Medicine at a Glance

Medicine at a Glance

The market‐leading at a Glance series is popular among healthcare students and newly qualified practitioners for its concise and simple approach and excellent illustrations.

Each bite‐sized chapter is covered in a double‐page spread with clear, easy‐to‐follow diagrams, supported by succinct explanatory text.

Covering a wide range of topics, books in the at a Glance series are ideal as introductory texts for teaching, learning and revision, and are useful throughout university and beyond.

Everything you need to know about Medicine… at a Glance!

Discover a fully updated and comprehensive revision guide for the core medical curriculum

In the newly revised Fifth Edition of Medicine at a Glance, expert general physicians and cardiologists, Dr Patrick Davey and Dr Alex Pitcher, deliver a fully updated and comprehensive overview of the core medical curriculum. All topics are presented in an intuitive, double-page spread style with four-colour illustrations included to aid in learning and retention. The book is an essential tool for medical students revising for exams and an excellent reference for those on clinical attachments.

The Fifth Edition includes expanded coverage of COVID, neurology, fluid management, and medical emergencies. As the perfect practical companion for medical students for on-the-go study and review, Medicine at a Glance offers access to a companion website and a bundled “Core Cases” book.

Every bite-sized chapter is supported by clear, easy-to-follow diagrams and succinct explanatory text. The book also offers:

• A thorough introduction to the practice of medicine generally and how to be a medical student, including discussions of patient confidentiality and consent, patient relationships, complaint history, medical history, and the principles of examination
• Comprehensive explorations of clinical presentations at a glance, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, renal medicine, and more
• Practical discussions of diseases and treatments at a glance, including endocrinology, infectious disease, haematology, and more
• In-depth examinations of miscellaneous medical issues, including fluid replacement therapy, psychiatric disorders, and substance misuse

Perfect for medical students, Foundation Programme Doctors, and Physician Associates, Medicine at a Glance is also an indispensable resource for anyone training in the allied health professions seeking a fully updated and comprehensive clinical medicine revision guide.

Table of Contents:

1. How to use your revision guide
2. About the companion website
3. Part 1: Introduction
4. 1 How to be a medical student
5. Good doctors
6. Hippocratic oath and the modern perspective
7. Healthcare systems
8. How to learn
9. How to behave on the wards
10. 2 Patient confidentiality
11. The duty to maintain confidentiality
12. Consent to disclose confidential information
13. Breaches of confidentiality
14. Confidentiality, privacy and data protection
15. 3 Consent
16. Mental capacity and consent
17. Consent and children
18. 4 Relationship with the patient
19. Sequence of the consultation
20. Privacy
21. Language
22. Relatives, friends and chaperones
23. Hand washing and hospital‐acquired infection
24. 5 History of presenting complaint
25. Let the patient talk
26. More specific questioning
27. Premorbid functional status
28. Patients’ understanding of their illness
29. Focus on the main problems
30. Summarize your findings
31. 6 Past medical history, drugs and allergies
32. Past medical history
33. Drug history
34. Allergies
35. Smoking
36. Alcohol
37. 7 Family and social history
38. Family history
39. Social history
40. Travel history
41. 8 Functional enquiry
42. 9 Basic clinical skills
43. Clinical assessment of the patient
44. Taking the history
45. Examination of the patient
46. Formulating a differential diagnosis
47. Co‐ordinating diagnosis with safe care of the patient
48. Presenting the case
49. 10 Principles of examination
50. Inspect
51. Palpate
52. Percuss
53. Auscultate
54. Record findings
55. 11 Is the patient ill?
