Localization in Clinical Neurology

 

Description:

Anatomical localization skills based in physical examination are essential for any clinician caring for patients with neurologic disease processes. Now fully revised and up to date, Localization in Clinical Neurology, 8th Edition, uses easy-to-read descriptions, full-color illustrations and videos to help readers understand and locate the source of a patient’s signs and symptoms. This gold standard text now features dozens of clinical videos that help clinicians improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid unnecessary testing.

 

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Table of Contents:

 

1 General Principles of Neurologic Localization

Introduction

A Brief History of Localization: Aphasia as an Example

Clinical Diagnosis and Lesion Localization

Localization of Lesions of the Motor System

Anatomy of the Motor System

Motor Signs and Symptoms and Their Localization

The Localization of Sensory Abnormalities

Anatomy of the Sensory System

Sensory Signs and Symptoms and Their Localization

Localization of Postural and Gait Disorders

Neural Structures Controlling Posture and Gait

Examination of Gait and Balance

Classification of Gait Disorders

2 Peripheral Nerves

Principal Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Nerve Disease

Sensory Disturbances

Motor Disturbances

Disturbances of Muscle Stretch Reflexes

Vasomotor, Sudomotor, and Trophic Disturbances

Mononeuropathy Multiplex

Polyneuropathy

Lesions of Individual Nerves

Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C4–C5)

Subclavian Nerve (C5–C6)

Long Thoracic Nerve (C5–C7)

Suprascapular Nerve (C5–C6)

Subscapular Nerves (C5–C7)

Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6–C8)

Anterior Thoracic Nerves (C5–T1)

Axillary Nerve (C5–C6)

Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5–C7)

Median Nerve (C6–T1)

Ulnar Nerve (C7–T1)

Nerve Lesions

Radial Nerve (C5–C8)

Medial Cutaneous Nerves of the Arm and Forearm (C8–T1)

Intercostobrachial Nerve (T2)

Iliohypogastric (T12–L1), Ilioinguinal (L1), and Genitofemoral (L1–L2) Nerves

Femoral Nerve (L2–L4)

Obturator Nerve (L2–L4)

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (L2–L3)

Gluteal Nerves (L4–S2)

Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (S1–S3)

Pudendal Nerve (S1–S4)

Sciatic Nerve (L4–S3) and Its Branches

3 Cervical, Brachial, and Lumbosacral Plexuses

The Cervical Plexus

Anatomy

Lesions of the Cervical Plexus

The Brachial Plexus

Anatomy

Lesions of the Brachial Plexus

Neuralgic Amyotrophy

Total Plexus Paralysis

Upper Plexus Paralysis (Erb–Duchenne Type)

Middle Plexus Paralysis

Lower Plexus Paralysis (Déjerine-Klumpke Type)

Lesions of the Cords of the Brachial Plexus

Brachial Mononeuropathies

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Cervicobrachial Neurovascular Compression Syndrome)

The Lumbosacral Plexus

Anatomy

Lesions of the Lumbosacral Plexus

Lesions of the Entire Lumbosacral Plexus

Lesions of the Lumbar Segments

Lesions of the Sacral Plexus

4 Spinal Nerve and Root

Anatomy of the Spinal Nerves and Roots

Principles of Spinal Nerve and Root Localization

Sensory Symptoms

Motor Signs

Reflex Signs

Etiologies of Spinal Nerve and Root Lesions

The Localization of Nerve Root Syndromes

Lesions Affecting the Cervical Roots

Lesions Affecting the Thoracic Roots

Lesions of the Lumbar and Sacral Roots

The Localization of Lumbosacral Disc Disease

5 Spinal Cord

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Gross Anatomy and Relationship to Vertebral Levels

Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Major Ascending and Descending Tracts of the Spinal Cord

Corticospinal Tract

Corticorubrospinal Tract

Lateral Reticulospinal Tract

Vestibulospinal Tract

Medial Reticulospinal Tract

Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord

Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord

Physiology of the Spinal Cord Circulation

Spinal Cord Lesions

Complete Spinal Cord Transection (Transverse Myelopathy)

Lesions Affecting the Spinal Cord Centrally

Posterolateral Column Disease

Posterior Column Disease

Anterior Horn Cell Syndromes

Combined Anterior Horn Cell and Corticospinal Tract Disease

Vascular Disorders of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal

Arterial Spinal Cord Infarction

Venous Spinal Cord Infarction

Spinal Cord Vascular Malformations

Spinal Canal Hemorrhages

Extramedullary Cord Lesions and Their Differentiation from Intramedullary Cord Lesions

