Reading EEGs: A Practical Approach

 

Description:

Focusing on stepwise development of concepts, pattern recognition and integration with clinical practice, Reading EEGs: A Practical Approach, 2nd Edition, is an easy-to-use, readable guide to learning EEG for neurology residents, clinical neurophysiology fellows, and electroneurodiagnostic students and technologists. The emphasis on waveform recognition enables readers to interpret EEG findings accurately and place them in clinical context.  The new landscape format accommodates larger high-quality images for improved study, and the distinctive question-and-answer format is highly effective for review at all levels of training.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Chapter 1: Basic Neuroscience of EEG

DISCOVERY OF CEREBRAL POTENTIALS AND DEVELOPMENT OF EEG

Electricity in the Brain

The Age of the Electricians

Galvani, Ampere, Kelvin, and the Galvanometer

Caton, Berger, and the Discovery of EEG

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY

Electricity Is the Movement of Charged Particles

Neurotransmitter Receptors and Channels

SOURCES OF EEG POTENTIALS

How Do Neuronal Currents in the Brain Generate EEG Signals at Scalp Electrodes?

THE NEOCORTEX IS ORGANIZED INTO LAYERS AND COLUMNS

BRAIN RHYTHMS

Neuronal Circuits Underlying Brain Rhythms

Rhythms and Networks

SOURCE OF THE ALPHA RHYTHM

Chapter 2: Electronics of EEG

FILTERS, AMPLIFIERS, AND ELECTRODES

AC Circuits and Capacitive Reactance

Electrical “RC” Filters

“Notch” Filters

Quantifying Filter Behavior

Differential Amplifiers

Amplifier Sensitivity

Filter Effects on Amplifier Output

Signal Attenuation and Bode Plots

Filter Settings

Measuring the Cutoff Frequency from the Calibration Signal

High-Frequency Filters

Phase Shift

Filtering with Digital Signal Processing

How Do Filters Affect the EEG Waveforms?

“Paper Speed” and Temporal Resolution

DIGITAL RECORDING

Digitizing the Voltage Signal

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Sampling Rates and the Nyquist Theorem

Aliasing—When One Frequency Pretends to be Another

RECORDING THE EEG

Chapter 3: Recording the EEG

ELECTRODES AND THEIR APPLICATION

Scalp EEG Electrodes

Electrode Placement: The 10-20 System

ORGANIZING AND VIEWING EEG ACTIVITY: THE MONTAGE

Referential Montages

Other Referential Montages

Bipolar Montages

Localizing Potentials Using Phase Reversal

End-of-Chain Issues

Standard Bipolar Montages

The Involved Reference Electrode

RECORDING REQUIREMENTS AND SAFETY

Technical Requirements for EEG Recordings

Electric Safety

READING THE EEG

Chapter 4: Approaching the EEG: An Introduction to Visual Analysis

THE APPROACH TO READING

VISUAL ANALYSIS OF EEG WAVEFORMS

Frequency

Amplitude

Distribution or Location

Symmetry

Synchrony

Reactivity

Morphology

Rhythmicity

Regulation

DESCRIBING EEG ACTIVITY

EVOLUTION

WAVEFORM ORIGIN

Chapter 5: Artifacts and Noise

ELECTRODE-RELATED NOISE

Electrode “Pops”

Salt Bridges

High Impedance

Photoelectric Response

NONCEREBRAL BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS (ARTIFACTS)

Electrocardiogram

Pulse Artifact

Eye Movements

Blinking

Tongue Movement (Glossokinetic Artifact)

Muscle Artifact

Chewing

Sweating

ELECTRIC AND DEVICE ARTIFACT

AC Power Supply Artifact

Patient Care Devices

Respirator Artifact

Internal Patient Devices

MOVEMENT AND PHYSICAL ARTIFACTS

Head and Patient Movement

Tremor

Shivering Artifact

Artifacts in Infants: Patting, Rocking, Sucking, and Sobbing

External Physical Artifacts

Chapter 6: The Normal Adult EEG

NORMAL WAKEFULNESS: THE POSTERIOR DOMINANT RHYTHM

PDR Frequency Changes in Childhood

PDR Amplitude, Synchrony, and Symmetry

Slow Alpha vs Slow Alpha Variant

Mu Rhythm

Lambda Waves

Origin of the PDR

DROWSINESS AND SLEEP

Hypnagogic Hypersynchrony

Stage 2 Sleep

Slow-Wave Sleep and REM Sleep

Positive Occipital Sharp Transients of Sleep

Arousal Patterns

ACTIVATING PROCEDURES

Mental Alerting

Hyperventilation

Sleep

Eye Opening and Closure

Photic Stimulation

Photoparoxysmal Response

Painful Stimulation

INTERPRETATION AND WRITING THE REPORT

Biases and the Patient History

An Approach to Writing the Report

Chapter 7: Normal EEG in the Newborn, Infant, and Adolescent

NEONATAL EEG RECORDING

DIFFERENTIATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS STATES

ONTOGENY OF THE NORMAL EEG

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE AND ASSOCIATED EEG PATTERNS