56. Assessment of ill patients
57. General findings
58. Consciousness
59. 12 The critically ill patient
60. Recognition of the critically ill patient
61. Examination of the critically ill patient
62. Examination of critically ill patients’ charts
63. Admission to intensive care
64. Treatment of the critically sick patient
65. Part 2: Clinical presentations at a glance
66. 13 Chest pain
67. Diagnostic assessment of acute chest pain
68. Typical myocardial ischaemic pain (cardiac pain)
69. Aortic dissection
70. Pleuritic pain
71. Musculoskeletal chest pain
72. Gastro‐oesophageal pain
73. Gall bladder disease
74. 14 Oedema
75. Presentation
76. Diagnosis
77. Investigations
78. Treatment
79. 15 Palpitations
80. 16 The painful leg
81. 17 Heart murmurs
82. Aetiology of valvar lesions
83. Investigations
84. Treatment
85. Valve intervention
86. 18 Shock
87. Useful investigations in diagnosis and management
88. General principles of management
89. Specific treatments
90. 19 Breathlessness, cough and haemoptysis
91. Breathlessness
92. Cough
93. Haemoptysis
94. 20 Wheeze (stridor)
95. Investigations
96. 21 Pleural effusion
97. Definition
98. Introduction
99. Clinical approach
100. Investigations
101. Management
102. 22 Pneumothorax
103. Definition
104. Epidemiology
105. Aetiology
106. Pathophysiology
107. Clinical features
108. Investigations
109. Management
110. Prognosis
111. 23 Unintentional weight loss
112. Overall approach
113. Epidemiology
114. Differential diagnosis
115. Consequences of weight loss
116. Clinical features
117. History
118. Examination
119. Investigations
120. Management
121. 24 Constipation and change in bowel habit
122. Chronic constipation
123. Change in bowel habit in older patients
124. 25 Diarrhoea: acute and chronic
125. Acute diarrhoea
126. Chronic diarrhoea
127. 26 Vomiting and intestinal obstruction
128. Intestinal obstruction
129. Chronic vomiting
130. 27 Haematemesis and melaena
131. Introduction
132. Differential diagnosis
133. Clinical clues to the diagnosis
134. Examination
135. Investigations
136. Management
137. Surgery
138. 28 Rectal bleeding
139. Acute lower GI haemorrhage
140. Chronic rectal bleeding
141. 29 Dysphagia
142. Introduction
143. Differential diagnosis
144. Clinical features
145. History
146. Examination
147. Investigations
148. Management
149. Neuromuscular dysphagia
150. 30 Abdominal pain and dyspepsia
151. Abdominal pain
152. Dyspepsia
153. 31 Jaundice
154. Introduction
155. Aetiology
156. Differential diagnosis
157. Clinical features and history
158. Examination
159. Investigations
160. Management
161. 32 Abdominal mass
162. Differential diagnosis
163. Investigations
164. 33 Ascites
165. Clinical features and investigations
166. Management
167. 34 Polyuria and oliguria
168. Polyuria
169. Oliguria in the hospital setting
170. Urinary retention
171. 35 Dysuria, frequency and urgency
172. Acute pyelonephritis
173. Acute cystitis
174. Urethritis
175. Investigations
176. 36 Haematuria
177. History and examination
178. Investigations
179. 37 Sweating, flushing and thyroid swellings
180. Sweating
181. Flushing
182. Thyroid swellings
183. 38 Obesity
184. Definition
185. Epidemiology
186. Aetiopathogenesis of ‘simple obesity’
187. Assessment of the obese patient
188. Complications
189. Management
190. 39 Hirsutism and infertility
191. Hirsutism
192. Infertility
193. 40 Erectile dysfunction and gynaecomastia
194. Erectile dysfunction
195. Gynaecomastia
196. 41 Principles of infection
197. The scope of infectious disease
198. Principles of managing infection
199. Host and microbial factors leading to infection
200. Disease production
201. Potential clinical consequences of infection
202. Prevention of infection
203. Treatment of infection
204. 42 Investigation of suspected infection
205. Full blood count
206. CRP and ESR
207. Liver function tests
208. Microscopy
209. Culture
210. Serology
211. Histology
212. Molecular methods
213. Imaging
214. 43 An approach to the patient with fever of short duration
215. Fever
216. Assessment of the patient with fever
217. Examination
218. Investigations
219. Non‐infective causes of fever in acutely unwell patients
220. Infective causes
221. Specific conditions that should not be missed
222. 44 Healthcare‐associated infections
223. Nosocomial fever
224. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
225. Fever in the neutropenic patient
226. 45 Fever of unknown origin
227. Classic fever of unknown origin
228. Approach to diagnosis
229. Investigations (see Chapter 42 for details)
230. 46 Fever and rash
231. Diffuse erythema
232. Vesiculo‐bullous rashes
233. Petechial–purpuric rashes
234. Maculopapular rashes
235. Nodular lesions
236. Other rashes/lesions of importance
237. 47 Fever in HIV‐infected patients
238. History
239. Examination
240. Diagnosis
241. Management
242. 48 Fever in the returned traveller
243. Incidence
244. Most common imported infections
245. Diagnosis
246. Management
247. 49 Vaginal discharge and urethritis in men
248. Vaginal discharge
249. Urethritis in men
250. 50 Anaemia
251. Clinical features
252. Classification
253. Functional classification
254. Investigations
255. Treatment
256. 51 Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
257. Lymphadenopathy
258. Splenomegaly
259. 52 The patient with abnormal bleeding or bruising
260. Examination
261. Investigations
262. Treatment
263. 53 Leukopenia
264. Neutropenia
265. Lymphopenia
266. 54 Oncological emergencies
267. Superior vena caval obstruction
268. Malignant spinal cord compression
269. Tumour lysis syndrome
270. 55 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 1: Neuroepidemiology
