PARK 1 and PARK 4.

PARK 2 (Parkin Disease).

PARK 3 and PARK 5.

PARK 6.

PARK 7.

PARK 8.

PARK 9 (Kufor-Rakeb syndrome).

PARK 10–13.

PARK 14.

PARK 15.

PARK 17.

Gaucher-Variant Parkinsonism.

POLG 1.

Olfaction and Presymptomatic Parkinson’s Disease

Pre-Symptomatic Period.

Case Report 7.4. Akinetic-Rigid Classic PD with Prominent Pre-motor Features.

Non-motor Correlations

Parkinsonism

Lewy Body Disease (LBD)

Incidental Lewy bodies (ILB).

Dementia Associated with Parkinson Disease.

Case Report 7.5: Dementia with Lewy Bodies?

Case Report 7.6: Parkinson Disease Dementia.

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)

Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS)

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)

Vascular Parkinsonism (VP)

Case Report 7.7: Probable Parkinson Disease with a Vascular Component.

Drug-Induced PD (DIPD)

Guam PD–Dementia Complex (PDC)

Dystonia

X-Linked Recessive Dystonia–Parkinsonism (see Table 7.3).

DYT25.

Wilson’s Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)

Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF)

Essential Tremor

Case Report 7.8: Benign Tremulous PD with Positive Family History.

Inherited Cerebellar ataxias

Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA).

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2) and Machado-Joseph Syndrome (SCA3).

Motor Neuron Disease (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

Huntington’s Disease (HD)

Prion-Related Disease

Diagnostic Implications of Smell Disorders for Neurodegenerative Disease

The Olfactory Vector Hypothesis

Environmental Agents Known to Be Transported into the Brain through the Nose.

Environmental versus Genetic Determinants.

Primacy of Olfactory Involvement.

Nasal Metabolism of Xenobiotics.

Summary

Gustatory Disorders

Taste Disorder in Dementia

Taste Disorder in Classic Parkinson Disease

Conclusion.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Motor Neuron Disease)

Facial Onset Sensori-Motor Neuropathy (FOSMN).

Other “Neurodegenerative” Conditions

Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD).

Stüve-Wiedemann Syndrome or Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome Type 2.

Familial Dysautonomia (FD; also called Riley-Day Syndrome, Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type 3).

Conclusion.

References

Chapter 8 Assessment, Treatment, and Medicolegal Aspects of Chemosensory Disorders

General Assessment

Olfaction

History and Investigation.

Treatment of Olfactory Disorders.

Hyperosmia.

Gustation

History and Investigation.

Treatment.

Medicolegal Aspects of Chemosensory Disorders

Malingering

Detection of Malingering and Patients with Non-organic Psychiatric Disorders

Non-psychological Procedures.

Case Report 8.6: A 57-Year-Old Housewife with Smell and Taste Impairment Related to Fungal Sinus Infection.

General Advice and Vocational Issues

Olfaction.

Gustation.

References

Index

 

An aparitie	31 Jan. 2018
Autor	Christopher H Hawkes
Dimensiuni	15.49 x 2.03 x 23.37 cm
Editura	Cambridge University Press
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9780521130622
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	444