Infancy

Childhood

Adolescence

BACKGROUND ABNORMALITIES IN THE NEONATE

BACKGROUND ABNORMALITIES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Chapter 8: Focal and Generalized Rhythm Abnormalities

ASYMMETRY

ASYNCHRONY

FAST ACTIVITY

Normal Fast Activity

Sleep Spindles

EXCESSIVE BETA ACTIVITY

Drugs

Intracranial Lesions

Encephalopathy

Breach Rhythm

Generalized Paroxysmal Fast Activity

Attenuation of Beta Activity

SLOW WAVES

Normal Slowing

Temporal Delta in the Elderly

Rhythmic Midtemporal Theta of Drowsiness

Sleep-Related Slowing

Delta Sleep

Hyperventilation

ABNORMAL SLOWING

Generalized Slowing

Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity

Hyperventilation

Triphasic Waves

FOCAL SLOWING—SPORADIC/ARRHYTHMIC

Focal Intermittent Polymorphic Delta Activity

Persistent (Continuous) Polymorphic Delta Activity

Temporal Lobe Delta Activity

BURST SUPPRESSION

COMA

Alpha Coma

Spindle Coma

Beta Coma

Delta Theta Coma

Chapter 9: Epileptiform Activity, Seizures, and Epilepsy Syndromes

EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY IN NORMAL EEGS (BENIGN VARIANTS)

Vertex Sharp Waves in Children

Sharp Transients in Neonates

Lambda Waves

POSTS and BETS in Sleep

Wicket Spikes

14- and 6-Hz Positive Bursts and 6-Hz (Phantom) Spike-and-Wave

GENERAL CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF IDENTIFICATION OF IEA

Defining the Epilepsy Syndrome

Specificity of IEA in Diagnosis of Epilepsy

Prognosis of Epilepsy Based on EEG

EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY AND SEIZURES IN SPECIFIC EPILEPSY SYNDROMES

Absence Epilepsy (Childhood and Juvenile)

Benign Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes

Benign Occipital Epilepsy

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy With Hypsarrhythmia: West Syndrome

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

Frontal Lobe Epilepsy

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Parietal Lobe Epilepsy

Occipital Lobe Epilepsy

PERIODIC EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY

Periodic Lateralized Discharges

Generalized Periodic Epileptiform Discharges

Stimulus-Induced Rhythmic, Periodic, or Ictal Discharges

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Herpes

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

DETECTION OF SPIKES AND SEIZURES

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 10: Pathophysiology of Epileptiform Activity

ANATOMICAL SUBSTRATES OF FOCAL EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY AND SEIZURES

Pathophysiology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Pathophysiology of Focal Interictal Spike-and-Wave Discharges

Relationship of Spikes and Rhythmic Slowing

Rhythmic or Periodic Spike-and-Wave Discharges

Repetitive Focal Spikes and Seizures

Interictal to Ictal Transition

Seizure Termination

Single-Unit Recordings

Microelectrode Array Recordings: Microdischarges and Microseizures

High-Frequency Oscillations

CIRCUITS AND RHYTHMS OF GENERALIZED EPILEPSIES

Absence Epilepsy and the Thalamocortical Circuit

Myoclonus and Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Polyspikes and Generalized Paroxysmal Fast Activity

Chapter 11: Status Epilepticus EEG Patterns in Adults

THE PLAYERS AND THE SCRIPT

THE BORDERLAND OF SEIZURES: PERIODIC DISCHARGES

EEG CHARACTERISTICS OF NCSE AND PERIODIC DISCHARGES

SEIZURES WITHOUT SPIKES

SEIZURE MIMICS

PROLONGED EEG MONITORING IN THE ICU SETTING

SUMMARY

Chapter 12: Neonatal and Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes

NEONATAL SEIZURES

DIAGNOSIS OF SEIZURES

NEONATAL SEIZURE SEMIOLOGIES

Subtle Seizures

Clonic Seizures

Tonic Seizures

Myoclonic Seizures

NEONATAL STATUS EPILEPTICUS

NEONATAL AND CHILDHOOD EPILEPSY SYNDROMES WITH BENIGN PROGNOSIS

Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures

Benign Idiopathic Neonatal Convulsions (5th Day Fits)

Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus

Benign Myoclonus of Early Infancy

Febrile Seizures

CHILDHOOD SYNDROMES WITH ADVERSE PROGNOSIS

Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy

Infantile Spasms

Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy (Dravet Syndrome)

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

FOCAL SEIZURES: LOCALIZATION-RELATED EPILEPSIES

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Benign Focal Epilepsies

Landau Kleffner Syndrome

GENERALIZED EPILEPSIES

Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Absence Seizures

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies

EEG in Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies

Treatment of PME

CHILDHOOD STATUS EPILEPTICUS

Epilepsia Partialis Continua

Rasmussen Encephalitis

Chapter 13: Video-EEG Monitoring and Epilepsy Surgery

THE EPILEPSY MONITORING UNIT

Cameras and EEG Equipment in Epilepsy Monitoring Unit

Personnel/Setup

Safety in the EMU

Electrodes

EMU Evaluation

CLASSIFICATION OF SEIZURE TYPES

Clinical Seizure Semiology

Interictal Electrographic Patterns

Ictal Electrographic Patterns

NONEPILEPTIC SPELLS

Physiologic Nonepileptic Spells

Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

STRUCTURAL BRAIN IMAGING FOR PRESURGICAL EVALUATION

FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING FOR PRESURGICAL EVALUATION

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Positron Emission Tomography

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION

INTRACAROTID AMOBARBITAL PROCEDURE

TYPES OF EPILEPSY SURGERY

OUTCOMES OF EPILEPSY SURGERY

Seizure Outcomes

Quality of Life Outcomes

EVALUATING A SURGICAL CANDIDATE

The Decision for Surgery

Chapter 14: Seizure Semiology: Signs of the Seizure

SEIZURE SEMIOLOGY

SEIZURE TYPES

Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Absence Seizures

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy

Tonic Seizures

Atonic Seizures

Epileptic (Infantile) Spasms

FOCAL SEIZURES—LOCALIZATION-RELATED EPILEPSY

Focal Seizures Without Loss of Awareness

FOCAL SEIZURES WITH LOSS OF AWARENESS

Benign Childhood Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Frontal Lobe Epilepsy

Occipital Lobe Epilepsy

Parietal Lobe Epilepsy

Gelastic Seizures

NONEPILEPTIC EVENTS (“PSEUDOSEIZURES”)

Chapter 15: Subdural Electrode Corticography

STANDARD (SCALP) EEG

INVASIVE EEG

INDICATIONS

SUBDURAL INTRACRANIAL EPILEPSY MONITORING

Advantages

Disadvantages

CLINICAL USE

INTERPRETATION

INTRAOPERATIVE SUBDURAL CORTICOGRAPHY

Neuroanesthesia

Evoked Potentials

Electrocorticography

FUNCTIONAL BRAIN MAPPING

SUMMARY

Chapter 16: Stereotactic Electroencephalography in Epilepsy

INDICATIONS FOR INTRACRANIAL MONITORING

SEEG vs SUBDURAL ELECTRODES

SEEG IMPLANTATION

CASE STUDY

SUMMARY

Chapter 17: EEG in Specific Disease States

PAROXYSMAL DISORDERS

Syncope

Migraine

Transient Global Amnesia

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES

Stroke

Carotid Endarterectomy

Intracranial Hemorrhage

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

INFECTIONS AND POSTINFECTIOUS SYNDROMES

Encephalitis

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

Sydenham Chorea

DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

Dementia

Huntington Disease

Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

MASS LESIONS

Brain Tumors

Brain Abscesses

Tuberous Sclerosis

Pseudotumor Cerebri

METABOLIC DISORDERS

Renal Insufficiency

Thyroid Disorders

Electrolyte Abnormalities

Hypo- and Hyperglycemia

Hepatolenticular Degeneration (Wilson Disease)

HEAD TRAUMA

Chapter 18: Introduction to Sleep and Polysomnography

OVERVIEW OF SLEEP STAGES AND CYCLES

SLEEP ARCHITECTURE DEFINITIONS

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC TERMINOLOGY AND MONITORING