271. 56 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 2
272. Six steps to neurological diagnosis
273. Lesion localization
274. 57 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 3
275. Eye movements
276. Spinal cord
277. Nerve roots
278. Lesion localization in peripheral nerve and muscle
279. 58 Common neurological symptoms
280. Difficulty walking
281. Differential diagnosis of ataxia
282. Dizziness
283. 59 Weakness
284. Weakness of all four limbs
285. Weakness of one limb
286. Weakness of one side of the body
287. Weakness of both lower limbs (paraparesis)
288. Weakness of both upper limbs
289. 60 Disturbance of vision: a neurological perspective
290. Visual loss
291. Typical clinical presentations of ‘neurological’ causes of visual loss
292. Double vision
293. Pupils
294. 61 Sudden painless loss of vision
295. More urgent
296. Less urgent
297. 62 Tremor and other involuntary movements
298. Common causes of tremor
299. Other abnormal movements
300. 63 Headache and facial pain
301. Classification of primary headache
302. Other causes of headache
303. 64 Episodic alterations in awareness and consciousness
304. Cardiovascular causes of loss of consciousness
305. Neurological causes of loss of consciousness
306. Prognosis in syncope
307. Other causes of altered consciousness
308. 65 The red eye
309. No pain/just uncomfortable, with normal vision
310. Painful, vision might be affected
311. Painful, vision affected
312. 66 Introduction to rheumatological disease
313. Key points in clinical assessment
314. History
315. Examination
316. Investigation
317. Core principles in rheumatology
318. 67 Low back pain and other regional pain syndromes
319. Low back pain
320. Regional pain syndromes
321. 68 Introduction to dermatology
322. History
323. Morphology
324. Special investigations
325. Dermatological treatment
326. 69 Pruritus and rashes
327. Pruritus
328. Rashes
329. 70 Hair and nail disorders
330. Hirsutes and hypertrichosis
331. Alopecia
332. Nail disorders
333. 71 Leg ulcers
334. Clinical features
335. Examination
336. Investigations
337. Treatment
338. 72 Photodermatoses
339. 73 Pelvic pain
340. Clinical approach
341. Acute pelvic pain
342. Chronic pelvic pain
343. 74 Urinary incontinence
344. Diagnosis
345. Types of urinary incontinence
346. 75 Attempted suicide by drug poisoning
347. History
348. Drug information
349. Examination
350. Immediate treatment
351. Some specific commonly ingested poisons
352. 76 Anaphylaxis
353. Mechanism
354. Clinical features
355. Source of allergen
356. Differential diagnosis
357. Management
358. Prognosis
359. 77 Allergic reactions
360. Inhalant allergy
361. Food allergy
362. Angioedema
363. Urticaria
364. Investigation of allergic disease
365. 78 Cardiac and respiratory arrest
366. Causes of cardiac and respiratory arrest
367. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
368. 79 Delirium
369. Recognition of delirium
370. Diagnosing the cause of delirium
371. Prevention and management of delirium
372. 80 Coma
373. Assessment of the level of consciousness
374. Priorities in the management of the comatose patient
375. Clinical assessment of the comatose patient
376. Further management
377. Prognosis
378. Part 3: Diseases and treatments at a glance
379. 81 Hypertension
380. Definition
381. Incidence
382. Pathophysiology
383. Clinical features
384. Effects of hypertension
385. Severity
386. Investigations
387. Treatment
388. Hypertension urgencies and emergencies
389. 82 Hyperlipidaemia
390. Definition and incidence
391. Lipid metabolism and lipoproteins
392. Secondary hyperlipidaemias
393. Genetic hyperlipidaemias
394. Lipids in atherosclerosis
395. Lipid lowering and risk factor modification
396. Multiple risk factor modification
397. 83 Acute coronary syndromes
398. General approach
399. Diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia
400. Differential diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia
401. Physical examination
402. Investigations
403. Acute coronary syndromes including acute STEMI
404. 84 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
405. Demographics
406. Clinical features
407. Investigations
408. Management
409. Complications
410. Prognosis and rehabilitation
411. Risk stratification
412. 85 Chronic coronary syndromes
413. Diagnosis
414. Diagnostic testing in chronic chest pain syndromes
415. Risk stratification
416. Treatment
417. 86 Acute aortic dissection
418. Risk factors
419. Pathology
420. Clinical features
421. Investigations
422. Management
423. Prognosis
424. 87 Heart failure
425. Symptoms and signs
426. Pathophysiology
427. Classification
428. Demographics and prognosis
429. Aetiology
430. Investigations
431. Treatment
432. Complications
433. 88 Aortic valve disease
434. Aortic stenosis
435. Aortic regurgitation
436. 89 Mitral valve disease
437. Mitral stenosis
438. Mitral prolapse
439. Mitral regurgitation
440. 90 Cardiomyopathies
441. Dilated cardiomyopathy
442. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
443. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
444. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
445. 91 Pericardial disease
446. Acute pericarditis
447. Pericardial effusion
448. Constrictive pericarditis
449. 92 Pulmonary embolism
450. Definition
451. Risk factors
452. Clinical features
453. Investigations
454. Treatment (Table 92.1)
455. Chronic thromboembolic disease
456. Thrombophilia
457. 93 Cardiac infections
458. Infective endocarditis
459. Myocarditis
460. Pericarditis
461. Rheumatic fever
462. 94 Tachyarrhythmias
463. Clinical features
464. Key facts for understanding arrhythmias
465. Supraventricular arrhythmias
466. Atrial flutter
467. Ventricular tachycardias
468. Ventricular fibrillation
469. 95 Bradyarrhythmias
470. Definition and clinical features
471. Aetiology
472. Sinoatrial node disease
473. Atrioventricular block
474. Investigations
475. Treatment
476. 96 Congenital heart disease
477. Definition and incidence
478. Classification
479. Ventricular septal defect
480. Atrial septal defect
481. Patent ductus arteriosus
482. Eisenmenger syndrome
483. Coarctation of the aorta
484. Complex congenital heart disease
485. Adult congenital heart disease
486. 97 Lung function tests
487. Spirometric tests of airway function
488. Lung volumes
489. Tests of gas exchange
490. Other investigations
491. 98 Overnight oximetry and sleep apnoea
492. Obstructive sleep apnoea
493. 99 Respiratory failure
494. What is the A–a gradient?
495. Causes of hypoxaemia
496. Causes of hypercapnia
497. Symptoms and signs of respiratory failure
498. Treatment of respiratory failure
499. 100 Arterial blood gas analysis
500. Blood gas values
501. Acid–base homeostasis
502. A practical approach to blood gas interpretation
503. 101 Chest X‐ray anatomy
504. Chest anatomy seen on posteroanterior view
505. Important anatomical landmarks and structures on a normal chest X‐ray
506. 102 Basic chest X‐ray interpretation
507. 103 Chest X‐ray cases 1
508. Cardiomegaly
509. Pulmonary oedema
510. Pleural effusion
511. Prosthetic heart valves
512. Pleural plaques
513. 104 Chest X‐ray cases 2
514. Pneumothorax
515. Haemothorax
516. Lobar collapse
517. Tubes, lines and prostheses
518. 105 Non‐invasive ventilation
519. Indications
520. Continuous positive airways pressure
521. Negative and positive pressure ventilation
522. 106 Mechanical ventilation
523. Indications
524. Ventilator set‐up
525. Mode of ventilation
526. Physiological responses to mechanical ventilation
527. Complications
528. Rescue therapies
529. 107 Lower respiratory tract infection: pneumonia
530. Community‐acquired pneumonia
531. Hospital‐acquired pneumonia
532. Lung abscess
533. Pneumonia in the immunocompromised
534. 108 Upper respiratory tract infection
535. 109 Asthma
536. Definition
537. Epidemiology
538. Aetiology
539. Pathology
540. Clinical features
541. Investigations
542. Management
543. Prognosis
544. 110 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
545. Definition
546. Epidemiology
547. Aetiology
548. Pathology
549. Clinical features
550. Investigations
551. Management
552. Prognosis
553. 111 Bronchiectasis
554. Definition and epidemiology
555. Aetiology
556. Pathophysiology
557. Clinical features
558. Complications
559. Investigations
560. Management
561. Prognosis
562. 112 Cystic fibrosis
563. Definition
564. Epidemiology
565. Aetiology
566. Pathophysiology
567. Clinical features
568. Investigations
569. Management
570. Prognosis
571. 113 Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous lung diseases
572. Sarcoidosis
573. Beryllium disease
574. Histiocytosis X (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
575. 114 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis)
576. Definition
577. Epidemiology
578. Aetiology
579. Pathophysiology
580. Clinical features
581. Investigations
582. Management
583. Prognosis
584. 115 Pulmonary fibrosis
585. Definition
586. Aetiology
587. Epidemiology
588. Pathology
589. Clinical features
590. Investigations
591. Management
592. Prognosis
593. 116 Pulmonary eosinophilia and vasculitis
594. Pulmonary eosinophilia
595. Vasculitis without eosinophilia
596. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)
597. Other immunologically mediated disease of the lung
598. 117 Fungi and the lung
599. Common fungal lung infections
600. Other fungal lung infections
601. 118 Industrial lung disease
602. Dust inhalation diseases
603. Asbestosis
604. Other asbestos‐related diseases: mesothelioma
605. Pleural plaques, pleural thickening and pleural effusion
606. Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
607. Silicosis
608. 119 Lung disease caused by drugs
609. Clinical features
610. Radiological features
611. Investigations
612. 120 BOOP and ARDS
613. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
614. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
615. 121 Primary tumours of the lung
616. Epidemiology
617. Aetiology
618. Clinical features
619. Investigations
620. Management
621. Prognosis
622. 122 Gastrointestinal infections
623. Acute gastroenteritis