Localization of Spinal Cord Lesions at Different Levels

Foramen Magnum Syndrome and Lesions of the Upper Cervical Cord

Lesions of the Fifth and Sixth Cervical Segments

Lesions of the Seventh Cervical Segment

Lesions of the Eighth Cervical and First Thoracic Segments

Lesions of the Thoracic Segments

Lesions of the First Lumbar Segment

Lesions of the Second Lumbar Segment

Lesions of the Third Lumbar Segment

Lesions of the Fourth Lumbar Segment

Lesions of the Fifth Lumbar Segment

Lesions of the First and Second Sacral Segments

Conus Medullaris Lesions

Cauda Equina Lesions

Neurogenic Bladder with Spinal Cord Lesions

Sexual Function

Fecal Incontinence

6 Cranial Nerve I (The Olfactory Nerve)

Anatomy of the Olfactory Pathways

Localization of Lesions Affecting the Olfactory Nerve

Lesions Causing Anosmia

The Foster–Kennedy Syndrome

Lesions Causing Parosmia and Cacosmia

7 Visual Pathways

Anatomy of the Visual System

The Retina

The Optic Nerves and Optic Chiasm

The Optic Tracts and Lateral Geniculate Bodies

The Optic Radiations

The Visual Cortex and Visual Association Areas

Vascular Supply of the Visual Pathways

Localization of Lesions in the Optic Pathways

Changes in Visual Perception

Types of Visual Field Defects

Localization of Visual Field Defects

Objective Findings with Lesions of the Optic Pathways

Optic Neuropathy

8 The Localization of Lesions Affecting the Ocular Motor System

Ocular Motor Muscles and Nerves

Orbital Muscles

Diplopia

Testing for Diplopia

Childhood Strabismus

Disease of the Ocular Muscles

Retinal Disease Causing Diplopia

Ocular Motor Nerves and Localization of Lesions

The Pupil

Supranuclear Control of Eye Movements

The Vestibular System

Full-Field Optokinetic Reflex

Smooth Pursuit System

Anatomy of the Pursuit System

Lesions Affecting Smooth Pursuit

The Saccadic System

Mechanical Properties of Saccadic Eye Movements

Convergence System

Fixation System

Gaze Palsies

Nystagmus and Other Ocular Oscillations

Oscillopsia

Optokinetic Drum

Jerk Nystagmus

Systems Classification of Nystagmus

Vestibular Nystagmus

Gaze-Holding Nystagmus

Visual Stabilization Nystagmus

Clinical Classification of Nystagmus

Saccadic Intrusions

Lid Nystagmus

The Eyelids

Ptosis

Eyelid Retraction and Lid Lag

9 Cranial Nerve V (The Trigeminal Nerve)

Anatomy of Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)

Motor Portion

Sensory Portion

Clinical Evaluation of Cranial Nerve V Function

Sensory Evaluation

Motor Evaluation

Reflex Evaluation

Localization of Lesions Affecting Cranial Nerve V

Supranuclear Lesions

Nuclear Lesions

Lesions Affecting the Preganglionic Trigeminal Nerve Roots

Lesions Affecting the Gasserian Ganglion

Raeder Paratrigeminal Syndrome

Gradenigo Syndrome

The Cavernous Sinus Syndrome

The Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome

Lesions Affecting the Peripheral Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve

Jaw Drop

10 Cranial Nerve VII (The Facial Nerve)

Anatomy of Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)

Motor Division

Nervus Intermedius

Anatomy of the Peripheral Course of the Facial Nerve

Vascular Supply of the Facial Nerve

Clinical Evaluation of CN VII Function

Motor Function

Sensory Function

Reflex Function

Parasympathetic Function

Localization of Lesions Affecting CN VII

Supranuclear Lesions (Central or Upper Motor Neuron Facial Paralysis)

Nuclear and Fascicular Lesions (Pontine Lesions)

Posterior Fossa Lesions (Cerebellopontine Angle Lesions)

Lesions Affecting the Meatal Segment of the Facial Nerve in the Temporal Bone

Lesions Affecting the Facial Nerve within the Facial Canal Distal to the Meatal Segment but Proximal to the Exit of the Nerve to the Stapedius Muscle

Lesions Affecting the Facial Nerve within the Facial Canal Between the Exit of the Nerve to the Stapedius and the Exit of the Chorda Tympani