EYE MOVEMENT RECORDING

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC RECORDING

SLEEP STAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Stage Wake

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage REM

Arousals

ADVANCED SLEEP STAGING RULES

Atypical Sleep Patterns

Sleep Staging in Infants and Children

RESPIRATORY MONITORING

ADULT RESPIRATORY DEFINITIONS

PEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY DEFINITIONS

LEG MOVEMENT MONITORING

POLYSOMNOGRAPHY, BIOCALIBRATIONS, AND TECHNICAL ISSUES

Chapter 19: Evoked Potentials and Intraoperative Monitoring

INTRODUCTION

BASIC PRINCIPLES

Evoked Potential Generation

Averaged Evoked Potentials

Unaveraged Evoked Potentials

General Methods

STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Diagnostic Testing

Intraoperative Monitoring

VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS

Diagnostic VEP Testing

Intraoperative VEPs

BRAINSTEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS

Diagnostic BAEP Testing

Intraoperative BAEPs

SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS

Diagnostic SEP Testing

Intraoperative SEPs

MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS

Diagnostic MEP Testing

Intraoperative MEPs

CONCLUSION

Chapter 20: New Frontiers in EEG: High and Low Frequencies, High-Density EEG, Digital Analysis, and Magnetoencephalography

ATYPICAL FREQUENCY BANDS

Low-Frequency/Infraslow Activity

High-Frequency Oscillations

DIGITAL EEG SIGNAL ANALYSIS

Signal Analysis

HIGH-DENSITY EEG RECORDING

Background

Technical Concerns

Theoretical Concerns

Applications

MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY

Biophysics of MEG

MEG Data Analysis

Applications

Chapter 21: Genetics of EEG and Epilepsy

INTRODUCTION

MECHANISMS OF GENETIC EPILEPSIES

GENETICS IN EPILEPSY AND SEIZURE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

EPILEPSY POPULATION GENETICS

Febrile Seizures

SYSTEMATIC APPROACHES TO EPILEPSY GENE IDENTIFICATION

GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPSY, AND WHERE TO FIND THEM: A GENETIC BESTIARY

Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels

Benign Familial Neonatal Epilepsy

Additional K+ Genes

Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels

Absence Epilepsy

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

NMDA Receptors

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy

GABAA Receptors

Angelman Syndrome

NONION CHANNEL MUTATIONS AND ASSOCIATED DEVELOPMENTAL/EPILEPSY SYNDROMES

Genes Associated With Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies

Genes Associated With Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Benign Familial Infantile Seizures

Rett Syndrome

Tuberous Sclerosis

Benign Rolandic Epilepsy

GLUT1 Deficiency

Familial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy

GENETICS OF MEDICATION RESPONSE

GENETICS OF SUDEP

APPROACHES TO GENETIC TESTING

GENETIC COUNSELING FOR EPILEPSY

Chapter 22: Seizure Detection and Advanced Monitoring Techniques

EPILEPSY: A DYNAMIC PROCESS

SEIZURE DETECTION

UNIVARIATE TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

Short-Term Fourier Transform

Discrete Wavelet Transforms

Statistical Moments

Recurrence Time Statistics

Lyapunov Exponent

MULTIVARIATE MEASURES

Simple Synchronization Measure

Lag Synchronization

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

CORRELATION STRUCTURE

SELF-ORGANIZING MAP

SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

CONCLUSION

Chapter 23: Nonepileptic Events

INTRODUCTION

BEHAVIORAL NONEPILEPTIC EVENTS

Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

Malingering and Factitious Disorders

Nonepileptic Staring

Panic and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders

PHYSIOLOGIC NONEPILEPTIC EVENTS

Syncope

Elevated Intracranial Pressure

Paroxysmal Events in Critically Ill Patients

Delirium

Metabolic Derangements

Intoxication

Migraine

Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Sleep-Related Nonepileptic Events

Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Breath-Holding

Chapter 24: EEG Interrater Reliability

INTRODUCTION

ASSESSMENT OF INTERRATER AGREEMENT (OR VARIABILITY)

SPECIFIC EEG ISSUES IN INTERRATER VARIABILITY

Nonepileptic vs Epileptic Events

Nonparoxysmal Activity

Periodic Patterns

Nonconvulsive Seizures

Seizure Activity

CONCLUSIONS

Appendix A: Drug Effects on the EEG Background

Appendixc B: Properties of EEG Activities and Waveforms

Index

 

An aparitie	25 July 2020
Autor	L. John Greenfield , Paul R. Carney , James D. Geyer
Dimensiuni	15.27 x 22.86 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781975121198
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	456