624. Chronic infections
625. 123 Reflux
626. Incidence
627. Pathophysiology
628. Clinical features
629. Investigations
630. Management and prognosis
631. Barrett’s oesophagus
632. 124 Peptic ulcer disease
633. Duodenal ulcer
634. Gastric ulcer
635. 125 Iron deficiency
636. Clinical features
637. History
638. Examination
639. Investigations
640. Management
641. 126 Abnormal liver chemistry
642. Overall approach
643. Examination
644. Investigations
645. Management
646. 127 Diverticular disease
647. Incidence
648. Pathophysiology
649. Clinical features
650. Investigations
651. Management and prognosis
652. 128 Inflammatory bowel disease
653. Ulcerative colitis
654. Crohn’s disease
655. 129 Gallstone disease
656. Pathophysiology
657. Clinical features
658. Investigations
659. Management and prognosis
660. 130 Malabsorption
661. Clinical features and examination
662. Investigations
663. Management
664. Diseases causing malabsorption
665. 131 Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
666. Acute pancreatitis
667. Chronic pancreatitis
668. Pancreatic cancer
669. 132 Inflammatory liver disease: viral and immune
670. Viral hepatitis
671. Autoimmune hepatitis
672. Primary biliary cirrhosis
673. Clinical features
674. Investigations
675. Management and prognosis
676. Primary sclerosing cholangitis
677. Clinical features
678. Investigations
679. Management and prognosis
680. 133 Metabolic liver disease (including alcohol)
681. Alcoholic liver disease
682. Haemochromatosis
683. Wilson disease
684. 134 Acute and chronic liver disease
685. Acute hepatitis
686. Acute liver failure
687. Chronic liver disease
688. 135 Functional gastrointestinal disorders
689. Incidence and pathophysiology
690. Clinical features
691. Management and prognosis
692. 136 Upper gastrointestinal cancer
693. Oesophageal carcinoma
694. Gastric carcinoma
695. 137 Colorectal cancer
696. Incidence
697. Pathophysiology
698. Clinical features
699. Investigations
700. Management and prognosis
701. Screening
702. 138 Nutrition
703. Identification of malnutrition in hospital patients
704. Nutritional support
705. Refeeding syndrome
706. 139 Renal physiology and function tests
707. Glomerular function
708. Renal concentrating ability
709. Amino acid conserving function
710. Renal acid–base control
711. Electrolyte control
712. Hormonal function
713. 140 Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia
714. Hypokalaemia
715. Hyperkalaemia
716. 141 Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia
717. Hyponatraemia
718. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
719. Hypernatraemia
720. 142 Disorders of acid–base balance
721. Metabolic acidosis
722. Metabolic alkalosis
723. Respiratory acidosis
724. Respiratory alkalosis
725. Mixed acid–base disorders
726. 143 Urinary calculi
727. Aetiology
728. Presentation
729. Investigations
730. Management
731. Prevention
732. 144 Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes
733. Proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome
734. The nephrotic syndrome
735. The nephritic syndrome
736. 145 Glomerulonephritis
737. Acute glomerulonephritis
738. Chronic glomerulonephritis
739. 146 Renal involvement in systemic disease
740. Diabetes mellitus
741. Myeloma
742. Amyloidosis
743. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
744. Renovascular disease
745. Renal vasculitis
746. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)
747. Microscopic polyangiitis
748. Goodpasture syndrome
749. Polyarteritis nodosa
750. Systemic lupus erythematosus
751. Henoch–Schönlein purpura
752. Scleroderma
753. Cryoglobulinaemia
754. 147 Hereditary renal disorders
755. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
756. Simple cysts
757. Other inherited disorders affecting the kidney
758. 148 Tubulointerstitial disease
759. Acute interstitial nephritis
760. Cholesterol emboli
761. Chronic interstitial nephritis and chronic pyelonephritis
762. Isolated/specific tubular defects
763. Reflux nephropathy
764. Other congenital malformations of the urinary tract
765. 149 Acute renal failure
766. Pre‐renal causes
767. Renal causes
768. Postrenal causes
769. Diagnostic approach
770. Management
771. 150 Chronic renal failure and the dialysis patient
772. Management (see Table 150.1)
773. 151 The renal transplant recipient
774. 152 Drugs and renal failure
775. Effect of renal impairment on excretion
776. Effect of renal impairment on drug action
777. Effect of drug on the kidneys
778. 153 Benign prostatic hypertrophy
779. Examination
780. Investigations
781. Management
782. 154 Urinary tract infection
783. Investigations
784. Management
785. 155 Diabetes and its complications
786. Definition
787. Diagnosis
788. Classification and pathophysiology
789. Management
790. Complications of diabetes
791. 156 Diabetic emergencies
792. Diabetic ketoacidosis
793. Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
794. Lactic acidosis
795. 157 Hyperprolactinaemia and acromegaly
796. Hyperprolactinaemia
797. Acromegaly
798. 158 Hypothyroidism