Lesions Affecting the Facial Nerve in the Facial Canal Distal to the Exit of the Chorda Tympani

Lesions Distal to the Stylomastoid Foramen

Abnormalities of Tear Secretion

Abnormalities of Eyelid Closure

Eyelid Closure Insufficiency

Excessive Eyelid Closure and Blepharospasm

Abnormal Facial Movements and Their Localization

Dyskinetic Movements

Dystonic Movements (Blepharospasm and Blepharospasm with Oromandibular Dystonia)

Hemifacial Spasm

Postparalytic Spasm and Synkinetic Movements

Miscellaneous Movements

11 Cranial Nerve VIII (The Vestibulocochlear Nerve)

Anatomy of Cranial Nerve VIII

Auditory Pathways

The Vestibular System

Clinical Evaluation of Cranial Nerve VIII Function

Sensorineural Deafness

Vertigo and Vestibular Function

Localization of Lesions Causing Deafness and Vertigo

Localization of Lesions Causing Sensorineural Deafness

Localization of Lesions Causing Vertigo

Benign Paroxysmal Positioning Vertigo

Peripheral Vestibulopathy

Ménière Disease

Vertigo Secondary to Middle Ear Disease

Vertigo Secondary to Viral Infections

Vertigo Secondary to Trauma

Vascular Causes of the Central Vestibular Syndrome

Multiple Sclerosis

Wernicke Encephalopathy

Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors

Vestibular Epilepsy

Other Central Nervous System Disorders

Systemic Causes of Dizziness and Vertigo

12 Cranial Nerves IX and X (The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves)

Anatomy of Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)

Clinical Evaluation of Cranial Nerve IX

Motor Function

Sensory Function

Reflex Function

Autonomic Function

Localization of Lesions Affecting the Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Supranuclear Lesions

Nuclear and Intramedullary Lesions

Extramedullary Lesions

Glossopharyngeal (Vagoglossopharyngeal) Neuralgia

Anatomy of Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve)

Clinical Evaluation of Cranial Nerve X

Motor Function

Sensory Function

Reflex Function

Localization of Lesions Affecting the Vagus Nerve

Supranuclear Lesions

Nuclear Lesions and Lesions within the Brainstem

Lesions within the Posterior Fossa

Lesions Affecting the Vagus Nerve Proper

Lesions of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve

Lesions of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Syncope from Glossopharyngeal or Vagal Metastasis

Arnold Nerve Cough Reflex

13 Cranial Nerve XI (The Spinal Accessory Nerve)

Anatomy of Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve)

Clinical Evaluation of Cranial Nerve XI Function

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

Trapezius Muscle

Localization of Lesions Affecting Cranial Nerve XI

Supranuclear Lesions

Nuclear Lesions

Infranuclear Lesions

14 Cranial Nerve XII (The Hypoglossal Nerve)

Anatomy of Cranial Nerve XII (The Hypoglossal Nerve)

Clinical Evaluation of Cranial Nerve XII

Localization of Lesions Affecting Cranial Nerve XII

Supranuclear Lesions

Nuclear Lesions and Intramedullary Cranial Nerve XII Lesions

Peripheral Lesions of Cranial Nerve XII

Abnormal Tongue Movements

Dysarthria

15 Brainstem

Medulla Oblongata

Anatomy of the Medulla

Vascular Supply of the Medulla

Medullary Syndromes

The Pons

Anatomy of the Pons

Vascular Supply of the Pons

Pontine Syndromes

The Mesencephalon

Anatomy of the Mesencephalon

Vascular Supply of the Mesencephalon

Mesencephalic Syndromes

16 The Cerebellum

Anatomy of the Cerebellum

Vascular Supply of the Cerebellum

Clinical Manifestations of Cerebellar Dysfunction

Hypotonia

Cerebellar Ataxia

Cerebellar Dysarthria

Tremor

Ocular Motor Dysfunction

Cerebellar Fits

Miscellaneous

Nonmotor Manifestations

Cerebellar Syndromes

Rostral Vermis Syndrome

Caudal Vermis Syndrome

Hemispheric Syndrome

Pancerebellar Syndrome

Syndromes of Cerebellar Infarction

Inferior Cerebellar Infarction (Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery)

Ventral Cerebellar Infarction (Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery)

Dorsal Cerebellar Infarct (Superior Cerebellar Artery)