799. Epidemiology
800. Causes
801. Clinical features
802. Investigations
803. Management
804. Myxoedema coma
805. Congenital hypothyroidism
806. 159 Hyperthyroidism
807. Definition and epidemiology
808. Causes
809. Clinical features
810. Investigations
811. Management
812. 160 Calcium metabolism
813. Acute hypercalcaemia
814. Hypocalcaemia
815. 161 Adrenal disease
816. Adrenal failure
817. Hyperaldosteronism
818. Phaeochromocytoma
819. Cushing’s syndrome
820. 162 Miscellaneous endocrine disorders
821. Diseases of the pituitary gland
822. Pituitary tumours
823. Arginine Vasopressin Deficiency (AVP‐D) or Arginine Vasopressin Resistance (AVP‐R)
824. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
825. Multiple endocrine neoplasia
826. 163 Hypogonadism
827. Male hypogonadism
828. Female hypogonadism
829. Menstrual failure (amenorrhoea)
830. 164 Bacteraemia and septic shock
831. Definitions
832. Epidemiology
833. Clinical manifestations of sepsis
834. Management
835. Prognosis
836. 165 Herpes virus infections in adults
837. Epstein–Barr virus
838. Diagnosis and treatment
839. Herpes simplex virus
840. Varicella‐zoster virus
841. Cytomegalovirus
842. 166 HIV infection and advanced HIV disease
843. Epidemiology
844. Pathogenesis
845. Clinical patterns
846. Diagnosis of HIV infection
847. Treatment of HIV infection
848. Common opportunistic infections
849. 167 Common fungal infections
850. Candida species
851. Aspergillus species
852. Cryptococcal disease
853. 168 Specific bacterial infections
854. Listeriosis
855. Brucellosis
856. Tetanus
857. Lyme disease
858. Syphilis
859. 169 Malaria
860. Epidemiology
861. Pathogenesis
862. Clinical features
863. Diagnosis
864. Differential diagnosis
865. Treatment and management
866. 170 Tuberculosis
867. Epidemiology
868. Pathogenesis
869. Primary infection
870. Pulmonary TB
871. Extrapulmonary disease
872. Diagnosis
873. Treatment
874. 171 Tropical infectious diseases
875. Enteric fever
876. Dengue
877. Schistosomiasis
878. Rickettsial/other tick‐borne infections
879. Leptospirosis
880. Viral haemorrhagic fevers
881. 172 Diseases predisposing to infection
882. Diseases predisposing to infections with common bacterial pathogens
883. Structural factors predisposing to infection
884. Miscellaneous conditions
885. Diseases predisposing to infection with unusual pathogens
886. 173 Immunological deficiency syndromes
887. Antibody deficiency syndromes
888. T‐cell deficiencies
889. Severe combined immunodeficiency
890. Neutrophil disorders
891. Complement deficiency
892. 174 Haematinic deficiency anaemias
893. Iron deficiency
894. Vitamin B12 deficiency
895. Pernicious anaemia
896. Folate deficiency
897. 175 Haemolytic anaemia
898. General laboratory abnormalities in haemolysis
899. Hereditary haemolytic anaemias
900. Acquired haemolytic anaemias
901. Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
902. Cardiac haemolysis
903. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
904. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
905. 176 Thalassaemia and sickle cell disease
906. Thalassaemia
907. Sickle cell disease
908. Other haemoglobin variants
909. 177 Bone marrow failure
910. Acquired aplastic anaemia
911. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
912. Congenital aplastic anaemia
913. 178 Acute leukaemia
914. Epidemiology
915. Symptoms and signs
916. Investigations
917. Management
918. Prognosis
919. 179 Lymphoma
920. General principles
921. Suspecting and investigating malignant lymphoid diseases
922. Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
923. Nodular lymphocyte‐predominant HL
924. 180 Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
925. Aetiology
926. Clinical classification
927. Low‐grade NHL
928. High‐grade NHL
929. 181 Myeloproliferative neoplasms
930. Chronic myeloid leukaemia
931. Myelofibrosis
932. Polycythaemia vera (PV)
933. Essential thrombocythaemia (ET)
934. 182 Myeloma
935. Pathophysiology
936. Clinical features and investigations
937. Treatment and prognosis
938. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
939. 183 Myelodysplasia
940. Clinical features
941. Diagnosis
942. Treatment and prognosis
943. 184 The blood in systemic disease
944. Anaemia of chronic disease
945. Anaemia of acute disease
946. Leukoerythroblastic anaemia
947. Polycythaemia
948. Leukocytosis
949. Thrombocytosis
950. 185 Platelet disorders
951. Physiology of haemostasis
952. Platelet disorders
953. 186 Disorders of coagulation
954. In vitro tests of clotting
955. In vivo coagulation
956. Inherited disorders of coagulation
957. Acquired disorders of coagulation
958. 187 Anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs
959. Antiplatelet agents
960. Anticoagulants
961. 188 Thrombophilia
962. Inherited thrombophilia
963. Acquired thrombophilia
964. 189 Aetiology of cancer
965. Environmental causes of carcinogenesis
966. Inherited factors contributing to the development of cancer
967. Genetic mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis
968. Factors underlying the growth and spread of tumours
969. 190 Diagnostic strategies and basic principles of cancer management
970. Important diagnostic strategies
971. Principles of surgical oncology
972. Basic principles of radiotherapy
973. Systemic anticancer therapy
974. Basic principles of chemotherapy
975. Other therapies
976. 191 Cancer screening and early detection
977. Principles of screening
978. Breast cancer
979. Colorectal cancer
980. Cervical cancer
981. The future for screening
982. Education and awareness
983. 192 Breast cancer
984. Epidemiology and aetiology
985. Molecular genetics
986. Pathology
987. Histological grading and pathology
988. Investigations
989. Staging
990. Treatment of early‐stage breast cancer
991. Follow‐up
992. Locally advanced breast cancer
993. Metastatic/advanced breast cancer
994. 193 Prostate cancer
995. Aetiology
996. Pathology
997. Clinical presentation
998. Staging (see Table 193.1)
999. Clinical approach
1000. Investigations
1001. Genetics
1002. Treatment of localized prostate cancer
1003. Metastatic prostate cancer
1004. 194 Cancer with an unknown primary
1005. Initial work‐up
1006. Neoplasms of unknown primary site
1007. Neuroendocrine carcinoma
1008. General approach to management
1009. 195 Paraneoplastic cancer syndromes and hormone‐producing cancers
1010. Pathogenesis
1011. Anaemia
1012. Cachexia
1013. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
1014. Hypercalcaemia
1015. Cushing syndrome
1016. Hypoglycaemia
1017. Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes
1018. Dermatological paraneoplastic syndromes
1019. Rare syndromes
1020. 196 Palliative care
1021. Pain
1022. The terminal phase of illness and end‐of‐life care
1023. 197 Head computed tomography cases
1024. Intracranial haemorrhage
1025. Cerebral infarction
1026. Intracranial tumours
1027. 198 Head magnetic resonance imaging cases
1028. Intracranial haemorrhage
1029. Cerebral infarction and diffusion‐weighted MRI
1030. Intracranial tumours
1031. 199 Stroke
1032. Key features
1033. Time course of strokes
1034. Anatomy of strokes
1035. Risk factors for stroke
1036. 200 Management of stroke
1037. Acute management
1038. Long‐term management (see Table 200.1)
1039. 201 Other vascular disorders of the brain
1040. Subarachnoid haemorrhage
1041. Subdural haemorrhage
1042. Venous sinus thrombosis
1043. 202 Dementias
1044. Alzheimer disease
1045. Frontotemporal dementia
1046. Vascular dementia
1047. Dementia with Lewy bodies
1048. Prion diseases
1049. Cognitive impairment in younger patients
1050. 203 Epilepsy
1051. Causes of seizures
1052. Epidemiology
1053. Simplified classification
1054. Diagnosis
1055. Specific syndromes
1056. Treatment
1057. 204 Multiple sclerosis
1058. Clinical spectrum
1059. Clinical features
1060. Diagnosis
1061. Differential diagnosis
1062. Prognosis
1063. Treatment
1064. Neuromyelitis optica
1065. 205 Infections of the central nervous system
1066. Meningitis
1067. Encephalitis
1068. Cerebral abscess
1069. Prion diseases
1070. Parasitic diseases
1071. Neurological consequences of HIV disease
1072. 206 Tumours and the nervous system
1073. Neoplasia and the CNS
1074. Specific tumours
1075. Malignant meningitis
1076. Paraneoplastic disorders
1077. Neurocutaneous syndromes
1078. 207 Spinal cord disease
1079. Acute spinal cord compression
1080. Progressive spastic paraparesis
1081. Transverse myelitis
1082. Anterior spinal artery thrombosis
1083. Disc prolapse
1084. Syringomyelia
1085. Spinal shock
1086. 208 Neuromuscular disease
1087. The motor unit
1088. Motor neuron disease
1089. Poliomyelitis
1090. Myasthenia gravis
1091. Inflammatory myopathies
1092. Muscular dystrophies
1093. Myotonic dystrophy
1094. Metabolic myopathies
1095. 209 Peripheral neuropathy
1096. Clinical approach
1097. Neuropathy classification
1098. Polyneuropathies
1099. Common mononeuropathies
1100. Rarer mononeuropathies
1101. Mononeuritis multiplex
1102. 210 Movement disorders
1103. Parkinsonism
1104. Neurodegenerative akinetic–rigid syndromes mimicking Parkinson disease
1105. Dystonia
1106. Huntington disease
1107. Drug‐induced movement disorders
1108. Movement disorders in young people
1109. 211 Osteoarthritis
1110. Epidemiology
1111. Aetiology and pathogenesis
1112. Classification
1113. Clinical features
1114. Physical findings
1115. Subsets of osteoarthritis
1116. Investigations
1117. Management
1118. 212 Gout and pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate arthropathy)
1119. Gout
1120. Pseudogout (CPPD arthropathy)
1121. 213 Arthritis associated with infectious agents
1122. Definitions
1123. Epidemiology of joint infection
1124. Septic arthritis
1125. Arthritis as a feature of systemic infection
1126. 214 Vasculitis
1127. Definition
1128. Key points
1129. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
1130. History and examination
1131. Investigations (See also Table 66.1)
1132. Prognosis and treatment
1133. Kawasaki arteritis
1134. 215 Metabolic bone disease
1135. Osteoporosis
1136. Osteomalacia/rickets
1137. Parathyroid and renal bone disease