17 The Localization of Lesions Affecting the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Anatomy of the Region

Main Hypothalamic Nuclear Groups

Connections of the Hypothalamus

Clinical Manifestations of Hypothalamic or Pituitary Dysfunction

Disturbances of Temperature Regulation

Disturbances of Alertness and Sleep

Autonomic Disturbances

Disturbances of Water Balance

Disturbances of Caloric Balance and Feeding Behavior

Disturbances of Reproductive Functions

Other Endocrine Disturbances

Disturbances of Memory

Disturbances of Emotional Behavior and Affect

Gelastic Seizures

Headache

Chronic Pain

Impaired Visual Acuity, Visual Field Defects

Diplopia, Pupillary Changes

Clinical Findings Resulting from Lesions in Various Areas of the Hypothalamus and in the Pituitary Gland

18 The Anatomic Localization of Lesions in the Thalamus

Functional Anatomy of the Thalamus

Vascular Supply of the Thalamus

Localization of Ischemic Thalamic Lesions

Paramedian Territory

Thalamogeniculate (Lateral Thalamic or Inferolateral Thalamic) Territory

Tuberothalamic (Anterolateral Thalamic) Territory

Territory of the Posterior Choroidal Arteries

Clinical Manifestations of Lesions in the Thalamus

Disturbances of Alertness

Autonomic Disturbances

Disturbances of Mood and Affect

Memory Disturbances

Sensory Disturbances

Motor Disturbances

Disturbances of Ocular Motility

Disturbances of Complex Sensorimotor Functions

Disturbances of Executive Function

Topographic Localization of Thalamic Lesions

Anterior Thalamic Region

Medial Thalamic Region

VL Thalamic Region

Posterior Region

19 Basal Ganglia

Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia

Inputs into the Striatum (Caudate and Putamen)

Striatal Efferents

Pallidal Afferents and Efferents

Nigral Afferents and Efferents

Lesions of the Basal Ganglia

Dyskinesias

Chorea

Tardive Dyskinesia and Other Tardive Syndromes

Orofacial Dyskinesia

Abdominal Dyskinesias

Ballism

Akathisia

Athetosis

Dystonia

Torticollis

Paroxysmal Dyskinesias

Myoclonus

Painful Legs and Moving Toes

Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep

Tics

Tremor

Hypokinetic and Bradykinetic Disorders

Parkinsonism

Stiff-Man (Stiff-Person) Syndrome

Cortical-Basal Ganglionic (Corticobasal) Degeneration

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (Steele–Richardson–Olszewski Syndrome)

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Multiple System Atrophy

Paraneoplastic Movement Disorders

20 The Localization of Lesions Affecting the Cerebral Cortex

Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex

Symptoms and Signs Caused by Cerebral Cortical Lesions

Vegetative Disturbances

Disturbances of Attention

Emotional Disturbances

Memory Disturbances

Sensory Disturbances

Disturbances of Sensorimotor Integration and of Movement Execution (Parietal, Frontal)

21 Localization of Lesions in the Autonomic Nervous System

Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Enteric Nervous System

22 Vascular Syndromes of the Forebrain, Brainstem, and Cerebellum

Arterial Blood Supply

The Internal Carotid Artery

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Middle Cerebral Artery

Posterior Cerebral Artery

Collateral Circulation

Syndromes of the Cerebral Arteries

Transient Ischemic Attacks

The Carotid Artery Syndrome

The AChA Syndrome

ACA Syndrome

MCA Syndrome

Lacunar Infarctions

Cerebral Hemorrhage Syndromes

General Features

Specific Signs by Location

Syndromes Related to Cerebral Aneurysms

Cavernous Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms

Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms

MCA Aneurysms

Vertebrobasilar Circulation Aneurysms

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

23 The Localization of Lesions Causing Coma

The Unresponsive Patient

Anatomic Substrate of Alertness

Signs with Localizing Value in Coma

Respiratory Patterns

Temperature Changes

The Pupils

Eye Movements

Corneal Reflex

Motor Activity of the Body and Limbs

Clinical Presentations of Coma-Inducing Lesions Depending on Their Location

Supratentorial Structural Lesions

Subtentorial Structural Lesions

Psychogenic Unresponsiveness

Diagnosis of Death by Neurologic Criteria

Index

 

An aparitie	5 Oct. 2021
Autor	Paul W. Brazis, Joseph C. Masdeu MD, PhD, Jose Biller
Dimensiuni	18.1 x 3.1 x 25.9 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781975160241
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	760
Versiune digitala	DA