1138. 216 Other bone disease
1139. Paget disease
1140. Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)
1141. Osteomyelitis
1142. 217 Rheumatoid arthritis
1143. Epidemiology
1144. Aetiology and pathogenesis
1145. Clinical features at onset/early
1146. Clinical features: established/chronic RA
1147. Investigations
1148. Management
1149. Pharmacological therapy (Table 217.2)
1150. Prognosis and outcome
1151. 218 Inflammatory spondyloarthropathies
1152. Epidemiology
1153. Clinical features
1154. Ankylosing spondylitis (r‐AxSpA)
1155. Psoriatic arthritis (pPsA ± axSpA)
1156. Management of psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
1157. Reactive arthritis
1158. Enteropathic arthritis
1159. 219 Systemic lupus erythematosus
1160. Aetiology and epidemiology
1161. Clinical features and classification criteria
1162. Immunology and other investigations in SLE
1163. Management and therapy
1164. Prognosis
1165. 220 Myositis syndromes, polymyalgia rheumatica and systemic sclerosis
1166. Myositis
1167. Polymyalgia rheumatica
1168. Systemic sclerosis
1169. 221 Eczema and urticaria
1170. Atopic dermatitis
1171. Other types of endogenous eczema
1172. Contact dermatitis
1173. Urticaria
1174. Urticarial vasculitis
1175. Hereditary angioedema
1176. 222 Psoriasis
1177. Aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical features
1178. Investigations, management and prognosis
1179. Management and prognosis
1180. Reactive arthritis
1181. 223 Blistering diseases
1182. Congenital blistering diseases
1183. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: Lyell syndrome
1184. Bullous pemphigoid
1185. Pemphigus vulgaris
1186. Dermatitis herpetiformis
1187. 224 Skin infections and infestations
1188. Staphylococci
1189. Streptococci
1190. Herpes skin infections
1191. Warts
1192. Mollusca
1193. Fungal infections
1194. Parasitosis
1195. Mycobacteria and the skin
1196. 225 Acne, rosacea and hidradenitis
1197. Acne vulgaris
1198. Rosacea
1199. Hidradenitis suppurativa
1200. 226 The skin and systemic disease
1201. Raynaud phenomenon
1202. Human immunodeficiency virus
1203. Drug eruptions
1204. Vasculitis
1205. Skin markers of internal malignancy
1206. Systemic sclerosis
1207. 227 Disorders of skin pigmentation
1208. Hyperpigmentation
1209. Hypopigmentation
1210. Vitiligo
1211. 228 Skin tumours
1212. Premalignant disease
1213. Malignant disease
1214. Lymphoma
1215. 229 Orogenital disease
1216. Oral disorders
1217. Vulval disorders
1218. Penile disorders
1219. Genital ulceration
1220. Orogenital syndromes
1221. 230 Endometriosis and adenomyosis
1222. Endometriosis
1223. Adenomyosis
1224. 231 Polycystic ovary syndrome
1225. Diagnosis
1226. Clinical consequences
1227. Management
1228. 232 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
1229. Effects of pregnancy on maternal cardiovascular system
1230. Classification
1231. Gestational hypertension
1232. Pre‐eclampsia
1233. 233 Cardiovascular disease in pregnancy
1234. Maternal heart disease in pregnancy
1235. Thromboembolic disease in pregnancy
1236. 234 Other medical and surgical conditions in pregnancy
1237. Neurological diseases in pregnancy
1238. Neurological emergencies in pregnancy
1239. Psychiatric disorders in pregnancy
1240. Pulmonary disease in pregnancy
1241. Renal disease in pregnancy
1242. Autoimmune diseases in pregnancy
1243. Surgical conditions in pregnancy
1244. 235 Fluid replacement therapy
1245. Assessment of hypovolaemia
1246. Management of severely hypovolaemic patients
1247. Which fluid should be chosen?
1248. 236 Illness in elderly people
1249. Premorbid condition
1250. Polypharmacy
1251. Differential diagnosis
1252. Clinical presentations and diseases
1253. Specific issues
1254. Diagnostic issues
1255. Consequence and treatment of illness
1256. Rehabilitation
1257. 237 Chronic tiredness and other medically unexplained symptoms
1258. Chronic fatigue
1259. Medically unexplained symptoms
1260. Somatic symptom disorder (SSD, formerly known as somatization disorder)
1261. Chronic fatigue syndrome
1262. 238 Psychiatric disorders
1263. Common psychological illnesses seen in medical practice
1264. Schizophrenia
1265. Affective (mood) disorders
1266. Substance misuse
1267. 239 Substance misuse
1268. Aetiology and management
1269. Specific substances
1270. 240 Alcohol misuse
1271. Safe limits
1272. Classification
1273. Epidemiology
1274. Detection and screening
1275. Aetiology
1276. Complications
1277. Management
1278. Prognosis
1279. 241 Drug toxicity (adverse drug reactions)
1280. Predictable side‐effects
1281. Increased tissue action of the drug
1282. Toxicity arising from predictable drug–drug interactions
1283. Toxicity arising from other predictable mechanisms
1284. Immune reactions
1285. Unpredictable and other mechanisms giving rise to toxicity
1286. Diagnosis
1287. Management
1288. 242 COVID‐19
1289. Epidemiology
1290. Pathogenesis
1291. Clinical features
1292. Diagnosis
1293. Treatment and management
1294. Preventing infection
1295. Index
1296. End User License Agreement